Disease of bones and joints. Bone diseases

Bones are an integral part of anatomy muscular system our body. 206 bones various forms and sizes make up the skeleton of an adult.

Some are hard and compact, some are light and porous.

The muscles, ligaments and tendons that support them play vitally important role, helping us move. Minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, protein and collagen are of great importance for maintaining the skeleton in healthy condition. Their deficiency can lead to bone disease.

Types of violation

Bone disease can occur due to various reasons. Both congenital changes - as a result of gene defects - and degenerative changes that develop with age are possible.

Osteoporosis

A bone disease characterized by a gradual loss of mineral density bone tissue. Calcified tissues are capable of self-healing, however, in old age, mineralization may fail. This leads to the development of cavities, and, as a result, to fragility and brittleness. Even with osteoporosis minor injury may cause cracks or fractures.

Osteoarthritis

No less common disease. This form Arthritis is characterized by joint degeneration due to the destruction of cartilage. Cartilage refers to the connective tissues found in places bone joints, and perform protective function. As you age, friction leads to inflammation and the development of growths called bone spurs. Joint pain, stiffness and decreased range of motion in the affected joint are symptoms of this bone disease.

Rickets

It's not just calcium and phosphorus that are essential for healthy development. Vitamin D is also on the list of essential nutrients. Vitamin D deficiency in early age can lead to a developmental disorder called rickets.

Softening of the bones is the main symptom of this disease, and therefore, victims become extremely vulnerable to fractures. Bones can bend and break easily. Muscle pain is also common. This violation perhaps in mature age. In the case of adults, this metabolic bone disease is called osteomalacia.

Osteopetrosis

Also known as Marble bone disease and Albers-Schoenberg disease. A rare form that is characterized by hardening of the bones. Hereditary disease, and is believed to be caused by mutations in genes associated with the formation, development and functioning of specialized cells - osteoclasts. These multinucleated giant cells play an important role in breaking down and replacing old bone tissue with new one. Thus, when osteoclasts are unable to perform their functions, new tissue is formed, but old tissue is not destroyed, which leads to abnormal compaction.

Paget's disease

This disease occurs as a result of abnormal bone remodeling. The disease usually affects adults. Children get sick quite rarely. As a result, deformation and expansion of the bones occurs, which causes painful sensations. As a rule, the hip joints, skull, spine, collarbones, shoulder joints. It is believed that there is a genetic predisposition to Paget's disease, especially if there is a history of the disease in the family. The catalyst may be a common viral infection.

Bone cancer

Accompanied by uncontrolled division of malignant cells. Osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma are types of cancer that attack bones from the inside. The disease can begin in any part of the body. Swelling, weight gain and severe pain in the affected bones, fatigue are some of the symptoms.

Bone diseases can be congenital or degenerative. Their occurrence can be caused by infection, improper cell division, etc. A healthy diet helps prevent some of these diseases, especially if they are caused by nutritional deficiencies. Long and painstaking treatment is required for genetic bone diseases.

The skeletal system is susceptible to injury, wear and tear, infection, tumors and metabolic diseases that lead to bone damage

The human skeleton consists of 206 bones, which are connected together by ligaments and connective tissue. The skeleton not only provides motor function, but also protects vital important organs(brain, heart, lungs and organs abdominal cavity). However, our skeletal system is susceptible to damage, wear and tear, infection, tumors and metabolic diseases that lead to bone damage that can become life-threatening. Below are some general diseases skeletal system.

General diseases of the skeletal system

Arthritis: a disease of the skeletal system characterized by wear and tear of bones and joints

Arthritis comes in two main forms. Osteoarthritis is the wear and tear of our bones and joints that occurs with age. Obesity is one of the important factors which can precipitate osteoarthritis, especially in the knees and hips. All bone joints are lined with cartilage and synovial fluid, which help lubricate the joint during movement. Over time, these tissues break down and wear away, leading to bone spur formation, joint narrowing, inflammation and pain. Treatment for severe osteoarthritis involves painkillers and steroid injections. In advanced cases, joint replacement is required.

Autoimmune arthritis occurs when the body attacks and damages its joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is one example of such diseases. Over time, they lead to joint destruction and chronic weakness. Treatment is aimed at pain management and modulates immune system, which allows limiting its further destruction.

