Bleeding. Providing first aid for bleeding of all types First aid for bleeding from a large vein

There is no person who is insured against cuts and those accompanied by large loss of blood. Such accidents can become tragic if a person is not provided timely first aid for bleeding.

First aid for bruises consists of recognizing the cause and location of the injury. If it is not strong, simply provide the victim with rest until the doctors arrive. In case of bleeding, confusion, or suspected internal bleeding, assistance is provided according to the above recommendations.

If bloody discharge from the ear begins, the patient requires urgent hospitalization, regardless of the reasons that caused it.

First aid for bleeding from the ear consists of the following:

Sit the patient so that the head tilt allows the blood to flow freely;
A bandage is placed on the ear so that the auricle remains open;
If a foreign object gets into your ear, you cannot remove it yourself;
For severe bleeding, apply ice to the bandage;
Wait for medical workers to arrive.

Actions of doctors

In case of wounds and bleeding, first aid begins to be provided in an ambulance.

Doctors evaluate the correctness of the actions performed and, if necessary, administer drugs that stop the blood or clamp the necessary vessels directly in the wound.

When performing first aid for injuries, the nature of the injury, as well as the time that has passed since it, is taken into account.

First medical aid for bleeding consists of assessing the general condition of the patient: measuring, feeling the pulse, etc.

Follow-up care for the victim is at a healthcare facility.

Every person should have information on how to properly provide first aid for bleeding. After all, simple and consistent actions can not only alleviate a person’s suffering, but also save his life.

First aid for sudden bleeding is to reduce or stop it as much as possible. Losing a large amount of blood can lead to the death of the patient. Often, the competent provision of first aid determines whether the victim can hold out until the ambulance arrives.

External (open) bleeding is easy to detect by bleeding from the wound or. However, it is not always possible to notice it. Rapidly increasing pallor of the victim's skin and mucous membranes, weakness, shortness of breath, decreased heart rate or loss of consciousness are the signs by which it can be determined that a person is losing blood.

Arterial

Arterial bleeding poses a particular danger to the patient: it leads to large blood loss, and death is not excluded. A person’s life depends on how correctly first aid is provided.
A pressure bandage may help stop minor bleeding. It is usually made from gauze, cotton wool and bandage, which are laid in layers. The bandage is tightly bandaged to the surface of the wound.

Before applying a bandage, it is necessary to reduce blood flow. To do this, you need to find an artery, guided by the pulsation of the vessel, and closer to the heart along the blood flow, press it to the bone with two fingers. If the place for compression is chosen correctly, the bleeding should decrease or stop altogether.

However, this is a temporary measure, since it will be difficult to clamp the vessel for a long time. In addition, this complicates the transportation of the wounded. If you have all the necessary materials at hand to make a bandage or if help should arrive in the next few minutes, then this is the right decision.

The first measure is to apply a tourniquet

To stop arterial bleeding, use a rubber tourniquet. If a pharmaceutical tourniquet is not found, it is replaced with a belt, tie or handkerchief. In this case, something hard must be applied to the intended location of the artery. Neither wire nor rope should be used for bandaging.

Place it on the shoulder, lower leg, thigh or forearm and always above the wound.
A bandage or soft cloth should be wrapped around the site where the tourniquet is applied so as not to damage the skin and cause unnecessary suffering to the wounded person.
Next, the limb is raised and a tourniquet is placed under it.
After several turns tightly adjacent to each other, each of which is weaker than the previous one, the tourniquet is secured.
You cannot hold the tourniquet for more than 2 hours in the warm season or 1.5 in the cold season.
If the wounded person could not be quickly taken to the hospital, the tourniquet is removed for five minutes, and the artery is pinched with the fingers. Afterwards, the tourniquet is reapplied, higher up the blood flow.

If, after applying a tourniquet, you were unable to stop the bleeding, it means that the place for compression was chosen incorrectly, or the tension is too small (high). Bleeding may increase if veins are accidentally compressed. And if the tourniquet is too tight, paralysis of the limb can occur.

How to stop bleeding without a tourniquet

Its essence lies in strong flexion of the wounded limb, but this method is not applicable in the presence of a fracture.

If the wound is located below the elbow or knee, then the limb is bent at the joint until it stops.
If the person is wounded in the thigh, help him bend his leg and press it against his stomach.
When wounded under the armpit or in the part of the arm between the shoulder and elbow, the limb is brought behind the back and pressed against the back.
It will be difficult for a wounded person to hold it in this position for a long time, so it should be bandaged so that it remains motionless.

