Satisfying human needs. Human needs and their classification

The human needs necessary for life are water, air, nutrition and protection from environmental hazards. These needs are called basic because they are necessary for the body.

Basic needs differ from other needs in that their deficiency causes a clear adverse outcome - dysfunction or death. In other words, these are the things you need to live a safe and healthy life (eg food, water, shelter).

In addition to this, people have social needs: communication in a family or group. Needs can be psychological and subjective, such as the need for self-esteem and respect.

Needs are a need experienced and perceived by a person. When this need is supported by purchasing power, it can become an economic requirement.

Types and description of needs

As it is written in the 6th grade social studies textbook, needs are divided into biological, which are necessary for anyone to live, and spiritual, which are needed to understand the world around us, gain knowledge and skills, achieve harmony and beauty.

For most psychologists, need is a psychological function that motivates action by giving purpose and direction to behavior. This is an experienced and perceived need or necessity.

Basic needs and human development (determined by the human condition) are few, finite, and classified as distinct from the conventional notion of ordinary economic “wants,” which are infinite and insatiable.

They are also constant across all human cultures, and over historical periods of time can be understood as a system, that is, they are interconnected and interactive. In this system there is no hierarchy of needs (beyond the basic need for existence or survival), since simultaneity, complementarity and compromise are features of the satisfaction process.

Needs and desires are the subject of interest and form the common substrate for the sections:

philosophy;
biology;
psychology;
social sciences;
economics;
marketing and politics.

The famous academic needs model was proposed by the psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. His theory suggests that people have a hierarchy of psychological desires that range from basic physiological or lower needs such as food, water and safety to higher ones such as self-actualization. People tend to spend most of their resources (time, energy, and finances) trying to satisfy basic needs before higher order desires.

Maslow's approach is a generalized model for understanding motivation in a wide variety of contexts, but can be adapted to specific contexts. One of the difficulties with his theory is that concepts of "necessities" can change radically among different cultures or between different parts of the same society.

The second idea of necessity is presented in the work of a professor of political economy Jana Gow, which published information on human needs in the context of social assistance provided by the welfare state. He also published A Theory of Human Need with medical ethics professor Len Doyle.

Their view goes beyond the emphasis on psychology, it can be said that the needs of the individual represent a “cost” in society. Someone who cannot meet their needs will function poorly in society.

According to Gow and Doyle, everyone has an objective interest in preventing serious harm that prevents him from pursuing his vision of what is good. This drive requires the ability to participate in a social setting.

In particular, each individual must have physical health and personal autonomy. The latter involves the ability to make informed choices about what to do and how to implement it. This requires mental health, cognitive skills and the ability to participate in society and make collective decisions.

Need satisfaction issues

Researchers identify twelve broad categories of “intermediate needs” that define how the needs for physical health and personal autonomy are met:

adequate food and water;
adequate housing;
safe working environment;
cloth;
safe physical environment;
appropriate medical care;
safety in childhood;
meaningful primary relationships with others;
physical security;
economic security;
safe birth control and childbirth;
appropriate basic and intercultural education.

How are the details of satisfaction determined?

Psychologists point to rational identification of need using modern scientific knowledge, consideration of people's actual experiences in their daily lives, and democratic decision-making. Satisfaction of human needs cannot be imposed “from above.”

Individuals with greater internal assets (e.g., education, mental health, physical strength, etc.) have more opportunities to satisfy their wants and needs.

Other types

In his works Karl Marx defined human beings as “needy beings” who experienced suffering in the process of learning and working to satisfy their needs, which were both physical and moral, emotional and intellectual needs.

According to Marx, the development of people is characterized by the process of satisfying their needs; they develop new desires, implying that to some extent they create and remake their own nature. If people satisfy their nutritional needs through crop production and animal husbandry, then a higher level of social self-knowledge is required to satisfy spiritual thirst.

People differ from other animals because their life activity and work is dictated by the satisfaction of needs. They are universal natural beings, capable of turning all of nature into the subject of their needs and their activities.

