Implementation of urinary function in the kidneys. Blood filtration occurs in the glomerular apparatus

Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

Kidneys- these are bean-shaped organs weighing 150 g, located in the abdominal cavity at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. The kidney consists of two layers: the cortex and the medulla; inside the kidney there is a pelvis. The cortex of each kidney contains about a million structural and functional units - nephrons, consisting of a capsule, a glomerulus and a convoluted tubule. The medulla is represented by pyramids consisting of loops of Henle and collecting ducts.

From the renal pelvis, urine flows into ureter. Its walls contract peristaltically, pushing urine into bladder. The volume of the bladder is 250-500 ml; when it is full, stretch receptors in its walls begin to send signals to the urination center in the pons.

Coming out of the bladder urethra. It has two sphincters: internal (at the exit from the bladder) and external (formed by the striated muscles of the perineum).

Tests

1. What is the main danger of kidney inflammation in humans?
A) the cerebral hemispheres stop regulating the functioning of internal organs
B) endocrine glands increase the production of hormones
C) the breakdown of organic substances stops in the body
D) the composition of the internal environment of the body changes

2. The accumulation of urea in the body indicates dysfunction
A) hearts
B) kidney
B) stomach
D) lungs

3. Which letter in the figure indicates the structure of the kidney in which the nephron capsules are located?

4. Which organ in the figure is indicated by the letter A?

A) blood vessel
B) bladder
B) renal pelvis
D) ureter

5. What function do the kidneys perform in humans?
A) removal of liquid decomposition products
B) removal of insoluble minerals from the body
B) removal of carbohydrates from the body
D) conversion of glucose to glycogen

6. In which organ of the human body does blood filtration occur?
A) uterus
B) heart
B) lung
D) kidney

7. What is the name of the formation in the kidney, which is indicated by the letter B in the figure?

A) medulla
B) lesser pelvis
B) large pelvis
D) cortex

8. The functional element of which system is the nephron?
A) digestive
B) respiratory
B) excretory
D) nervous

The urinary system is an organic complex that produces, stores and excretes urine. The main organ of this system is the kidney. In fact, urine is a product that is formed due to the processing of blood plasma. Therefore, urine also belongs to organic biomaterials. It is distinguished from plasma only by the absence of glucose, proteins and some microelements, as well as the content of metabolic products. This is why urine has such a specific color and smell.

Filtration of blood in the kidneys

To understand the mechanism of blood purification and urine formation, you need to have an understanding of the structure of the kidney. This paired organ consists of a huge number of nephrons, in which urine formation occurs.

The main renal functions are:

Urination;
, excretion of drugs, metabolites, etc.;
Regulation of electrolyte metabolism;
Control of blood pressure and volume;
Maintaining acid-base balance.

In fact, the kidneys are non-stop functioning filters that process up to 1.2 liters of blood per minute.

Each bud is bean-shaped. Each kidney has a kind of depression, which is also called a gate. They lead into a fat-filled space or sinus. The pyelocaliceal system, nerve fibers and vascular system are also located there. The vein and artery of the kidney, as well as the ureter, emerge from the same portal.

Each kidney consists of many nephrons, which are a complex of tubules and a glomerulus. Blood filtration occurs directly in the renal corpuscle or glomerulus. This is where urine is filtered from the blood and goes into the bladder.
Video of the structure of the kidneys

Where does it happen?

The kidney is, as it were, placed in a capsule, under which there is a granular layer called the cortex, and below it is the medulla. The medulla folds into renal pyramids, between which there are columns that expand towards the renal sinuses. At the tops of these pyramids there are papillae, which empty the pyramids, removing their contents into small calyxes, then into large ones.

The number of calyces may vary in each person, although in general 2-3 large calyces branch into 4-5 small calyces, with one small calyx necessarily surrounding the pyramidal papilla. From the small calyx, urine enters the large calyx, and then into the ureter and bladder structures.

Blood is supplied to the kidneys through the renal artery, which branches into smaller vessels, then the blood enters the arterioles, which divide into 5-8 capillaries. This is how the blood enters the glomerular system, where the filtration process takes place.