Osteoporosis: a disease of the skeletal system characterized by decreased bone density

Osteoporosis is a decrease in bone strength and mineral density. Age, hormonal status and diet play a vital role in the development of osteoporosis. The bones gradually become weak and prone to fractures with minor injuries.

Rickets: a skeletal disease associated with vitamin D deficiency

Rickets/osteomalacia occurs due to severe shortage calcium, vitamin D and phosphates. Bones soften and become weak, losing their normal shape. Bone pain, cramps and skeletal deformities are noted.

Tendinitis: a disease of the skeletal system caused by injury to tendons

Tendon injury leads to inflammation and pain. Tendons “connect” muscles to bones and facilitate movement. Painful areas include the knee, elbow, wrist and Achilles tendons. Treatment includes rest, icing, and modification of activities until pain and inflammation resolve.

Bursitis: a skeletal disorder associated with the accumulation of fluid around the joints

A bursa is a specialized fluid around our joints. It provides cushioning between joints and nearby muscles, tendons and ligaments. Known state"water in the knee" is an example of prepatellar bursitis. This condition causes pain, redness, swelling, and soft tissue. Treatment includes over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen. You should also avoid putting pressure on the affected area of tissue and rest.

Cancers of the skeletal system

Leukemia

White blood cells - leukocytes - are partially produced in the bone marrow. As a rule, a whole series types of blood cancer are called leukemia. The onset of leukemia is generally insidious. Until a critical mass of atypical cells has formed, most people are asymptomatic. Early symptoms leukemia: bone pain, extreme fatigue, night sweats, unexplained loss body weight and bleeding gums.

Bone cancer

Cancerous tumors can also develop in the bone. Bone cancer may be the primary type of cancer, but may also occur as a result of metastasis to a site located elsewhere. cancerous tumor(lungs, breast and prostate). The main types of bone cancer are osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma.

Congenital diseases of the skeletal system

Clubfoot is a birth defect

Clubfoot is a congenital defect in the development of one or both legs that curve inward and downward. As a result of this disease, it is very difficult for a child to learn to walk. Specialized orthopedic therapy or surgery is often necessary.

Spina bifida

Spina bifida is a birth defect that is caused by incomplete closure of the vertebrae around the spinal canal. Many people have mild forms of this disease and don’t even know it. More severe forms The diseases are accompanied by nerve defects, difficulty walking, and problems with bowel and bladder function.

Other diseases of the skeletal system

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a spectrum of diseases of the skeletal system, ranging from mild to severe and life-threatening. People with these diseases are prone to fractures even with minor injuries. The most severe forms of these diseases also lead to intrauterine death. In people with these scleral diseases ( white part eyes) often have a bluish tint.

Osteopetrosis ( marble disease) – rare disease skeletal system, in which the bones become literally petrified and can easily break.

Paget's disease causes bones to break faster than they can repair themselves. Usually in the body this process is in balance. However, with Paget's disease, bone tissue breaks down at an accelerated rate and the bones become brittle. This leads to increased risk fractures.

Thus, Diseases of the skeletal system can be classified into 4 main groups: 1) congenital/genetic (clubfoot, spina bifida, osteopetrosis, Paget's disease; 2) age-related (osteoporosis, arthritis, arthrosis); 3) cancer (bone cancer and leukemia); 4) caused by trauma (tendinitis, fractures).

Diseases of human bones and joints.

In the human body there are approximately 245 different bones, which soft fabrics lean. TO bones part of the large muscles is attached. Joints serve for articulation of movable bones. Quite often bone and joint diseases as a result of injuries or diseases of the internal body.

What is this disease and how to treat it?

Classification of the human skeletal system

Avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis)
Also avascular necrosis known as "osteonecrosis", "aseptic (non-infectious) necrosis", or "ischemic bone necrosis», it is a state that occurs when lack of blood circulation in the bones. Because human bone it is a living tissue, like others in the body, and it requires a constant flow of blood, otherwise the death of cells is inevitable. And if this destructive process is not stopped, it will lead to complete destruction of the bone.

Rheumatoid arthritis
Arthritis is a general term to denote inflammation in the joints. Joint inflammation is characterized by redness, local hyperthermia (increased T), joint pain and swelling.
Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: pain, swelling of joints and ligaments, inflammatory processes, joint swelling, shortness of breath at rest, crunching in the joints.