Conditions for people, as social beings, are given by work, but not only by work, since it is impossible to live without relationships with others. Work is a social activity because people work with each other. Humans are also free beings, capable during their lives of achieving the objective possibilities generated by social evolution, based on their conscious decisions.

Freedom should be understood both in a negative sense (freedom to decide and establish relationships) and in a positive sense (mastery over natural forces and the development of human creativity of the basic human powers).

To summarize, it should be noted that the main interrelated traits of people are as follows:

people are conscious beings;
people are social creatures.

Humans are prone to universality, which manifests itself in the three previous traits and makes them natural-historical, universal conscious entities.

Rosenberg's Necessity Model

Model Marshall Rosenberg“Compassionate Communication,” known as “Hateful Communication,” distinguishes between universal needs (what sustains and motivates human life) and specific strategies used to satisfy one's needs. Feelings are perceived neither as good nor bad, nor right or wrong, but as indicators of whether human needs are being met or not. The needs of life are highlighted.

People also talk about the needs of the community or organization. These may include demand for a particular type of business, for a particular government program or organization, or for people with specific skills. This example represents the logical problem of reification.

Needs are the needs of people who ensure survival. They motivate the individual to take active action. Every person is filled with various desires, therefore the fulfillment of all of them is impossible. Moreover, as soon as one need is satisfied, a new one immediately appears. The subject never gets along without needs. As a person develops, he acquires new needs, only at different levels.

The needs of the individual directly influence the formation of his motivation, which moves the individual forward. The motive and activity that appears thanks to it depend on the cultural level of human development, his characteristics, and character traits. From those objects with the help of which he is accustomed to cognize reality.

Needs in psychology

Need is considered by psychologists from three positions: as an object, a state and a property.

Need as a need for existence, survival and ensuring the normal functioning of a person.
The appearance of desire as compensation for the lack of something
Need as a fundamental property of any individual that determines his relationships with people around him and the world as a whole.

A large number of theories of needs have been developed that describe needs from different aspects. A well-known follower of his father, whose ideas were aimed at studying personality in its connections with activity, D.A. Leontyev also considered needs based on this concept. K.K. Platonov saw in emerging desires only a person’s urgent need to fill something missing, to eliminate it. And Kurt Lewin expanded the concept of needs, calling them a dynamic state.

All approaches of psychologists to this issue can be conditionally divided into groups where the need was understood as:

Need (S.L. Rubinshtein, L.I. Bozhovich, V.I. Kovalev)
State (Levin)
Absence of good (V.S. Magun)
Necessity (B.I. Dodonov, V.A. Vasilenko)
The subject of satisfying a need (A.N. Leontyev)
Attitude (D.A. Leontyev, M.S. Kagan)
Systemic reaction of the individual (E.P. Ilyin)
Violation of stability (D.A. McClelland, V.L. Ossovsky)

Thus, human desires are dynamic states that form the motivational sphere of the individual, and then push him to perform activities. A special role is played by the content of needs and how they influence the surrounding reality. After all, a person, performing this or that action, influences the environment in which he is located. And his spiritual aspirations determine what color this impact will take on.

In this regard, the point of view of E.P. is interesting. Ilyin, who proposed to take into account several main points to understand the essence of needs:

physiological needs should be considered separately from the desires of the individual. The body can “demand” from a person the immediate fulfillment of its request, which is not always conscious, but a person’s formed need is never unconscious;
conscious desire and need are interconnected, however, it is important for the subject to strive to fulfill what is not in short supply, but in actual need;
if a need has appeared as a state, it is difficult for a person not to notice it, therefore it is important to make the right choice in the method and order (and sometimes the conditions set by the person himself) to satisfy the need;
after an acute need or desire for something has become apparent, a mechanism is launched aimed at actively searching for means to achieve them, since it is unlikely for a person to do without satisfying his needs.

Classifications of needs

We present to your attention the most concise, convenient classification:

The biological type of needs is for food, water, warmth and habitat. They are of a material nature.
Social appearance - in interaction with other subjects, the need to be in a group, to gain respect and recognition.
Spiritual – the needs of cognition, creative realization, aesthetic pleasure, obtaining answers to philosophical and religious questions.