Renal filtration scheme

Glomerular filtration - definition

Filtration in the glomeruli of the kidneys occurs according to a simple principle:

First, liquid is squeezed out/filtered from the glomerular membranes under hydrostatic pressure (≈125 ml/min);
The filtered fluid then passes through the nephrons, most of it in the form of water and necessary elements is returned to the blood, and the rest is formed into urine;
The average rate of urine formation is about 1 ml/min.

The glomerulus of the kidney filters the blood, clearing it of various proteins. During the filtration process, primary urine is formed.

The main characteristic of the filtration process is its speed, which is determined by factors affecting renal activity and the general state of human health.

The glomerular filtration rate is the volume of primary urine produced in the renal structures per minute. The normal filtration rate is 110 ml/min in women and 125 ml/min in men. These indicators act as a kind of guidelines, which are subject to correction in accordance with the weight, age and other indicators of the patient.

Glomerular filtration circuit

Filtration violations

Nephrons filter up to 180 liters of primary urine per day. All the blood in the body can be cleansed by the kidneys 60 times per day.

But some factors can provoke disruption of the filtration process:

Reduced pressure;
Urinary outflow disorders;
Narrowing of the kidney artery;
Trauma or damage to the membrane that performs filtering functions;
Increased oncotic pressure;
Reducing the number of “working” glomeruli.

Such conditions most often cause filtration disorders.

How to determine a violation

Violation of filtration activity is determined by calculating its speed. You can determine how limited filtration is in the kidneys using various formulas. In general, the process of determining the rate comes down to comparing the level of a certain control substance in the patient’s urine and blood.

Typically, inulin, which is a fructose polysaccharide, is used as a comparative standard. Its concentration in the urine is compared with the content in the blood, and then the insulin content is calculated.

The more inulin in urine in relation to its level in the blood, the greater the volume of filtered blood. This indicator is also called inulin clearance and is considered as a value of purified blood. But how to calculate the filtration rate?

The formula for calculating the glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys is as follows:

GFR (ml/min),

where Min is the amount of inulin in urine, Pin is the content of inulin in plasma, Vurine is the volume of final urine, and GFR is the glomerular filtration rate.

Renal activity can also be calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, which looks like this:

When measuring filtration in women, the result obtained must be multiplied by 0.85.

Quite often in clinical settings, creatinine clearance is used to measure GFR. Such a study is also called the Rehberg test. Early in the morning, the patient drinks 0.5 liters of water and immediately empties the bladder. After this, you need to urinate every hour, collecting urine in different containers and noting the duration of each urination.

Then the venous blood is examined and glomerular filtration is calculated using a special formula:

Fi = (U1/p) x V1,

where Fi is glomerular filtration, U1 is the content of the control component, p is the level of creatinine in the blood, and V1 is the duration of the test urination. Using this formula, a calculation is made every hour throughout the day.

Symptoms

Signs of impaired glomerular filtration are usually reduced to changes of a quantitative (increase or decrease in filtration) and qualitative (proteinuria) nature.

Additional signs include:

Decreased pressure;
Renal congestion;
Hyperswelling, especially in the limbs and face;
Urinary disorders such as decreased or increased urge, the appearance of uncharacteristic sediment or color changes;
Pain in the lumbar area
Accumulation of various kinds of metabolites in the blood, etc.

A drop in pressure usually occurs during shock or myocardial failure.

Symptoms of glomerular filtration disorder in the kidneys

How to improve filtering

It is extremely necessary to restore kidney filtration, especially if there is persistent hypertension. Along with urine, excess electrolytes and fluids are washed out of the body. It is their delay that causes an increase in blood pressure.

To improve renal activity, in particular glomerular filtration, specialists may prescribe medications such as:

Theobromine is a weak diuretic that, by increasing renal blood flow, increases filtration activity;
Euphylline is also a diuretic containing theophylline (an alkaloid) and ethylene diamide.

In addition to taking medications, it is necessary to normalize the patient’s general well-being, restore immunity, normalize blood pressure, etc.

To restore kidney function, you also need to eat a balanced diet and follow a daily routine. Only an integrated approach will help normalize the filtration activity of the kidneys.

Folk methods such as the watermelon diet, rosehip infusion, diuretic infusions and herbal infusions, teas, etc. also help a lot in increasing renal activity. But before doing anything, you need to consult a nephrologist.