Rheumatoid arthritis. Video

Bursitis
Bursa (in singular– bursa, from Latin bursa - "bag" means) called a fluid-filled space that softens the movement between bone and ligament or skin. Just like with air bubbles, these bags reduce friction in moving parts of the body, for example: in the shoulder, hip, heel, knee, elbow.

Bursitis. Treatment of bursitis. Video

Inflammation of the joints. Video

Here you can find recommendations that will help you protect your joints from damage and diseases such as arthritis for daily health maintenance and functional state normal joints.
Symptoms of joint inflammation: joint pain, cold hands, inflammation.

Disc herniation intervertebral spine lumbar region
This disease is also known as "popped" disk or "knocked out" Intervertebral disc herniation occurs most often in the lower back. This disorder causes pain in the back more often than others, in the leg (due to inflammation of the sciatic nerve).

Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. Treatment. Video

Intervertebral disc herniation cervical spine spine
What you should know about hernia disease in general? Hernia a disease of the spine called central part The denser jelly-like intervertebral disc breaks through the outer capsule through the weak spot formed. This process can be compared to squeezing jam out of a donut. Pain develops in the arm or neck if the hernia pinches or presses on a nearby spinal nerve. The first stage of treatment in most such cases is conservative and becomes non-surgical restoration. Rehabilitation allows more than 90% of patients to return to daily activity after six weeks of treatment. If the patient does not agree to conservative methods of care, then the doctor surgical treatment recommends.

Discitis
Discitis - inflammation in the spinal disc space. This disease is atypical and can develop in people of the most different groups age, but most often discitis affects children aged eight years and older. In other ages, this disease occurs as a complication, mainly after back surgery, but this only occurs in 1-2% of cases.

Acute rheumatic fever
Rheumatism– this is a rare, but potentially life-threatening disease, which is a complication of untreated acute pharyngitis caused by bacteria belonging to the group of streptococci. Main symptoms of rheumatism - increased T, muscle pain, swollen and painful joints, in some cases the appearance of a red rash, scattered, mesh-like, and rough. Symptoms usually begin 1 to 6 weeks after streptococcal infection transferred, although in some cases the infection may be too mild to be noticed.
Symptoms: pain and swelling of the joints, wet hands, joint swelling, facial inflammation, crunching in the joints.

Acute fever rheumatic in children. Video

Metatarsalgia. Video

Metatarsalgia is pain in the ankle joint. Metatarsalgia often occurs metatarsalgia for athletes involved in running and other sports that require high performance and great dedication. Metatarsalgia referred to as a symptom, not a specific disease. This foot disease widespread, affecting bones and the ankle joint. At metatarsalgia the focus of pain is often located in the areas of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th phalanges of the fingers and is often localized in the head metatarsal bone first (this is the base of the thumb).

Osteoarthritis. Video
Arthritis is general term when indicating inflammation in the joints. Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative joint disease, the most common type is arthritis. He is connected with articular cartilage destruction and can occur in almost any joint, and most often in joints that experience significant stress, such as the hip, for example, the spine, knee joint. More osteoarthritis It can affect the fingers, especially the fingers and toes, the neck, and usually does not affect the rest of the joints, unless they have been subjected to excessive stress or injury.
Symptoms of osteoarthritis :pain in the hip joint, pain in the middle of the back, cold hands, joint pain.

Osteoarthritis. Treatment of osteoarthritis. Video

Causes of arthritis. Video

Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis a disease called, the basis of which is inflammation and swelling of bone tissue, usually associated with infection. The above-mentioned disease is caused by various reasons and is observed in both adults and children. And most often these factors lead to bone infection.

Osteomyelitis. Treatment of Osteomyelitis. Video

Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a bone disease in which skeletal elements become thin and brittle. With this disease, cavities form inside the bones, the internal space begins to resemble a sponge. Patients with osteoporosis often end up in hospital with fracture of the hip, spine, wrist. Damage to these data significantly affects daily activities and can lead to forced changes in lifestyle. On X-ray images it is easy to distinguish bone that has become thinner after certain diseases transferred from a healthy skeletal element.