Venous

In case of venous bleeding, while waiting for the ambulance to arrive, it is necessary to position the patient so that the wounded area of the body is higher than other parts.

Capillary

If you cut your finger or receive another superficial injury, you need to rinse the wound as thoroughly as possible under cold running water. If the wound is minor, this can stop the bleeding that has started.

The skin around the damaged area is lubricated with iodine. After this, a swab soaked in 3% hydrogen peroxide is placed on the wound to remove any remaining dirt and disinfect the wound. The wound is then covered with a bandage, gauze, or clean cloth.

If a person hurts himself, a hematoma forms at this place. This is internal capillary bleeding. Applying cold to the hematoma is usually sufficient. But if the swelling and blueness continue to increase, you should see a doctor.

Internal

It is not easy for a non-specialist to detect the presence of internal bleeding in a patient. It often manifests itself as increasing weakness, dizziness, increased heart rate, and a drop in blood pressure and pulse. Sometimes the loss of blood is so severe that only a few minutes are allotted for rescue.

Stomach bleeding

The fact that a person has gastric bleeding can be guessed by vomiting mixed with blood and black stools.

The first thing to do is call an ambulance immediately.
Carefully place the patient on a sofa or bed, on the abdominal area (top) place a heating pad with ice, wrapped in a cotton rag, or a bag filled with ice, also wrapped in a cloth.
Provide the patient with complete rest until the ambulance arrives.
If he begins to lose consciousness, moisten a piece of cotton wool with a small amount of ammonia and hold it near the patient’s nose.

Under no circumstances should you:

offer the patient something to eat or drink;
try in any way to induce vomiting in the patient;
give an enema.

Pulmonary hemorrhage

Call an ambulance immediately.
Then sit the patient on a chair and ask him to tilt his head to where you think the lung is bleeding.
Before the ambulance arrives, give the patient small pieces of ice to swallow.

Royal

Call an ambulance and immediately begin providing first aid.

Place the woman on a hard horizontal surface: the floor, a fairly long table, a door taken off its hinges.
Raise your feet higher by placing a couple of pillows or a folded blanket under them.
Place an ice pack on your stomach, wrapped in an absorbent cloth. If there is no ice, you can pour frozen berries into a bag, wrap them in a towel and apply them to your stomach.

What can't you do?

Warm the patient's stomach with a hot water bottle or other warm objects.
Out of false modesty, remove everything soaked in blood. This will make it difficult for doctors to assess the degree of blood loss.

Blood provides organs and tissues with necessary nutrients, protects them from foreign agents, and removes metabolic end products. The stability of its transport activity contributes to the coordinated functioning of all body systems. When the integrity of the vascular bed is violated and bleeding occurs, disruptions in the functioning of organs appear. Massive blood loss (more than 50% of blood volume) creates a serious danger to human life and health, so it is necessary to know the basics of first aid in this situation.

Blood loss occurs as a result of the damaging effects on the vascular system of various factors: injuries, diseases of internal organs, disorders of coagulation processes. As a result, bleeding of varying severity occurs. The choice of method of assistance directly depends on the type of blood loss.

Depending on the area of bleeding, it can be:

external- blood flows from the vascular bed into the external environment. Its outpouring occurs on the surface of the skin from wounds, which are of various types, based on the damaging factor: cut, torn, punctured, bruised, chopped, gunshot, bitten, crushed;
internal- when blood is shed inside the body. The causes of its appearance are blows, diseases of internal organs (parenchymal bleeding), stab and gunshot wounds, fractures, falls. It can have an obvious and hidden form.

The first option is characterized by bloody discharge from natural orifices: ears, nose, vagina, anus, mouth, urethra. In the latent form, blood accumulates in a certain cavity (abdominal, pelvic, pleural).

Depending on the type of damaged vessel, bleeding is classified:

capillary- appears as a result of a superficial wound, deep tissues are not affected, the blood is bright red in color. Blood loss in this case is small, there is a danger of infection entering the affected area;
venous– Occurs with deeper damage. Blood loss can be quite profuse, especially when a large vein is injured. This condition can pose a fatal risk. The outpouring of blood occurs at a measured pace, continuously, without gushing;
arterial– the most dangerous type of bleeding, especially when large arteries are injured. Blood loss develops at a rapid pace, often massive, which poses a mortal danger. The release of scarlet-colored blood occurs in pulsating impulses (gushing), since it is under high pressure in the vessel, moving in the direction from the heart;
mixed– characteristic of a deep wound, appears when blood loss of various types is combined.