All three types are closely intertwined. Biological ones are also present in animals, but what distinguishes humans is their spiritual needs and their predominance over the basic, natural needs of any living organism. Social skills are also more developed in humans.

The famous psychologist Abraham Maslow introduced his concept of the “pyramid of needs” into widespread use. It can be denoted as follows:

First level:

Congenital, biological: in eating, sleeping, breathing, having shelter, procreation;
Existential: in ensuring safety and protection from dangers and accidents, comfort of living, stability.

Second level (purchased):

Social: in communication with other people, belonging to a society, group, interpersonal relationships, showing care and receiving it in return, attention to oneself, joint activities
Prestige: in achieving respect, a certain stage of development in a career, a place in society, favorable reviews of one’s activities, successes.
Spiritual realization: in creative consistency, high-quality performance of one’s work, the highest mastery of execution and creation.

Maslow believed that the needs of the first level, the lower ones, must first be satisfied, and then the person will strive to reach the higher ones.

However, we should not forget that this scheme does not always work this way in reality. Not every basic need can be fully realized, while the individual desires to achieve something from a social or spiritual group. In addition, we should not forget that the needs of some should not interfere with the life and freedom of others. It is necessary to limit yourself and keep your aspirations within reasonable limits. The process of satisfying desires should be aimed at the development of the individual, his best qualities, knowledge of the truth, acquisition of new useful knowledge and experience, and general benefits.

Interests and inclinations

The term “interest” is closely related to the concept of “needs” - the word is translated from Latin as “to matter.” Interest is directly what causes the need. A person has a desire to possess the object of his interest, and this is where his actions are formed.

Interest can be shown not only in a material object, but also in spiritual goods. An individual wants to get something that is offered to him by society, that is, needs appear based on the opportunities provided by the external environment.

A person counts on something, focusing on his position in society or group. Interest is regulated by the society to which the individual belongs, sometimes it is realized, and sometimes not. A person receives an incentive from society, which moves him to perform a certain activity, which will lead to the satisfaction of a need.

Interests are divided depending on:

Carrier: personal, group, public
Directions: spiritual, economic, social, political.

There is also the concept of “inclination” - it sets the direction of interest in performing a specific type of activity. Interest only points to the desired object. Sometimes they don't match. Misalignment occurs because some goal does not seem feasible, regardless of the efforts of the subject or group.

Interests and inclinations can determine a person’s fate, his choice of profession, and the nature of building relationships.

Signs of successful fulfillment of needs

A person is successful in achieving his goals if he sets them correctly, motivates himself correctly and selects the necessary means of solution. In addition, of course, third-party factors that interfere with the subject may influence, but their likelihood is lower than the degree of personal effort.

A person’s self-confidence will also directly affect the results of his activities. Timely satisfied needs help him in successful activities.

According to Maslow, the highest aspiration of any person is self-actualization. This is what we all ideally strive for. Here are the personality traits that have achieved maximum success, overcoming all their desires:

Love for yourself and others, harmony with yourself and nature
High degree of concentration and composure when solving a problem
Interest in social interaction
Objectivity of perception, openness to new opinions
Spontaneity of emotions, naturalness in behavior
Recognizing your individuality
Tolerance towards other people, cultures, phenomena
Independence from public opinion, the ability to express one’s point of view
The ability to love, be friends - experience deep feelings
A never-ending desire for knowledge
Creative thinking
Wit (not ridiculing the shortcomings of others, but leaving oneself and others the right to make mistakes)

Thus, we examined the types of human needs and various approaches to this issue. Any person striving for excellence must be aware of his needs and their origin in order to weed out the unnecessary and concentrate on what is really important. Then your life will be filled with meaning and bring you pleasure.

The states and needs of people that arise when they need something underlie their motives. That is, it is the needs that are the source of activity of each individual. Man is a desiring creature, so in reality it is unlikely that his needs will be fully satisfied. The nature of human needs is such that as soon as one need is satisfied, the next one comes first.