Osteoporosis. Treatment of osteoporosis. Video

Humeroscapular periarthritis(adhesive capsulitis)
Humeroscapular periarthritis A disease of the shoulder joint is characterized by a loss of significant range of motion in all directions due to scar formation around the joint. The range of motion is not only limited when the patient tries to move independently, but also when the doctor tries to force the joint into motion, the patient is still relaxed. Humeral periarthritis as adhesive capsulitis is also mentioned.

Humeroscapular periarthrosis. How to treat? Frozen shoulder. Video

Gout
Gout- one of the types arthritis. Gout can cause sudden attacks of pain, joint immobility and swelling, usually the finger suffers big feet. If treatment is not started, attacks can be repeated many times, and over time cause significant damage to the joints and adjacent tissues. Gout occurs most often in men.

Gout. Treatment of gout. Video

Psoriatic arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis is a form of inflammation of the joints, which can be observed in some in a million, psoriasis sick. Skin psoriasis the disease is, manifests itself as a characteristic red, scaly rash on the ankles, elbows most often, knees, feet, hands, less often in other places.
Symptoms of psoriatic arthritis : pain in the upper and middle parts back, joint swelling, joint deformation, joint pain, pain when breathing, wet hands, neck deformity, skin spots, joint swelling.

Psoriatic arthritis. Treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Video

Scoliosis
Idiopathic scoliosis– a common type of spinal curvature – has no clearly defined cause. It develops most often in children and adolescents, and its occurrence is associated with several reasons, including genetic predisposition.

Scoliosis. Treatment of scoliosis. Video

The human body contains approximately 245 different bones that support soft tissue. Most of the muscles are attached to the bones. Joints serve for movable articulation of bones. Very often, diseases of bones and joints appear as a result of injuries or internal diseases body. What are these diseases and how to treat them correctly?

Classification of diseases of the skeletal system

Numerous diseases of the skeletal system can be grouped as follows:

diseases of traumatic origin
inflammatory diseases
dystrophic
dysplastic

Diseases of a traumatic nature include, first of all, fractures and cracks of bones. The bone itself is different high strength. However, it can also break if it cannot withstand the pressure put on it. A fracture is a condition when the bone barely withstood the pressure and did not break, but a trace of overload remained. Fractures are distinguished between open and closed. Fractures cause complex and profound changes in the human body. This is due to the breakdown of certain substances (carbohydrates, tissue proteins, etc.), as well as metabolic disorders in bone tissue.

A striking example of an inflammatory bone disease is osteomyelitis, which is an inflammation bone marrow. This disease occurs from an infection of the bones and joints that enters the bone through the bloodstream from a distant source or from an external source (wounds, operations).

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The most dangerous dystrophic disease bone is rickets (childhood disease). This group of bone diseases is caused by poor nutrition.

Finally, dysplastic bone diseases develop as a result of changes in the shape of the bones, and this changes the structure of the skeleton as a whole.

Common bone diseases

Adults suffer from their own “rickets.” These are osteomalacia and osteoporosis (largely due to a lack of vitamin D). With osteomalacia, the bones are very flexible, causing them to bend. This disease is often observed in pregnant women. In osteoporosis, the bones and bone tissue are very porous. Vitamin D deficiency is explained by:

lack of absorption due to impaired functioning of the kidneys and intestines
poor environmental conditions
ultraviolet deficiency

Osteochondrosis is a very common disease of the skeletal system. It manifests itself as a degenerative process in bone and cartilage tissues, especially in the intervertebral discs.
A very common disease of the skeletal system is curvature of the spine, which manifests itself in the form of: scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis.

Classification of joint diseases

Pain in the joints of the hands, fingers, feet, knees and hips is very common.

Arthritis is an inflammatory disease of the joint. It can be an independent disease or a consequence of another disease. Basics clinical manifestation arthritis - pain in the joints, especially in the morning. After movement the pain decreases.

Arthrosis is a group of diseases when all components of the joint are affected: cartilage, bone adjacent to the cartilage, synovial membrane, ligaments, periarticular muscles. The pain is felt deep in the joints, it decreases at rest and intensifies with exercise. Arthrosis occurs due to changes biological properties cartilage.

Osteoarthritis appears in joints that experience maximum stress. Among large joints Usually the knee joints (gonarthrosis) or hip joints (coxarthrosis) are affected. Much less common are ankle, elbow and shoulder joints.
Often found rheumatic diseases, among which the most common is rheumatoid arthritis.