Cascade filtration of blood plasma (DFPP) - one of the most modern methods of blood purification, used in the treatment of a number of severe, difficult-to-treat diseases ( systemic atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease; autoimmune diseases - hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, thyroiditis, eczema, neurodermatitis; dry macular degeneration and etc.).

Do not self-medicate, consult a doctor

How does blood purification occur using cascade plasma filtration?

The patient's blood is passed in small portions through special devices and separated into plasma and blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), which are returned to the bloodstream.

Next, the blood plasma, passing through special membrane filters*, cleared of . This stage is called cascade plasma filtration.

The diameter of the membrane filter holes is so small that it allows you to retain large molecules, which are usually pathogenic to the body, as well as bacteria and viruses. And the plasma, purified and preserving all the components useful for the body, combines with the formed elements of the blood and returns to the bloodstream.*

Purified blood plasma, due to the difference in concentrations, promotes the release of harmful substances accumulated there from the tissues, for example, cholesterol from an atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, repeated procedures for cascade filtration of plasma lead to the gradual purification of not only the blood, but also the body tissues, and the dissolution of atherosclerotic plaques.
It is impossible to achieve such a result by any other method! The course requires 4 procedures.

Blood saturated with “bad” cholesterol forms atherosclerotic plaques on the vessel wall, narrows the lumen, and makes the vessel fragile
In purified blood plasma, the concentration of cholesterol decreases, which promotes the release of cholesterol from the plaque and vessel wall
After a course of cascade filtration of plasma, the plaque decreases, the vessel wall cleanses and becomes elastic, blood flow is restored, and regulation of vessel tone improves

The result of cascade plasma filtration

Plasma to be filtered
Plasma after filtration before combining with blood cells
Removable plasma fraction

Efficiency and safety of blood purification using cascade filtration

This method of blood purification makes it possible to process 3 or more liters of plasma in 1 procedure (3 hours), without using donor plasma or other protein plasma-substituting solutions for replacement.

This is important from the point of view of the safety of the blood purification procedure:

There will never be an allergic reaction to your own plasma.
Own plasma eliminates the possibility of infection with blood-borne infections (HIV, hepatitis B and C).

The method of cascade filtration of blood plasma allows

Reduce blood viscosity and coagulability, which means preventing thrombosis.
Improve blood flow in organs and tissues, and therefore normalize the function of suffering organs.
Reduce the size of atherosclerotic plaques and restore blood flow in the vessels, which means eliminating or significantly alleviating pain, and in many cases avoiding serious complications (heart attack, stroke, leg amputation).
Reduce blood pressure.
Improve blood microcirculation in the vessels of the eye and help reduce and dissolve drusen in dry macular degeneration (hard lumps in the center of the retina), and therefore stop the progressive loss of vision in this disease and even improve the condition.
Remove viruses and bacteria from the bloodstream that support the pathological process.
Clear the blood of autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes, which means reducing the severity of clinical manifestations, stopping signs of exacerbation and increasing the duration of remission of autoimmune and allergic diseases.
Increase sensitivity to drugs and significantly reduce doses of drugs (including hormonal and cytostatic), and therefore reduce their side effects.
Cleanse the blood and tissues of accumulated toxins and harmful substances, which means achieving real rejuvenation of the body.

What is removed from the blood after cascade filtration of plasma?

During the cascade filtration procedure, the following can be removed from blood plasma:

Substance	Pathogenic effect of the substance
low density lipoproteins (LDL)	so-called “bad” cholesterol, responsible for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques
triglycerides	their excess is usually associated with a disorder of lipid, that is, fat metabolism
fibrinogen and its breakdown products	thrombus-forming factors
von Willebrandt factor, C1 and C3 complement components	substances accompanying damage to the inner lining of blood vessels in various vasculitis, diabetes mellitus
bacteria, hepatitis B and C viruses	pathogens
immune complexes	a combination of antibodies with an antigen, “fragments” of bacteria that migrate for a long time in the body, settling on the tissues of the kidneys, the walls of blood vessels, contributing to the formation of autoimmune reactions
immunoglobulins, incl. cryoglobulins and antibodies	altered immunoglobulins, including autoantibodies, which contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, damage to one’s own tissues, blockage of capillaries, etc.
fibronectin	in excess amounts promotes cell adhesion
and a number of other components.