Symptoms

To determine the necessary measures to help the victim, sometimes it is necessary to know the clinical manifestations of blood loss. At outdoor form of bleeding, diagnosis does not cause difficulties. Pallor, dizziness, fainting, a feeling of thirst and dryness in the mouth are observed, blood pressure decreases, the pulse quickens, but its filling is weak, difficulty breathing, and a state of shock may be present.

At internal In cases of blood loss, assessment of symptoms is important to confirm the presence of bleeding. In this case, the same symptoms are present as in the external form. However, hemoptysis, respiratory failure (with pulmonary hemorrhage), a painful, hard abdomen, coffee-colored vomiting, and melena (with blood loss in the abdominal cavity) may additionally be added. The patient's condition deteriorates sharply, leading to shock and cardiac arrest.

First aid for bleeding

If a situation arises that threatens a person’s life, in particular with blood loss, you need to know the basics and some of the nuances of providing first aid. This will save precious minutes until doctors arrive and will help preserve the person’s health and life.

The table shows general methods for stopping and reducing blood loss for various types of bleeding.

Type of bleeding	First aid
Capillary	hold the wound with your palm or cloth; raise a limb; wash and disinfect the wound area (excluding the wound itself); application of a sterile bandage, possibly applying pressure (if blood is oozing)
Venous	pressing the wound with fingers or palm; raising the affected limb upward; applying a pressure bandage
Arterial	finger pressure on the artery above the damaged area; application of a tourniquet above the lesion; limb flexion
Internal	give a comfortable position based on the location of blood loss; apply cold; cover the victim; not allowed to move, eat, drink

To put these methods of stopping and reducing blood loss into practice, you need to know their detailed technique, take into account some of the nuances and possible consequences.

For capillary bleeding

For minor damage, a simple sterile bandage made from a bandage or napkin is often sufficient. The wound must be washed and the edges treated with an antiseptic (iodine, brilliant green, alcohol). A pressure bandage may be used if blood continues to ooze. In this case, a sterile napkin with an antiseptic is placed on the wound, tightly bandaged, a cotton swab is placed on top and again tightly secured with a bandage.

For venous bleeding

With this type of blood loss, the use of a pressure bandage is most justified. Its purpose is to accelerate thrombosis of the vessel; often this is enough to stop blood loss. If it is soaked in blood, there is no need to change it; you need to put an additional bandage on top.

ATTENTION! If you do not have the means to make a bandage, you can apply pressure to the wound with your fingers or palm.

Elevating the limb helps reduce or stop blood loss.

The mortal danger of such bleeding may lie in the possible occurrence of an air embolism, due to the absorption of air bubbles through damage in the venous bed and their entry into the heart.

ATTENTION! It is forbidden to remove blood clots from a wound, as this can cause massive blood loss!

For arterial bleeding

With this type of blood loss, every minute is valuable, so the priority technique is to clamp the artery, usually the brachial or femoral one. This is done above the injury site with significant force. Pressing is carried out with a finger or palm, fist (in case of damage to large vessels). This method is designed for a short period of time, since it requires a lot of effort, but it makes it possible to prepare a tourniquet and seek medical help during this period.

ATTENTION! If, when pressing the artery for ten minutes, blood loss does not stop, you should take a break for a few seconds to avoid the formation of a blood clot in the vascular bed!

Flexing the limbs can help stop blood loss. If the popliteal artery is damaged, it is necessary to bend the leg at the knee joint until it stops; if the femoral artery is damaged, bring the thigh as close as possible to the stomach. The subclavian artery is compressed using arms bent at the elbows, placed behind the back and securely fixed. When the brachial artery is injured, the arm is bent all the way at the elbow joint.

The use of a tourniquet is advisable in extreme situations, when other methods are unsuccessful, since its long-term use leads to nerve atrophy and tissue necrosis. The tourniquet is stretched and wrapped several times around the leg or arm above the affected area like a bandage, the first wrap (tour) is the tightest and needs to be secured, subsequent rounds (3-4) are weaker. It is applied exclusively to clothing or any available material to avoid pinching the tissue. You can make a tourniquet yourself from rope, belt, twisted fabric (twist). In this case, the arm or leg is tightly bandaged, a stick or other similar objects (pen, spoon) are inserted into the knot, secured with an additional knot and wrapped several times until the blood loss stops. The correct use of the tourniquet is determined by the pronounced pallor of the limb and the absence of a pulse. It is necessary to indicate the time of application of the tourniquet.