Causes of bone diseases

What are the causes of bone and joint diseases? There are quite a few of them, but the most common are the following:

systematic hypothermia
genetic predisposition
excessive physical overload
lack of physical activity
nutritional errors
injuries
colds and infectious diseases
muscle inflammation
lack of vitamins
nervous systematic overload
overweight and others

Pain in bones and joints may be caused by other diseases, such as endocarditis ( infectious disease hearts). One of its main symptoms is pain in the joints and bones. Similar pain occurs with chronic inflammatory processes in the liver, as well as cirrhosis of the liver. Pain in joints and bones also occurs with blood diseases (leukemia, agranulocytosis).

With age, metabolism slows down, which destroys the spine and joints.

A set of methods for treating joint diseases

Joint diseases are treated with a complex of measures, which includes various methods treatment:

Medication method. It includes drugs: painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs, improving blood circulation, as well as ointments and creams. These remedies help to provide superficial relief from the main symptoms of diseases.
Therapeutic exercise. For joint diseases good effect They give exercises to strengthen muscles and stretch, as well as swimming and measured walking. It is very important to avoid heavy loads on the joints, such as running, squats, jumping, etc.
Dietary nutrition is complete, balanced, but not excessive. Alcohol is completely excluded, salt and sugar are limited. If you have arthrosis, you need to consume foods containing calcium and gelatin.
Mud therapy improves metabolism and blood circulation.
Massage is an essential part of the treatment of arthrosis and arthritis. It helps to increase tone and strengthen muscle and skin tissue.
The manual therapy method helps restore the position of the joint, improve blood supply, and relieve pain.
Physiotherapeutic treatment activates metabolism in cartilage and bone tissues. These are electrophoresis with dimexide, laser therapy, magnetic therapy, EHF therapy.
Acupuncture (acupuncture) and acupressure (pressure on active points) have a beneficial effect on joint pain.
Using ancient methods traditional medicine mainly aimed at reducing pain and swelling, removing toxins and salts, restoring metabolism.
There are many surgical treatment methods. This includes restoration of damaged areas and replacement of joints. Meanwhile, this is a last resort when the others have not yielded positive results.

Each of the above methods has individual contraindications. This is why it is first necessary to carry out accurate diagnosis illness and consult a qualified healthcare professional.

Some methods will be discussed in more detail below.

How to relieve pain and inflammation in joints?

With diseases of the bones and joints, a person sometimes experiences very severe pain. When it’s exhausting, you want to take analgesics. However, they give temporary results, and even then not for long. That is why, when joints hurt, we need special medications that, while relieving pain, would simultaneously treat. These include NSAIDs—nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. True, not all of them are equally useful. You can only learn about these nuances from a doctor.

It is known that diseased joints are inflamed. This inflammation occurs from an infectious agent (in arthritis), or has a non-infectious, metabolic nature (in arthrosis). However, in both cases the damage is cartilage tissue- the “heart” of the joint. So-called chondroprotectors (literally translated as “protection of cartilage”) come to the aid of joints. Thanks to these substances, cartilage tissue is restored. The most famous chondroprotectors are chondroitin and glucosamine. An additional effect of chondroprotectors is their enhancement pharmacological action NSAIDs, reducing them side effects(For example, negative impact on the digestive system).

Diet therapy for diseases of bones and joints

In the treatment of spinal osteochondrosis, it is extremely important to eat properly. During the day, you need to distribute your meals into six small portions. For spinal health, calcium, manganese, magnesium, and phosphorus are required. They can be found in fermented milk products, nuts, corn, cabbage, cheese, liver.

To regulate bone metabolism, vitamin A is needed (found in yellow and orange fruits). Vitamin C normalizes the functioning of connective tissue. There is a lot of it in rose hips, berries, and sweet peppers. Sugar should be replaced with dried fruits or honey.

Contraindicated following products: grapes and all their derivatives, legumes, sorrel, green salad, concentrated broths, jellied fish and meat dishes.

Gouty arthritis is characterized by the deposition of urate (uric acid salts). The diet includes the exclusion of purine-containing and uric acid products, limiting salt and fat, avoiding alcohol and broths, eating citrus fruits, using boiled fish and meat.