Maslow's pyramid of needs

Abraham Maslow's concept of needs is perhaps the most famous of all. The psychologist not only classified people's needs, but also made an interesting assumption. Maslow noted that each person has an individual hierarchy of needs. That is, there are basic human needs - they are also called basic, and additional.

According to the concept of a psychologist, absolutely all people on earth experience needs at all levels. Moreover, there is the following law: basic human needs are dominant. However, high-level needs can also remind you of themselves and become motivators of behavior, but this happens only when the basic ones are satisfied.

The basic needs of people are those aimed at survival. At the base of Maslow's pyramid are the basic needs. Human biological needs are the most important. Next comes the need for security. Satisfying a person's needs for security ensures survival, as well as a sense of permanence in living conditions.

A person feels needs of a higher level only when he has done everything to ensure his physical well-being. The social needs of a person are that he feels the need to unite with other people, to love and recognition. After satisfying this need, the following come to the fore. Human spiritual needs include self-esteem, protection from loneliness, and feeling worthy of respect.

Further, at the very top of the pyramid of needs is the need to reveal one’s potential, to self-actualize. Maslow explained this human need for activity as the desire to become who he originally was.

Maslow assumed that this need is innate and, most importantly, common to every individual. However, at the same time, it is obvious that people differ dramatically from each other in their motivation. For various reasons, not everyone manages to reach the pinnacle of necessity. Throughout life, people's needs can vary between physical and social, so they are not always aware of needs, for example, for self-actualization, because they are extremely busy satisfying lower desires.

The needs of man and society are divided into natural and unnatural. In addition, they are constantly expanding. The development of human needs occurs through the development of society.

Thus, we can conclude that the higher the needs a person satisfies, the more clearly his individuality manifests itself.

Are hierarchy violations possible?

Examples of violation of hierarchy in satisfying needs are known to everyone. Probably, if the spiritual needs of a person were experienced only by those who are well-fed and healthy, then the very concept of such needs would have long since sunk into oblivion. Therefore, the organization of needs is replete with exceptions.

Satisfying needs

The extremely important fact is that meeting a need can never be an all-or-nothing process. After all, if this were so, then physiological needs would be satisfied once and for life, and then a transition to the social needs of a person would follow without the possibility of return. There is no need to prove otherwise.

Biological needs of man

The bottom level of Maslow's pyramid is those needs that ensure human survival. Of course, they are the most urgent and have the most powerful motivating force. In order for an individual to feel the needs of higher levels, biological needs must be satisfied at least minimally.

Safety and protection needs

This level of vital or vital needs is the need for safety and protection. We can safely say that if physiological needs are closely related to the survival of the organism, then the need for safety ensures its long life.

Needs for love and belonging

This is the next level of Maslow's pyramid. The need for love is closely related to the individual’s desire to avoid loneliness and be accepted into human society. When the needs at the previous two levels are satisfied, motives of this kind occupy a dominant position.

Almost everything in our behavior is determined by the need for love. It is important for any person to be included in relationships, be it family, work team or something else. The baby needs love, and no less than the satisfaction of physical needs and the need for security.

The need for love is especially pronounced during the teenage period of human development. At this time, it is the motives that grow out of this need that become leading.

Psychologists often say that typical behavior patterns appear in adolescence. For example, the main activity of a teenager is communication with peers. Also typical is the search for an authoritative adult - a teacher and mentor. All teenagers subconsciously strive to be different - to stand out from the crowd. This gives rise to the desire to follow fashion trends or belong to a subculture.

The need for love and acceptance in adulthood

As a person matures, love needs begin to focus on more selective and deeper relationships. Now needs are pushing people to start families. In addition, it is not the quantity of friendships that becomes more important, but their quality and depth. It is easy to notice that adults have far fewer friends than teenagers, but these friendships are necessary for the mental well-being of the individual.

Despite the large number of different means of communication, people in modern society are very fragmented. Today, a person does not feel part of a community, except perhaps as part of a family that has three generations, but many lack even that. In addition, children who experienced a lack of intimacy experience fear of it in later life. On the one hand, they neurotically avoid close relationships, because they are afraid of losing themselves as individuals, and on the other hand, they really need them.