IMPORTANT! The time of its exposure should not exceed two hours in the summer and half an hour in the winter (for children - no more than fifty minutes). If there is a delay, the tourniquet is loosened for a quarter of an hour, using the method of pressing the vessel, then applied again slightly above or below the original location.

For internal bleeding

The main thing in this condition is to completely immobilize the patient, giving him a certain position:

in case of blood loss in the chest, in the stomach area, or in case of miscarriage, the patient takes a semi-sitting position;
if the abdominal cavity or pelvic organs are affected, the legs are given an elevated position;
for traumatic brain injury, a position with the head slightly elevated is used.

It is forbidden to feed, water, or anesthetize the patient; cold is applied to the affected area; the victim must be covered.

IMPORTANT! It is necessary to monitor the person’s condition and be prepared to carry out resuscitation measures! Transportation is carried out in a sitting position!

First aid in special cases

In some cases of bleeding, a special approach to first aid is required, following certain rules.

It is forbidden to remove anything from the wound yourself, be it glass, sand, or a protruding object. This is done exclusively by a doctor. If there is a protruding object (or part of a bone), it is recommended to apply a bandage near it. Self-removal may cause increased blood loss.
When bleeding from the nose, cold is applied to this area, the head is slightly moved forward. If after a quarter of an hour the blood loss has not stopped, this is a reason to seek medical help.
If there is ear bleeding, you should inspect for superficial wounds that can be treated with an antiseptic. If there are no injuries, you should urgently seek medical help; this may be a symptom of a basal skull fracture.
In case of damage to the peritoneum (penetrating), assistance is provided in the same way as for internal blood loss. If there are prolapsed internal organs, they are placed in a bag and bandaged or glued with a plaster. The intestines must be constantly moisturized.
In case of traumatic amputation, together with measures to stop blood loss, the amputated limb must be placed in a bag, then in another with cold water or ice. At the same time, you need to keep it suspended.

If serious bleeding occurs, seek medical attention immediately. The danger of blood loss is that the deterioration of the condition increases sharply and without the provision of high-quality first aid, the prognosis in most cases is disappointing. Correct and prompt application of methods to stop bleeding can preserve the health and life of the injured person.

Basically, there are two types of bleeding: external and internal. In the first case, depending on which vessel is damaged, bleeding occurs:

venous;
capillary;
arterial

Internal bleeding can also develop when the vascular wall is damaged, but sometimes occurs as a result of damage to parenchymal organs (liver, spleen). Blood accumulates in the cavities of the body (pleural, abdominal, pericardium, etc.)

Several methods can be used to stop bleeding. Thus, with venous or capillary bleeding of moderate intensity, it is enough to apply a pressure bandage, while with massive arterial bleeding it is necessary to apply finger pressure and use a tourniquet.

Capillary bleeding.

Capillary bleeding occurs with superficial wounds. The most common case of capillary bleeding is an abrasion resulting, for example, from a fall. There is no danger of blood loss with such bleeding, but a large wound surface appears, which is the entrance gate for various types of infection.

First aid consists of rinsing the wound with clean water and applying a pressure bandage. The ideal dressing material is a sterile bandage, but when this is not available, any relatively clean cloth can be used.

You should not lubricate the wound surface with antiseptic liquids (green paint and especially iodine); they can be used to treat intact skin around the wound.

Stopping venous bleeding

Venous bleeding occurs with deeper wounds. There is quite a lot of blood during such bleeding, but it does not gush out and flows out evenly. If a large vein is damaged, there is a risk of serious blood loss, so the goal of first aid is to prevent this.

The only correct way to stop venous bleeding is to apply a pressure bandage.

Applying a pressure bandage for venous bleeding

During venous bleeding, blood continuously oozes from a wound, so there is no need to try to wash the wound or remove small objects (glass, sand) from it yourself.
If it is heavily soiled, you can quickly treat the skin around the wound, for example, wipe it with a damp cloth (stepping away from the edge of the wound, using outward movements) and treat it with an antiseptic.
After the preparatory stage, you can begin to apply a pressure bandage. To do this, you need to place a sterile napkin or any available material impregnated with an antiseptic on the wound area. If you don’t have any of this at hand, then use any relatively clean material as a napkin.
The napkin is fixed with two to three rounds of bandage.
The next layer is a thick roll of fabric or cotton wool, which will put pressure on the wound. The roller is tightly bandaged with several circular rounds.
If the bandage is soaked in blood, there is no need to remove it, but apply several layers of a new bandage on top.
To achieve maximum effect, you can raise the injured limb upward (above the level of the heart).

Blood clots and thrombi should not be removed, as this may result in massive bleeding.