Cascade filtering procedure

The presence of indications for cascade plasma filtration and technological features of the procedure are determined during the consultation Head of the Clinic for Gravity Blood Surgery, MD, Prof. V.M. Kreines, author of many methods of extracorporeal hemocorrection
The procedure is carried out on modern equipment, using disposable consumables, by certified specialists, according to a developed treatment program

The method of treating diseases using cascade plasma filtration was appreciated by both patients and scientists. It is not without reason that the Nanotechnology State Corporation, created in 2008, made one of its first projects the development of domestic filters for cascade plasma filtration. The planned duration of the project is 5.5 years.
This method is already available for our patients Today .

Our Clinic is the first medical institution in Russia specializing in uniquely effective treatment methods - extracorporeal hemocorrection. We will select the treatment method that is most suitable for your disease.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

C1. Why is the volume of urine excreted by the human body per day not equal to the volume of liquid drunk during the same time?

1) part of the water is used by the body or formed in metabolic processes;

2) part of the water evaporates through the respiratory organs and through the sweat glands.

C2 Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which errors were made and correct them.

1. The human urinary system contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, bladder and urethra. 2. The main organ of the excretory system is the kidneys. 3. Blood and lymph containing the end products of metabolism enter the kidneys through the vessels. 4. Filtration of blood and formation of urine occur in the renal pelvis. 5. Absorption of excess water into the blood occurs in the nephron tubule. 6. The ureters carry urine into the bladder.

Errors were made in sentences 1, 3, 4.

C2. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which errors were made and correct them.

1.The human urinary system contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, bladder and urethra. 2. The main organ of the excretory system is the kidneys. 3. Blood and lymph containing the end products of metabolism enter the kidneys through the vessels. 4. Filtration of blood and formation of urine occur in the renal pelvis. 5. Absorption of excess water into the blood occurs in the nephron tubule. 6. The ureters carry urine into the bladder.

Errors made in sentences:

1) 1. The human urinary system contains the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

2) 3. Blood containing the end products of metabolism enters the kidneys through the vessels

3) 4. Filtration of blood and formation of urine occurs in the nephrons (glomeruli, renal capsules and renal tubules).

C2 What function does the organ shown in the figure perform in the human body? Which parts of this organ are indicated by numbers 1 and 2? Indicate their functions.

1) Kidney – cleanses the blood of end products of metabolism, urine is formed in it;

2) 1 – the cortical layer of the kidney, contains nephrons with capillary glomeruli that filter blood plasma;

3) 2 - renal pelvis, secondary urine collects in it.

C3 Name at least 4 functions of the kidneys

1) excretory - achieved by the processes of filtration and secretion. Filtration occurs in the glomeruli, and secretion and reabsorption occur in the tubules.

2) maintaining the acid-base balance of blood plasma.

3) ensure the constancy of the concentration of osmotically active substances in the blood under different water conditions to maintain water-salt balance.

4) the end products of nitrogen metabolism, foreign and toxic compounds (including many drugs), and excess organic and inorganic substances are removed from the body through the kidneys

5) in the formation of biologically active substances that play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure, as well as a hormone that regulates the rate of red blood cell formation.

C3 Specify the functions of the kidneys in mammals and humans.

1. Maintaining water-salt metabolism (removal of water and mineral salts)

2. Maintaining acid-base balance

3. Kidneys - biological filters (removal of drugs, poisons and other substances)

4. Synthesis of biologically active substances (stimulation of the process of hematopoiesis, increased blood pressure).

C3 How primary and secondary urine is formed in the kidneys

The process of urine formation takes place in two stages.

The first takes place in the capsules of the outer layer of the kidneys (the glomerulus). All the liquid part of the blood that enters the glomeruli of the kidneys is filtered and ends up in capsules. This is how primary urine is formed, which is practically blood plasma.

Primary urine contains, along with dissimilation products, amino acids, glucose, and many other compounds necessary for the body. Only proteins from blood plasma are absent in primary urine. This is understandable: after all, proteins are not filtered.

The second stage of urine formation is that primary urine passes through a complex system of tubules, where substances and water necessary for the body are sequentially absorbed. Everything harmful to the functioning of the body remains in the tubules and is excreted from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder in the form of urine. This final urine is called secondary urine.

C3. What organs perform the excretory function in the human body and what substances do they remove?