For those suffering from joint pain, it is useful to eat black currants, apples, blueberries, plums, and drink tea with sea buckthorn and rowan.

Natural cures for joint diseases

Nature has prepared a lot effective medicines from various diseases, including joint ones.

This remedy helps to get rid of pain in joints: elbows, knees, ankles, hips. In a jar (3 l), mix beet juice (0.5 l) with black radish and carrots (0.5 kg each) and aloe juice (a glass). Fill the jar to the top with honey. Mix everything. Leave covered for seven days. Strain the mixture and discard the sediment. Drink 40 ml at night. The course of treatment is up to four weeks or more, depending on the severity of the disease. The pain disappears.
The following remedy improves the condition of not only joints, but also the entire body. Grate three washed and dried radishes and fill the pulp in a three-liter jar with dry white grape wine to the top. Cover with a plastic lid and leave on the counter for three weeks. During this time, the wine should acquire a honey hue. After straining and squeezing, let it sit for another three days - the wine will lighten. Drink 50-60 ml at night.
The following compress helps relieve joint pain. Pour one glass of kefir into a half-liter jar and crumble rye bread into it until the container is full. Add baking soda(teaspoon). Then put in a warm place for five to six hours. Next, strain the contents and squeeze. Apply lotions with this composition to sore joints during the day, and apply compresses at night. After three days the person experiences relief. The pain goes away completely within a week.
If joint diseases are caused by disorders endocrine system, you need to prepare the following collection: - three parts each of the marginal flowers and roots of sunflower, as well as meadowsweet grass; - two parts each of sweet clover grass, grass and roots of marsh cinquefoil. All in crushed dry form. Mix. Pour the collection in the amount of four tablespoons cold water(1 l) in an enamel bowl. Bring to a boil and cook over low heat for two to three minutes. Leave covered for three hours, then strain. Drink throughout the day until the condition improves.

Lifestyle during joint treatment

You can't get overtired. If you feel tired, walk less. A two-hour rest during the day is recommended.
Carry weights up to five kilograms.
Try to travel less in public transport.
If you have diseases of the leg joints, make sure your tread is soft and smooth while walking. Don't jump or run. When going down the stairs, first go down healthy leg, to which the patient is then assigned. Similarly when lifting: first lean on your healthy leg, then put on the sore leg. Always remember that shock loading is much more dangerous than static loading.
Shoes should be soft and comfortable.
Sleep on a hard bed so that the spine does not bend.
A strict attitude towards nutrition is necessary. Limit protein foods. Eliminate mushrooms completely, which will improve liver function.

Treating joints takes time and diligence. “Fresh” arthritis is overcome within a few weeks. While long-term arthrosis takes months to heal. The age of the patient plays a serious role. The older he is, the longer and more difficult the treatment. However, it is always possible to achieve some improvement and protection against further development of the disease.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are a group of diseases that affect bones, joints, muscles, connective tissue. It can be inflammatory, pathological, tumor or other in nature. Most often they arise as independent diseases, however, can sometimes be symptoms of other diseases.

The main symptoms that occur with diseases of the musculoskeletal system are pain in the joints, muscles, and spine, which can intensify with movement or “the weather.”

Let's take a closer look at the 20 most common ailments of the musculoskeletal system.

Arthritis

A group of inflammatory diseases affecting the joints. Depending on the prevalence of the disease, a distinction is made between monoarthritis (one joint is affected) and polyarthritis (several joints). The disease may occur suddenly ( acute form) or develop gradually (chronic form).

Depending on the causes of the disease, arthritis can be:

reactive;
rheumatoid;
infectious;
gouty;
psoriatic;
osteoarthritis;
traumatic.

Each type of disease is characterized by its own symptoms. Let's look at the common signs for all types of arthritis:

pain;
swelling;
redness;
crunch (osteoarthritis);
elevated temperature(reactive and infectious arthritis).

Arthrosis

Arthrosis refers to age-related joint deformation, which most often occurs in older people. The disease develops due to wear and tear of the cartilage and its gradual destruction. According to statistics, arthrosis is the most common joint disease, affecting more than 70% of the world's population.

Symptoms of arthrosis:

joint pain when moving;
cracking joints;
poor mobility of the affected limb;
change in joint shape.