Maslow identified two main types of relationships. They are not necessarily marital, but may well be friendly, between children and parents, and so on. What are the two types of love identified by Maslow?

Scarce love

This type of love is aimed at the desire to make up for the lack of something vital. Scarce love has a specific source - unmet needs. The person may lack self-esteem, protection, or acceptance. This type of love is a feeling born of selfishness. It is motivated by the individual’s desire to fill his inner world. A person is not able to give anything, he only takes.

Alas, in most cases, the basis of long-term relationships, including marital ones, is precisely scarce love. The parties to such a union can live together all their lives, but much in their relationship is determined by the internal hunger of one of the participants in the couple.

Deficient love is the source of dependence, fear of losing, jealousy and constant attempts to pull the blanket over oneself, suppressing and subjugating the partner in order to tie him more closely to oneself.

Being love

This feeling is based on recognition of the unconditional value of a loved one, but not for any qualities or special merits, but simply for the fact that he exists. Of course, existential love is also designed to satisfy human needs for acceptance, but its striking difference is that there is no element of possessiveness in it. There is also no desire to take away from your neighbor what you yourself need.

The person who is able to experience existential love does not seek to remake a partner or somehow change him, but encourages all the best qualities in him and supports the desire to grow and develop spiritually.

Maslow himself described this type of love as a healthy relationship between people that is based on mutual trust, respect and admiration.

Self-esteem needs

Despite the fact that this level of needs is designated as the need for self-esteem, Maslow divided it into two types: self-esteem and respect from other people. Although they are closely related to each other, it is often extremely difficult to separate them.

A person's need for self-esteem is that he must know that he is capable of much. For example, that he can successfully cope with the tasks and requirements assigned to him, and that he feels like a full-fledged person.

If this type of need is not satisfied, then a feeling of weakness, dependence and inferiority appears. Moreover, the stronger such experiences are, the less effective human activity becomes.

It should be noted that self-respect is healthy only when it is based on respect from other people, and not status in society, flattery, etc. Only in this case will satisfaction of such a need contribute to psychological stability.

It is interesting that the need for self-esteem manifests itself differently at different periods of life. Psychologists have noticed that young people who are just starting to start a family and look for their professional niche need respect from others more than others.

Self-actualization needs

The highest level in the pyramid of needs is the need for self-actualization. Abraham Maslow defined this need as a person's desire to become what he can become. For example, musicians write music, poets write poetry, artists paint. Why? Because they want to be themselves in this world. They need to follow their nature.

For whom is self-actualization important?

It should be noted that not only those who have any talent need self-actualization. Every person without exception has their own personal or creative potential. Each person has his own calling. The need for self-actualization is to find your life's work. The forms and possible paths of self-actualization are very diverse, and it is at this spiritual level of needs that people’s motives and behavior are most unique and individual.

Psychologists say that the desire to achieve maximum self-realization is inherent in every person. However, there are very few people whom Maslow called self-actualizers. No more than 1% of the population. Why do those incentives that should encourage a person to act do not always work?

Maslow in his works indicated the following three reasons for such unfavorable behavior.

Firstly, a person’s ignorance of his capabilities, as well as a lack of understanding of the benefits of self-improvement. In addition, there are ordinary doubts in one’s own abilities or fear of failure.

Secondly, the pressure of prejudice - cultural or social. That is, a person’s abilities may run counter to the stereotypes that society imposes. For example, stereotypes of femininity and masculinity can prevent a boy from becoming a talented makeup artist or dancer, or a girl from achieving success, for example, in military affairs.

Third, the need for self-actualization may conflict with the need for security. For example, if self-realization requires a person to take risky or dangerous actions or actions that do not guarantee success.

For a person to have a normal existence on earth, he needs to satisfy his needs. All living beings on the planet have needs, but most of all, the intelligent individual has them.