Consultation with a transfusiologist, head of the hemocorrection department for 1 ruble

Cascade plasma filtration is a high-tech semi-selective (semi-selective) method that allows you to selectively remove pathogenic substances and viruses from blood plasma, while preserving useful elements. It is one of the most effective modern extracorporeal blood “purification” methods used in the world.

With cascade plasma filtration, the removal of pathological substances occurs when blood plasma passes through a special filter (made in Japan). The filter is a plastic cylinder, inside of which there are many capillaries through which plasma flows. The walls of capillaries consist of a membrane in which there are many holes. Through them, the plasma leaves the capillaries and returns to the patient. Particles, molecules and viruses that do not pass through the membrane holes remain in the capillary. There are several types of filters. They differ in the size of the holes in the capillary membrane: 10, 20, 30 nanometers (nm). Accordingly, the smaller the size of these holes, the more particles and molecules can be screened out. A filter with 30 nm pores (Evaflux A5) is used to remove cholesterol, fibrinogen, and viruses. A filter with a pore size of 10 nm (Evaflux A2) is also designed to remove autoantibodies, CIC, cryoglobulins, etc. (Filter capillary for cascade filtration of plasma No. 14 and substances coming out of capillary No. 17)

A special apparatus separates the blood into cells and plasma. Blood plasma passes through a special filter, in which pathogenic substances and viruses remain. The “purified” plasma is then combined with blood cells and returned to the patient.

When using the Evaflux A5 filter with a 30 nm membrane pore size, the following substances are removed.

Completely removed:

“bad” fractions of cholesterol: low-density lipoproteins (LDL), lipoprotein “a” (LP(a)), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
viruses

Partially removed:

products of the immune system: IgG, IgM, IgE, CEC - circulating immune complexes, cryoglobulins, C1, C3, C5 complement components
IL1, IL2, IL4, IL6, TNFα, prostaglandins
When using the Evaflux A2 filter with a pore size of 10 nm membranes, the following are removed completely or in large quantities: “bad” fractions of cholesterol: low-density lipoproteins (LDL), lipoprotein “a” (LP(a)), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) ( 100%)
viruses (100%)
IgG (81%), IgM (100%), IgE, CEC (100%), cryoglobulins (100%), C1, C3, C5 complement components
coagulation factors: V, VII, VIII, factor VIII inhibitor, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor
highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP - high sensitivity C reactive protein)
albumin (38%)

Treatment programs for cascade plasma filtration

Cascade plasma filtration can be used in the form of the following treatment programs: course and long-term treatment.

Course treatment consists of 4-10 procedures. During each procedure, the entire volume of circulating plasma that the patient has is processed (“purified”). The “purified” plasma is immediately returned to the patient. Accordingly, no matter how many procedures are performed during the entire course, all the patient’s plasma will be “purified” so many times. So, for a patient with a body weight of 70-80 kg, 15-16 liters of plasma will be processed in 5 procedures, and 30-32 liters in 10 procedures. It is these significant volumes of blood plasma processing that make it possible to achieve the desired clinical effects faster and more efficiently compared, for example, with cryoapheresis.

As a rule, treatment is performed with courses of cascade plasma filtration (4-10 procedures) with a frequency of 6 months to 1.5 years. However, there are chronic diseases for which it is advisable to use long-term treatment to achieve pronounced and lasting results. These diseases include: familial hypercholesterolemia, severe atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, the condition after myocardial infarction or cerebral stroke, the condition after coronary artery bypass grafting and stenting of the arteries, obliterating atherosclerosis of the vessels of the lower extremities, diabetic foot, age-related macular degeneration (dry form), autoimmune diseases etc., and in addition, long-term treatment is used when cholesterol-lowering drugs are ineffective.

Long-term treatment is carried out for a long time - 1-2 years or more. First, a course of 4 procedures is carried out according to the scheme of 2 procedures per week. Further, the intervals between procedures increase. The 5th and 6th procedures are done with an interval of 1 week. Subsequent procedures are carried out at intervals of 2-4 weeks, depending on the characteristics of the disease. And remember that during each procedure, the entire volume of circulating plasma that the patient has is processed (“purified”).

Long-term treatment allows long-term and confident maintenance of the achieved clinical effect while maintaining the ability to work and a sufficient level of quality of life in patients with severe chronic diseases.