Another name is ankylosing spondylitis. Ankylosing spondylitis is a rare disease in which the intervertebral joints become inflamed, shrinking in size, which makes the movement of the spine very difficult or limited.

Symptoms:

pain in the spine, sometimes radiating to the buttocks or legs;
stiffness of movements;
increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Hygroma of the joint

Hygroma is a tumor-like formation in the joint area. Most often it appears between the wrist and the radius and looks like a lump.

In most cases, patients do not show any symptoms until the lump grows. The formation is located under the skin, it is mobile, but below it is attached to the joint. Gradually the lump enlarges and appears dull ache because of mechanical pressure formations on tissues and nerves.

One of the main distinguishing features of hygroma from other tumor-like formations is its absolute safety; hygroma never degenerates into cancer.

Hip dysplasia

Is congenital pathology buildings hip joint, in which it is incorrectly oriented in space relative to the pelvic cavity. With this disease, the musculoskeletal function of the limb is impaired.

Symptoms appear as early as infancy. What mom should pay attention to:

For the length of the legs. With dysplasia, they will not be the same length.
For the symmetry of the gluteal folds.
For extra folds on the thigh.
For the symmetry of the spread legs.
To extraneous sounds (clicking, crunching) during movement of the limbs.

If you notice these symptoms, you should consult an orthopedist as soon as possible.

Coccydynia

Cocygodynia is pain felt in the tailbone area. Women are more susceptible to the disease than men, due to structural features female body and reproductive function.

The main symptom is constant or periodic pain in the coccyx. Most often, coccydynia appears after injuries (falling backwards on the buttocks, bruises of the tailbone from the back). Painful sensations may appear immediately or within six months after the injury.

In addition, pain in the tailbone can be caused by other factors:

pregnancy;
diseases of the paracoccygeal muscles and nerves;
constant use of soft or very hard stools;
diseases of the spine.

Osteoporosis of bones

A disease that affects the human skeleton, disrupting the structure and strength of bone tissue. Translated from Greek, “osteo” means bone, and “poros” means “time,” if you combine these two words, you get bone porosity. According to statistics, women suffer from osteoporosis much more often than men.

Symptoms on initial stage:

discomfort between the shoulder blades;
muscle weakness;
pain in the lower back and limbs.

In later stages:

reduction in human height, visible to the naked eye;
curvature of posture (stoop, scoliosis);
frequent fractures.

Osteochondrosis of the spine

Osteochondrosis is a disorder of the structure of the intervertebral bones, which reduces the flexibility and mobility of the spine. The disease develops gradually. First, microtraumas of cartilage appear, which can be caused by severe physical activity or injuries, then intervertebral discs begin to lose their elasticity and “flatten”.

Symptoms:

Pain, the location of which depends on the location of the damage. The arms, neck, chest, etc. may hurt.
Muscle numbness.

When squeezed blood vessels, appear:

headache;
dizziness;
tinnitus;
nausea and vomiting;
fainting.

Flat feet

A change in the shape of the foot that results in a drooping arch is called flat feet. Most often it develops as a result of insufficient or excessive load on the feet and various diseases.

Flat feet are quite well determined visually. Find out what it looks like flat foot, you can take the photo below.

Other symptoms:

pain when walking for a long time;
pain when standing still (in later stages);
foot deformity;
the appearance of a “painful” bone on the big toe;

The arch of the foot plays a very important role in musculoskeletal system person. It performs a shock-absorbing function when walking. When the arch is lowered, this function is impaired and the spine takes over the shock absorption. Due to additional load, intervertebral discs wear out faster, symptoms may appear in the form of pain, pinched nerves.

Gout

Metabolic disorders in which salt deposition occurs in the joints. According to statistics, gout is more common among men over 40, and less common among women after menopause. Gout can affect absolutely all joints of the body, but most often the disease affects thumb legs.

Symptoms:

joint inflammation;
skin redness;
increase in temperature in the damaged area;
formation of growths on the joint;
seizures gouty arthritis appearing in the morning or at night;

Rickets

Rickets – childhood disease, in which the process of bone formation is disrupted due to a lack of vitamin D.