After applying a pressure bandage yourself, it is necessary to take measures to transport the victim to the hospital to provide qualified medical care.

Stopping arterial bleeding

Blood from the damaged artery pours out under high pressure and gushes out. The risk of massive blood loss is extremely high, and the larger the vessel, the faster the victim can die.

There is no time to prepare and disinfect the wound, so you should immediately begin to stop the bleeding.

The algorithm of actions is something like this:

We immediately stop the blood loss by bending or digitally pressing the vessel above the site of injury.
Getting ready to apply a tourniquet.
We apply a tourniquet.
We call an ambulance and transport the victim to the hospital.

Stopping bleeding by bending

With strong flexion of the limbs, it is sometimes possible to stop bleeding from large vessels by clamping the latter:

If there is damage in the forearm or hand, place a roller in the area of the shoulder joint, bend it as much as possible and fix it in a given position.
If the wound is located higher (in the shoulder area), then you can place both arms behind your back as much as possible and bandage them to each other in the area of the humerus (the subclavian artery between the collarbone and the first rib is compressed).
If there is bleeding from the lower leg and foot, the patient should be laid down, a roller should be placed in the popliteal fossa and the limb should be fixed, bending the knee joint as much as possible.
Another way to stop bleeding from the leg is to flex the hip joint as far as possible. The roller is placed in the inguinal fold.

If the bleeding has stopped, you can get by with this and send the victim to a medical facility as quickly as possible. However, with a simultaneous fracture, using this method is very difficult, so we continue to stop the bleeding by pressing the vessel and applying a tourniquet.

Stopping bleeding by pressing the vessel

If you cannot apply a tourniquet immediately, and with some bleeding this cannot be done, then you can temporarily clamp the artery with your finger. In case of arterial bleeding, this is done above the wound site. There are several points at which the vessel is located in close proximity to the hard surface of the bone, which makes its pressing as effective as possible:

If there is bleeding in the neck and face, the carotid artery should be pressed against the vertebrae.
When bleeding from vessels in the lower part of the face, the maxillary artery is pressed against the edge of the lower jaw.
When there is bleeding in the temple or forehead area, the temporal artery is pressed at a point located in front of the tragus of the ear.
When bleeding from the vessels of the shoulder or in the armpit, the subclavian artery is pressed in the area of the subclavian fossa.
If the wound is in the forearm, the brachial artery is compressed in the middle of the inner side of the shoulder.
The ulnar and radial arteries are compressed in the lower third of the forearm when there is bleeding in the hand area.
The popliteal artery is pressed in the popliteal fossa during bleeding in the lower leg area.
The femoral artery is pressed in the groin area to the pelvic bones.
If you are injured in the foot area, you can stop the bleeding by pressing the blood vessels on the dorsum of the foot (front of the foot).

If it is possible to immediately transport the victim to a medical facility and during transportation continue to hold the damaged vessels pinched, we do this; if not, we apply a tourniquet.

Application of a tourniquet

A tourniquet should only be applied in cases of massive arterial bleeding, as this is a potentially dangerous procedure. Its improper use can lead to necrosis and gangrene of the limb.
To apply a tourniquet, you can use a tourniquet from a first aid kit, a rubber hose, or a belt.
The tourniquet is placed approximately 7 cm above the wound site. It can be higher, just to stop the blood loss.
The tourniquet should be applied over clothing. Firstly, this will help to avoid trophic changes, and secondly, the doctor will immediately see the place where the tourniquet is applied.
Apply the first round of the tourniquet and secure it. We stretch the tourniquet and apply another 3-4 turns.
There will and should be pain at the site where the tourniquet is applied. The main criterion for successful application is the absence of a pulse below the application site and the cessation of bleeding, and not the absence of pain.
Apply the tourniquet quickly and remove it gradually and slowly.
A note should be made regarding the time the tourniquet was applied. You can write with anything (lipstick, pen, blood, charcoal, etc.) directly on the clothing next to the tourniquet or on the victim’s forehead.
In the warm season, the tourniquet should be no more than 2 hours, in the cold season - no more than an hour.
If it was not possible to deliver to the hospital during this time, remove the tourniquet for 5-10 minutes, while stopping the bleeding with finger pressure, then reapply it slightly above the previous place of application.

After applying a tourniquet, we do everything possible to deliver the victim to a medical facility.

Special cases

Special cases of external bleeding include bleeding from the ear, nose, and mouth.