It is worth paying attention to the fact that the process of “cleansing” the body actively continues in the period between procedures, as well as for some time after the end of the course. That is, by significantly reducing the concentration of removed substances in the blood, they begin to enter the bloodstream from tissues where they have been deposited for many years (for example, atherosclerotic plaques). In the next procedure, these substances released from the tissues are again removed from the blood, etc. Thus, by constantly maintaining a low concentration of “bad” substances in the blood, from procedure to procedure we increase the return of these substances from the tissues into the blood for subsequent removal.

Frequency of procedures

Course treatment: 1 procedure every 2-7 days.

Long-term treatment: 1 procedure every 2-4 weeks.

Duration of procedures

The duration of the procedures depends on the volume of plasma being processed, the speed of blood flow in the system, and the patient’s condition. Typically, it takes 3-4 hours to process the entire volume of circulating plasma.

Frequency of treatment courses

It is advisable to carry out a course of treatment with cascade plasma filtration (4-10 procedures) at intervals from 6 months to 1.5 years.

Long-term treatment is carried out for 1-2 years or more with a frequency of 1 procedure every 2-4 weeks.

Application of the procedure

Cascade plasma filtration is used as an independent treatment procedure. During one session it can be combined with cell mass incubation (CMI).

When treating autoimmune diseases, these procedures can alternate with lymphocytapheresis and photopheresis procedures, which are aimed at removing lymphocytes or changing their properties. Thus, treatment with extracorporeal hemocorrection methods allows one to influence different parts of the disease: antibodies that attack one’s own tissues and organs, as well as lymphocytes that produce these antibodies and, in turn, attack their own cells.

Cascade filtration of blood plasma in the hemocorrection department of the Yauza Clinical Hospital

In the hemocorrection department of the Yauza Clinical Hospital, cascade plasma filtration is performed by doctors with extensive practical experience. We use only time-tested and well-proven methods of hemocorrection using the latest generation equipment. Cascade filtration of blood plasma is a safe procedure, which, however, requires monitoring of the patient’s condition by specialists throughout the entire session and strict adherence to all technical aspects of the technique. When carrying out cascade filtration of blood plasma, sterile disposable consumables are used, which ensures complete safety of the patient from infections.

How does this happen

The patient arrives for the procedure at the appointed time. Sits down in a comfortable chair. Next, a needle is inserted into the vein, as when installing an IV. There is no other discomfort. And so the patient sits until the end of the procedure. All that is required of him is not to bend his arm where the needle is. During the procedure, you are allowed to read magazines, books, talk on the phone, watch TV, listen to music, work on a laptop using a WiFi connection, etc. During the procedure, the patient may be offered tea and coffee.

After the session, a compression bandage is applied to the needle insertion site, with which the patient leaves the clinic. The bandage must be kept on for at least 6 hours.

Preparing the patient for the procedure

Procedures are carried out only if the patient has been examined for:
- Hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
Before treatment, the patient must read, fill out and sign the following documents:
- Informed voluntary consent to a therapeutic (diagnostic) manipulation (procedure)"
- "Informed voluntary consent to medical intervention"

No special preparation is required to perform cascade plasma filtration.

If the attending physician prescribes a blood draw for any tests before the procedure, the patient must come on an empty stomach. And after taking blood for analysis, the patient can immediately eat the sandwiches brought or something else during the procedure (in the chair). Tea or coffee will be offered by the clinic staff.

Goal of treatment

The purpose of cascade plasma filtration with an Evaflux A5 filter with a pore size of 30 nm:

relief or significant reduction of signs of the disease
achieving stable remission and increasing its period in chronic diseases, reducing the intensity of possible subsequent exacerbations
normalization or improvement of blood test parameters: decreasing the level of “bad” cholesterol in the blood and increasing “good”, decreasing the atherogenic coefficient, reducing blood clotting and the tendency to thrombus formation, reducing blood viscosity and increasing its fluidity
normalization or improvement of instrumental research data (ECG, ultrasound of organs, echocardiography, ultrasound of blood vessels, functional study of blood vessels, Holter monitoring, bicycle ergometry, etc.)
restoration of elasticity of vessel walls and reduction of atherosclerotic deposits and plaques
improved blood supply to internal organs and, as a result, improved memory, sleep, concentration, mood, increased performance and resistance to physical stress, potency in men
reducing the risk of developing myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke
increased sensitivity to medications
preventing or stopping the patient’s disability, maintaining long-term working capacity and high quality of life