Types of human needs

organic. These needs are associated with human development and self-preservation. Organic needs include many needs: food, water, oxygen, optimal ambient temperature, procreation, sexual desires, security of existence. These needs are also present in animals. Unlike our smaller brothers, a person needs, for example, hygiene, culinary processing of food and other specific conditions;

material needs are based on satisfying them with products created by people. These include: clothing, housing, transport, household appliances, tools, as well as everything that is necessary for work, leisure, everyday life, and cultural knowledge. In other words, a person needs the goods of life;

social. This type is associated with the need for communication, position in society, a certain position in life, gaining respect and authority. A person cannot exist on his own, so he needs communication with other people. arose since the development of human society. Thanks to such needs, life becomes the safest;

creative types of needs represent satisfaction in various artistic, scientific, technical. People are very different. There are those who cannot live without creativity. They even agree to give up something else, but cannot exist without it. Such a person is a high personality. Freedom to engage in creativity is paramount to them;

moral self-improvement and psychological development - These are the types in which he ensures his growth in the cultural and psychological direction. In this case, a person strives to become deeply moral and morally responsible. Such needs contribute to people's involvement in religion. Moral self-improvement and psychological development become the dominant needs for people who have reached a high level of personal development.

In the modern world, it is very popular among psychologists. Its presence speaks of the highest level of human psychological development. Human needs and their types can change over time. There are desires that need to be suppressed. We are talking about the pathology of psychological development when a person develops needs of a negative nature. These include painful conditions in which a person has a desire to cause pain to another, both physical and moral.

Considering the types of needs, we can say that there are those without which a person cannot live on earth. But there are also those that you can do without. Psychology is a subtle science. Each individual requires a special approach. The question is, why do some people have particularly pronounced needs, while others have others? Some people like to work, others don’t, why? The answer must be sought in family genetics or lifestyle.

Species can also be divided into biological, social, and ideal. There is a wide variety of classifications of needs. The need for prestige and recognition in society has emerged. In conclusion, it can be said that it is impossible to establish a complete list of human needs. The hierarchy of needs is individual. Satisfying the needs of the basic level implies the formation of the rest.

Abstract

HUMAN NEEDS, THEIR TYPES

AND MEANS OF SATISFACTION.

Table of contents:

1. Introduction. 1

2. Types of human needs. 1-4

3. Fundamentals of economic activity of mankind.

Specialization and trade. 4-8

4. Limited economic resources and related

there are problems with her. 8-10

5. Conclusion. Principles of distribution of benefits. 11

1. Introduction.

The great scientist of Ancient Greece, Aristotle, gave the name to the science of economics. He combined two words: “eikos” - economy and “nomos” - for-

con, so “economy” literally translated from the ancient Greek means

there are “laws of economics”.

Economics refers to the science that:

1) studies ways of organizing people’s activities aimed at creating

tribute good, necessary for their consumption;

2) explores how people use the limited resources available to

satisfying their unlimited needs for life's goods.

There are three main participants in economic life: family, firms and the state. They interact with each other, coordinating their activities.

relationship both directly with each other and through markets factors about

production (that is, resources with which you can organize production

production of goods) and consumer goods (goods that are directly consumed

fuck with people).

Firms and the state play a big role in the economy, but people

The family is the main actor in the economy. Economic figure –

The importance of any country must be carried out to meet the needs of people -

act in specific benefits.

Behavior of people, their decisions in specific economic situations

determine the activities of firms, government organizations, markets.

By studying human behavior, economics helps people, businesses

mothers and the state to foresee the consequences of their decisions in the economic sphere

2. Types of human needs.

Basic human needs are biological needs.

These needs are the basis for the formation of specific needs

people (the need to satisfy hunger gives rise to the need for certain

types of food). The first task of economic activity (economy) was

meeting these needs.

The basic human needs include:

In clothes;

In housing;

Safe;

In the treatment of diseases.

These needs are necessary for the simple survival of people, but they are also

are a very difficult task. Until now, people cannot completely re-

sew these problems; millions of people on Earth are still hungry, many do not have a roof over their heads or basic medical care.