Nosebleed

When bleeding from the nose, you need to place a thick tampon in its cavity, and tilt your head slightly forward.
Apply cold to the bridge of the nose. This will cause the blood vessels to constrict and reduce bleeding.
You cannot tilt your head back, as blood may enter the respiratory tract or digestive tract.
If the bleeding has not stopped after 15 minutes, you should call an ambulance.

Bleeding from the ear

When bleeding from the ear, no tampons should be inserted into it, as this will affect the pressure inside.
If the cause of bleeding is a superficial wound, then it is enough to treat it with an antiseptic or hydrogen peroxide.
If visible changes cannot be detected, then you need to call an ambulance, because bleeding from the ear is often a symptom of severe traumatic brain injury, namely a fracture of the base of the skull.

Bleeding after tooth extraction

If after tooth extraction a large amount of blood continues to be released, then you should place a cotton swab in this area and squeeze your jaw tightly for a while.

First aid for internal bleeding

Internal bleeding is much more insidious than external bleeding, since it is not always possible to recognize them in time. Therefore, you need to know about the main symptoms of this condition:

frequent weak pulse;
low blood pressure;
pale and moist skin (cold sweat);
feeling of lack of air;
flashing “flies” before the eyes;
loss of consciousness or;
with gastrointestinal bleeding, bloody vomiting appears, similar to, or liquid, dark, strong-smelling stool (melena);
when lung tissue is damaged, coughing with sputum mixed with blood occurs;
if blood accumulates in the pleural cavity, then signs of respiratory failure appear.

If these symptoms occur, you should call an ambulance. You can also alleviate the patient’s condition somewhat on your own:

It is necessary to ensure maximum rest for the victim. If bleeding in the abdominal cavity is suspected, he should be laid down; if there are symptoms of blood accumulation in the lungs, he should be placed in a semi-sitting position. Under no circumstances should you give pain relief, feed or drink.
Maximum air flow into the room should be ensured.
Due to vasospasm, bleeding becomes somewhat less if you apply ice (for example, to the stomach) or a cold object.
Keep the patient conscious with the help of conversations, irritating substances (cotton wool with ammonia).

What not to do when bleeding

Once again about how not to make mistakes that can harm the victim when providing first aid for bleeding. If there is bleeding, you should not:

remove large objects, as this will lead to additional damage to blood vessels;
treat the wound surface with antiseptics, for example, brilliant green or iodine;
remove blood clots and blood clots from the wound;
touch the wound with your hands (even clean ones);
remove a pressure bandage that is soaked in blood;
apply a tourniquet unless absolutely necessary;
After applying a tourniquet, do not record the time of application;
apply a tourniquet under clothing or cover it with a bandage, since it may not be immediately detected under it;
do not feed, drink or relieve pain if internal bleeding is suspected;
Having stopped the bleeding, you cannot calm down and delay taking the victim to the hospital.

In cases of severe bleeding, professional medical attention should be sought as soon as possible. If capillaries and small veins are damaged, you can usually cope on your own. However, even in this case, a visit to the emergency room will not be unnecessary, since medical professionals will properly treat the wound and teach you how to monitor it to avoid some complications.

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When providing first aid for bleeding, forget that you absolutely cannot stand even one type of blood. Sometimes a person’s life and, in any case, the speed of his recovery can depend on your composure and skillful actions. Personal fears are secondary; the main thing is to help the victim. Act clearly, in a coordinated manner, without wasting time lamenting or giving in to panic.

Bleeding- This is the outpouring of blood from the bloodstream. Its causes are varied: trauma, tumors, erosion, rupture of the vessel wall, hemorrhagic diathesis, etc.

Bleeding can be internal (overt and hidden) and external; by nature they are divided into arterial, venous, capillary, and from internal organs; by localization - on, after tooth extraction, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, uterine, hemorrhoidal.

With any bleeding, patients complain of weakness, dizziness, flashing “spots” before the eyes, rapid heartbeat, noise in the ears and head, headaches, and sticky cold sweat. Objectively, disturbances of consciousness of varying degrees, increased heart rate, and decreased heart rate are detected.

First aid algorithms for various types of bleeding are largely similar.

Providing first aid for external bleeding

External bleeding occurs during injury due to disruption of the integrity of the skin and damage to blood vessels. Depending on the type of damaged vessel, capillary, venous and arterial bleeding are distinguished.

With capillary bleeding, blood is released little by little in drops or in a steady stream. This type of bleeding, with a small area of damage, can stop on its own after some time.

When a vein is damaged, blood flows intensely and evenly. The color of the blood is dark red, cherry.

From the damaged artery, blood flows in a strong stream, pulsating impulses that coincide with the contractions of the heart.