The purpose of cascade plasma filtration with an Evaflux A2 filter with a pore size of 10 nm:

decrease in the level of antibodies, circulating immune complexes, cryoglobulins, fibrinogen, complement components, proinflammatory cytokines
normalization or improvement of instrumental research data (ultrasound, endoscopy, etc.)
disappearance or significant reduction in the manifestations of an autoimmune disease due to the removal of damaging substances from the blood, as a result - the onset of remission of the disease
improvement in the patient’s well-being, which is associated with the disappearance or attenuation of autoimmune inflammation in the affected organs
increasing the duration of remission (the period without exacerbation), a significant decrease in the intensity of possible subsequent exacerbations of the disease
maintaining working capacity and high quality of life
improving the prognosis of the disease

An example of an increase in blood supply to the myocardium (heart muscle), according to German colleagues, after a one-time “purification” of all plasma from cholesterol and other large molecular substances.

You can learn more about the effects achieved for a particular disease on the page dedicated to this disease.

Indications for use

Cascade filtration of plasma with an Evaflux A5 filter (with a pore size of 30 nm) is indicated for the following diseases:

Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels (cerebrovascular disease)
Age-related macular degeneration (dry form)
Hepatitis C
Hypertension
Hypercholesterolemia
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic foot
Cardiac ischemia
Obliterating atherosclerosis of the vessels of the lower extremities
Acute sensorineural hearing loss (acute hearing loss)
Gout
Diabetes
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Angina pectoris

Cascade filtration of plasma with an Evaflux A2 filter (with a pore size of 10 nm) is indicated for the following diseases:

Atopic dermatitis
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Autoimmune hepatitis
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Crohn's disease
Light chain disease
Takayasu's disease
Heavy chain disease
Bronchial asthma
Hemorrhagic vasculitis (Schönlein-Henoch disease)
Glomerulonephritis
Head baldness
Wegener's granulomatosis
Demyelinating neuropathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Diffuse neurodermatitis
Hives
Cryoglobulinemia
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
Myasthenia gravis
Myeloma
Microscopic polyangiitis
Nonspecific ulcerative colitis
Thromboangiitis obliterans
Psoriasis
Pemphigus vulgaris
Pemphigus foliaceus
Multiple sclerosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Goodpasture's syndrome
Lambert-Eaton syndrome (myasthenic syndrome)
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Scleroderma
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Periarteritis nodosa
Eczema

Contraindications

Contraindications are divided into absolute and relative.

Absolute(the procedure cannot be carried out under any circumstances):

the presence of a bleeding site or a high risk of recurrent bleeding
the presence of an unopened purulent focus
allergic reactions to components used during the session

Relative(the procedure can be performed, but under closer medical supervision, and also in a situation where it is difficult to cope with the disease without the procedure):

cardiovascular diseases in the stage of severe decompensation
hypotension (systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg)
severe anemia (low hemoglobin levels)
severe hypoproteinemia (low blood protein levels)
Phlebitis of peripheral veins in the acute stage
lack of venous access
alcohol intoxication or withdrawal symptoms
acute stage of infectious diseases and inflammatory processes
hemostasis disorders (reduced or absent blood clotting)
mental illness
menstruation
threat of premature birth or miscarriage in early pregnancy

Complications

Serious complications with extracorporeal treatments are very rare.

A few complications include:

bleeding from the site of venous puncture (vascular access), which is quickly stopped by applying a tight bandage to the bleeding site
brief feeling of dizziness due to slight fluctuations in blood pressure during the procedure
minor general weakness between procedures, which does not occur in everyone and does not affect the usual way of life
allergic reactions to drugs used during the procedure

Even more rarely, the following sensations may occur:

short-term headache and slight nausea associated with fluctuations in blood pressure during the procedure
numbness or tingling in the nose, lips, fingers, which, as a rule, resolve independently and quickly
exacerbation of the disease may occur at the beginning of treatment
muscle twitching occurs very rarely and usually goes away on its own

More serious complications can arise during the treatment of serious illnesses in patients who are initially in serious condition, usually in an intensive care unit.

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