In addition, human needs are much more than just a set of equipment

fishing for survival. He wants to travel, have fun, a comfortable life, a favorite pastime, etc.

3. Fundamentals of the economic life of mankind. Specialization and

trade.

To satisfy their needs, people initially used only what wild nature could give them. But with the growth of needs,

la the need to learn how to obtain goods. Therefore, the benefits are divided into

two groups:

1) free benefits;

2) economic benefits.

Free benefits - these are those benefits of life (mainly natural) that are available to people in a volume greater than the need for them. They do not need to be produced, they can be consumed for free. Such benefits include-

xia: air, water, sunlight, rain, oceans.

But basically, human needs are not satisfied through free gifts,

A economic benefits , that is, goods and services, the volume of which is insufficient

to meet people's needs fully and it can be increased

personal only as a result of the production process. Sometimes you have to

redistribute benefits in one way or another.

Now people live better than in ancient times. This has been achieved due to an increase in the volume and improvement of the properties of these goods (food,

clothes, housing, etc.).

The source of well-being and power of the peoples of the Earth today is

There is an extremely developed mechanism for combining efforts to solve common problems, including the most important task - production of ever-increasing volumes

life benefits, that is, creating better living conditions for people.

People use natural resources to produce the goods of life.

own labor and special devices (tools, equipment, pro-

production facilities, etc.). All these are called “factors of production”.

There are three main factors of production:

3) capital.

Work as a factor of production is the activity of people in production

goods and services through the use of their physical and mental abilities

opportunities As well as skills acquired as a result of training and experience

work. To organize production activities, the right is purchased

to use the abilities of people for some time to create

giving a certain type of benefit.

This means that the volume of labor resources of a society depends on the numbers -

of the working-age population of the country and the amount of time it

the population can work for a year.

Earth as a factor of production - these are all types of natural resources, have-

existing on the planet and suitable for the production of economic goods.

The sizes of individual elements of natural resources are usually expressed as flat

areas of land for one purpose or another, volumes of water resources or

minerals in the ground.

Capital as a factor of production - this is the entire production and technical

apparatus that people created to increase their strength and expand their capabilities

possibilities for producing the necessary goods. It consists of buildings and structures -

production equipment, machines and equipment, iron

roads and ports, warehouses, pipelines, that is, from what is necessary for

implementation of modern technologies for the production of goods and services. The volume of capital is usually measured by the total monetary value.

To analyze economic processes, another type of fact is distinguished:

production moat – entrepreneurship. These are services that are provided

society people endowed with the ability to correctly assess what new

products can be successfully offered to customers, what production technologies

management of existing products is worth implementing to achieve greater benefits.

These people are ready to risk their savings for the sake of new commercial

projects. They have the ability to coordinate the use of other factors

tors of production to create the necessary benefits for society.

It is impossible to measure the volume of a society's entrepreneurial resource.

a clear picture of it can be formed on the basis of data on the number of

those owners of companies who created them and manage them.

In the twentieth century, another type of production factors gained great importance:

quality: information , that is, all the knowledge and information that is necessary

people for conscious activity in the world of economics.

By constantly improving the ways of using economic resources,

owls, people based their economic activities on two important

shih element: specialization and trade.

Specialization has three levels:

1) specialization of individuals;

2) specialization of activities of economic organizations;

3) specialization of the country’s economy as a whole.

The basis of all specialization is the specialization of people's labor, which

defined:

a) Conscious division of labor between people.

b) Training people in new professions and skills.

c) The possibility of cooperation, that is, cooperation to achieve a common

further goal.

The first division (specialization) of labor arose about 12 thousand years ago

ago: some people specialized only in hunting, others were

farmers or farmers.

There are now thousands of professions, many of which require training in specific skills and techniques.

Why is specialization the most important tool in the economic life of mankind?

First, people are endowed with different abilities; they are different

complete certain types of work. Specialization gives everyone the opportunity

a person to find that job, that profession where he can express himself at his best.

the best side.

Secondly, specialization allows people to achieve greater and greater skill.

lousy in the activity chosen for oneself. And this leads to the production of goods

or providing services with higher quality.