Arterial and venous bleeding does not stop on its own. Without first aid for these bleedings, the victim may die.

As blood is lost, the affected person becomes pale and covered in cold sweat. The heart rate increases and blood pressure gradually drops. The patient himself is lethargic, does not pay attention to those around him, speaks in a quiet voice, and answers questions in monosyllables. Such patients usually complain of dizziness, darkening of the eyes when trying to raise their head, thirst, and dry mouth. In the absence of first medical aid for bleeding, a person loses consciousness, after which first clinical and then biological death occurs.

How to stop bleeding of any of the above types? Capillary bleeding does not pose a serious danger; to speed it up, a pressure bandage is applied to the wound. When providing first aid for external bleeding from the capillaries, it is enough to treat the wound with hydrogen peroxide, and its edges with iodine solution, and then apply a bandage. Medical attention is only necessary if the wound is deep enough to require stitches.

To provide first aid for external venous bleeding, you also need to apply a pressure bandage, but then hospitalization is required to apply sutures to the wound. If a large vein is damaged, apply a hemostatic tourniquet to the injured limb (below the site of injury).

Arterial bleeding poses the greatest threat to life, and stopping it is often difficult. Stopping bleeding from the arteries of the extremities is carried out in several stages. Before providing first aid for bleeding from an artery, it is first pressed against the bony protrusion above the site of injury, and then a hemostatic tourniquet is applied above the site of injury. When stopping arterial bleeding, the tourniquet should be applied quite tightly, since the arteries are located much deeper than the veins. However, too tight an application can lead to sensory loss and paralysis. When providing first aid for external bleeding, a tourniquet is applied not directly to the skin, but through a layer of tissue. This reduces pain from skin irritation. If the manipulation is performed correctly, bleeding from the wound stops, the pulse in the lower sections of the arteries is not detected, and the limb itself turns pale. If the tourniquet is applied weakly, only the veins are compressed, blood
swelling intensifies.

The tourniquet is applied for no more than 40-50 minutes, since otherwise the tissue may become dead. If there is a need to keep the tourniquet on the limb for a longer time, it is removed every 45 minutes for 15 minutes. At this time, the artery is pressed with a finger in the wound.

First medical aid for external bleeding from the arteries of the hands and feet is provided by bandaging a roll of sterile napkins to the wound. After this, the limb rises up. This is usually enough to stop bleeding. Only in case of multiple wounds or crushed tissues, a tourniquet is applied.

Bleeding from the arteries of the finger is stopped with a tight bandage.

If there is significant blood loss, after first aid for bleeding, the victim must be taken to the hospital. In this case, it is transported in a lying position, without a pillow, with the leg raised. This helps improve blood flow to the brain. You can additionally increase your blood pressure by drinking plenty of fluids (tea, juice, water).

Providing first aid for nosebleeds

Nosebleeds can occur either spontaneously, for no apparent reason, or as a result of injury. The causes of spontaneous bleeding most often are a sharp increase in blood pressure (with hypertension, kidney disease, etc.), damage to the vascular wall (with atherosclerosis, allergic reactions), as well as a decrease in blood clotting.

Nosebleeds can manifest themselves in different ways. When blood flows from the external nasal openings, it is clearly visible, and diagnosing the condition does not cause any difficulties. However, blood can also drain inside, into the nasopharynx. In this case, bleeding may go undetected for some time. It manifests itself only after some time with bloody vomiting (vomiting “coffee grounds” with streaks of unchanged blood), which occurs as a result of constant ingestion of blood. If the bleeding is light, vomiting does not occur.

Gradually, the person turns pale, breaks out in a cold sweat, his blood pressure decreases, and his pulse becomes rapid.

Before providing first aid for a nosebleed, it is necessary to determine where exactly the blood is coming from. Sometimes bleeding from any part of the respiratory tract and from the lungs also leads to bleeding from the external nasal openings. However, in this case, the blood is foamy, and its release is often accompanied by a cough.

To provide first aid for mild nosebleeds from the external passages, it is necessary to lay the victim on his side, tilting his head slightly back. The wings of the nose can be pressed against the nasal septum. A tightly twisted cotton wool soaked in a solution of hydrogen peroxide or a 0.1% solution of adrenaline is inserted into the nasal passages. An ice pack is placed on the back of the head and bridge of the nose for 30 minutes. The person should remain in this position until the bleeding stops completely.

First aid for severe nosebleeds begins with the introduction orally or intramuscularly of drugs that increase blood clotting (1% Vikasol (2.0 ml)). However, this method of stopping bleeding is strictly contraindicated if there is a risk of developing thrombosis in vital organs (for example,).