Symptoms at the initial stage:

restless sleep;
tearfulness and irritability;
very heavy sweating;
damage or hair loss in the occipital region;

In later stages:

delay in fontanelle closure and tooth growth;
muscle weakness;
deformation of the legs during rickets, they become X-shaped or O-shaped;
deformation of the pelvic bones in girls;
the appearance of parietal and frontal tubercles;
deformation of the chest (indentation or protrusion).

When touched internal organs appears:

frequent vomiting;
intestinal dysfunction;
liver enlargement;
pale skin.

Sacroiliitis

It is an inflammation of the sacroiliac joint, which can affect both the joint itself and the tissues around it. Depending on the form of the disease (rheumatic or infectious), the symptoms of the disease differ.

Rheumatic form:

pain in the buttocks, radiating to the thigh;
pain is severe at rest and relieves with movement;
stiffness in the lower back after sleep.

Infectious form:

sharp pain in the sacral area;
pain radiates to the buttocks and limbs;
the pain becomes stronger when you move the leg or apply pressure to the affected area;
redness of the skin.

Synovitis

Synovitis – inflammation synovial membrane joint, in which fluid accumulates in its cavity. Most cases of synovitis affect the knee joint, but sometimes others can be affected. Cases of disease in more than one joint are very rare.

Symptoms:

increase in joint size (acute form);
feeling of pressure from within;
pain;
weakness (rare)
increase in general and local temperature;
limited joint movements;
painful sensations when pressed.

For acute purulent synovitis:

elevated temperature;
chills and malaise;
delirium (very rare);
severe pain;
joint swelling;
increase lymph nodes(rarely).

With chronic synovitis, almost all of the above symptoms may be present, but they will be mild.

Scoliosis

It is a sideways curvature of the spine, accompanied by asymmetry of the body and a protruding rib or scapula.

Symptoms determined visually:

shoulders are not at the same height;
one of the shoulder blades protrudes;
the waist is not symmetrical;
the folds on the body are not the same;

In addition, scoliosis can be accompanied by pain, rapid back fatigue, and difficulty breathing.

Spondylolisthesis

It is a disease of the spine in which one of the vertebrae is displaced forward or backward relative to the entire spinal column.

Symptoms:

pain in the lower back, intensifying after exercise;
difficulty moving lower section spine;
tingling, numbness in the limbs;
loss of control over urination and defecation (due to compression of a nerve).

Spinal stenosis

Spinal stenosis refers to a narrowing of the diameter of the spine. The disease most often occurs in older people, but sometimes occurs in younger people. The main cause of the development of the disease is considered to be congenital problems with the spine.

The main symptom of spinal stenosis is pain in the spine, which can radiate to the leg.

Other manifestations:

leg cramps;
pain in the buttock, going down the back of the thigh;
difficulty maintaining balance;
bowel and/or bladder dysfunction.

Tenosynovitis

Tenosynovitis is an inflammation of the tendon sheath. Most often, the disease affects the hands, feet, and forearms.

Symptoms:

pain in the affected area;
redness and swelling of the skin;
edema;

With infectious tendovaginitis, the above symptoms are accompanied by fever, chills, general weakness.

Tuberculosis of bones

Bone tuberculosis – chronic inflammatory disease musculoskeletal system. After pulmonary tuberculosis, it is the most common type of disease. Most often localized in the spine.

At the initial stage of the disease, symptoms are mild or may not exist at all. Usually there is an increase in body temperature to 37°C. The patient has:

lethargy and weakness;
decreased performance;
muscle pain;
drowsiness.

On next stage All symptoms of the disease become pronounced, and they are supplemented by pain in the affected area of the bones, which occurs most often during movements. Gait and posture are impaired. When the spine is affected, the muscles along it become inflamed and swollen.

For last stage characteristic:

spread of tuberculosis to other bones;
high temperature;
severe pain;
if the spine is affected, its movements become very difficult or impossible.

Heel spur

Medical name plantar fasciitis. The disease is an inflammation of the connective membrane of the foot, most often caused by injury.

Symptoms:

pain when putting weight on the heel;
sharp pain in the heel when taking the first steps in the morning;
a feeling of tension in the Achilles tendon.

Epicondylitis of the elbow joint

It is an inflammation in the elbow area. More often, the disease develops as a result of a monotonous load on the arm, causing constant flexion and extension of the elbow.

The main symptom of the disease is pain in the forearm, which can radiate to the shoulder and intensify with exertion (for example, when shaking hands).

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