If first aid for nosebleeds does not bring effective results, it is necessary to urgently hospitalize the victim.

How to stop bleeding in the mouth: first aid

The cause of bleeding from the oral cavity is most often mechanical trauma (biting the mucous membrane, tongue, blow, tooth extraction, etc.). Less commonly, the cause is an inflammatory disease of the mucous membrane, a malignant tumor, or bleeding disorders.

The bleeding itself does not go unnoticed. By examining the oral cavity, you can determine the cause and location of its occurrence. This makes it possible to distinguish it from bleeding from the digestive tract, nasopharynx, and respiratory tract. Prolonged heavy bleeding can also be caused by blood entering the respiratory tract.

How to stop bleeding in the mouth with maximum effectiveness? According to the rules of first aid for bleeding, the patient must be placed on his side, so that the blood can flow freely from the mouth and not enter the respiratory tract. The mouth is thoroughly cleaned of clots and fresh blood using a swab. This makes it possible to more accurately determine the location of bleeding. If this is a tooth hole, place a gauze turunda soaked in a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide in it. If there is bleeding from a damaged mucous membrane, apply a gauze pad moistened with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide to the wound and apply pressure.

If the cause of bleeding is injury to a large vessel, it can be pressed directly into the wound.

If the bleeding does not stop within a few minutes after first aid for bleeding, the patient must be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.

First aid for pulmonary and gastrointestinal bleeding

Pulmonary hemorrhage is manifested by the release of scarlet foamy blood when coughing.

First aid for pulmonary hemorrhage, accompanied by loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing and circulation, is cardiopulmonary resuscitation. First aid for pulmonary hemorrhage involves placing the patient on his back and tilting his head back. The remaining resuscitation measures are carried out only by medical workers.

Gastrointestinal bleeding occurs as a result of the effusion of blood from a wall defect into the lumen of the digestive tract. Causes: ulcerative lesions, injuries, tumors, burns, taking certain medications.

Vomiting blood comes to the fore (the appearance of scarlet blood indicates damage to the esophagus or upper stomach; dark blood indicates varicose veins of the esophagus; vomiting “coffee grounds” indicates a peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum).

Bloody stools can be a sign of pathology in most of the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum. Depending on the location of the affected area, the signs of bleeding vary.

Black stool is characteristic of bleeding from the esophagus, stomach or duodenum. If the bleeding is not too intense, then the patient will not vomit. Blood, passing through the entire digestive tract, turns the stool black, giving it the appearance of tar.

When bleeding from the small intestine, the stool is burgundy or reddish-brown in color, and if the source of bleeding is located below this level, the blood remains practically unchanged.

When bleeding from the rectum, the blood usually appears as scarlet splashes on top of unchanged stool, and if there is a large amount of blood, there may be no stool at all.

Any intestinal bleeding is an indication for urgent hospitalization of the patient, since, in addition to the danger of serious blood loss, it can be a sign of dangerous infectious diseases (for example, dysentery). Only with slight bleeding from the rectum can a person stay at home, and even then he needs to undergo an examination to exclude oncological pathology.

First medical aid for gastrointestinal bleeding before the ambulance arrives is to create functional rest for the patient; place a bottle of fluid on the epigastric region. You can rinse the stomach with ice water, to which a crushed hemostatic sponge has been added, or allow pieces of ice to be swallowed.

When providing first aid for gastrointestinal bleeding, the following medications are used:

almagel 1 tbsp. l. every hour;
cimetidine, histadil 1 tablet every 6 hours;
adroxon 0.75 ml 1-4 times a day intramuscularly.

How to stop uterine bleeding: first aid

Uterine bleeding can occur as a result of abortion, injuries and tumors of the genital organs, or have a dysfunctional nature.

Dysfunctional bleeding is divided into:

juvenile - in girls under 17 years of age after stress, diets, inflammatory diseases;
reproductive age - in women 17-45 years old with inflammatory diseases of the ovaries, stress, abortion, intoxication, etc.;
menopause - in women over 45 years of age, they are more often of an oncological nature.

How to stop uterine bleeding to prevent large blood loss? The first aid algorithm for bleeding depends on its nature. Before the ambulance arrives, a woman can be administered 2% Vicasol (1.0 ml) intramuscularly at home.

For dysfunctional bleeding, for first aid you can use Janine, Celeste, Marvelon (4-6 tablets until the bleeding stops, followed by a dose reduction to 1 tablet per day).