Thirdly, the growth of skill allows people to spend on the production of goods

less time and no loss of time when switching from one

type of work to another.

Thus, specialization is the main way to increase

productivity all resources (factors of production) that people use to produce the economic goods they need, and first

the entire labor resource.

Performance is the amount of benefits that can be obtained from the use of

the formation of a unit of a certain type of resource for a fixed period

period of time.

Thus, labor productivity is determined by the number of products that

a worker made a swarm in a unit of time: in an hour, in a day, in a month, in a year.

One of the most significant inventions of mankind in the field of specialization

socialization and division of labor came into existence as a conveyor belt. This is the most powerful remedy

increasing labor productivity.

The creator of the assembly line was Henry Ford (1863-1947), the father of mass automobiles.

mobile industry, a talented person. The idea of the conveyor was born to him after

how the car manufacturing company he created ceased

cope with orders that have doubled in one year.

Then (in the spring of 1913) in the magneto assembly shop, Ford launched the first

world conveyor. Until this time, the collector worked at a table where he had

complete set of parts. A skilled assembler assembled about 40 magnetos per shift.

Now each assembler had to perform one or two operations on

assembly (that is, he specialized even more than when he could perform

all assembly operations). This allowed us to reduce the time required to assemble one

magneto from 20 min to 13 min. 10 sec. And after Ford replaced the previous

a low table on a moving belt raised higher, which set the pace

work, assembly time was reduced to 5 minutes. Labor productivity is possible

grew 4 times! After introducing the principle of conveyor assembly in all workshops

labor productivity increased 8.1 times, which made it possible in 1914 to increase

double the production of cars. Ford got the opportunity to produce its own cars

tires at lower costs than competitors, sell them cheaper and

capture the sales market. This led to the fact that competitors also had to

implement a conveyor at your enterprises.

Thanks to labor specialization and increased labor productivity, people

came to the transition from random and irregular exchange of existing drones -

gami to constant trade in them. There has been a transition from self-sufficiency, then

eat from subsistence farming, to receiving goods produced by others

people. People gradually became convinced that thanks to the exchange of goods it is possible

get more benefits at your disposal and make them more diverse -

mi compared to their independent production. Having realized this, people began

They did not engage in exchange from time to time, but made it the basis of their life. This is how they appeared goods And services , used by them for regular communication

The ability to exchange goods is a unique ability of people, distinguished

separating them from other inhabitants of the Earth. As the great shot pointed out wittily,

Landish economist Adam Smith (1723–1790):

“No one has ever seen a dog deliberately exchange a bone with another dog...”

The regular exchange of goods and services was the basis for the most important

spheres of human activity - trade , that is, the exchange of goods in the form of purchase

or the sale of goods and services for money.

Trade was born in ancient times, it is older even than agriculture.

It existed during the Paleolithic - at the dawn of the Stone Age, around

30,000 years ago. At first, tribes that lived far away traded among themselves.

to each other. They traded luxury goods (precious and decorations)

stones, spices, silks, rare wood, etc.). Were engaged

these traveling merchants were Arabs, Frisians, Jews, Saxons, and then Italians.

Over time, trading cities appeared in Europe: Venice, Genoa and

river cities of Germany - Hamburg, Stettin, Danzig and others.

Trade has played a big role in human history. Thanks to her

merchants set sail in search of new lands where they could extract

expensive goods. Columbus's main goal was also trade interests.

res. He wanted to find a shorter route to the shores of India, so that it would be easier and

It is cheaper to transport goods to Europe. Thanks to trade, many were made

other geographical discoveries, and also the birth of modern industrial

ness. Large handicraft production began to emerge from merchant money.

production, and then manufactories - the harbingers of plants and factories.

It was trade that united people into companies specializing in

production of certain goods.

Not a single person is capable of mastering all the many professions required.

required to create all the variety of benefits that are used today

The combination of trade and specialization enables people to gain

benefits in greater volume, in a wider range and faster.

If a country skillfully uses a combination of specialization and trade, it will lead to:

Increased labor productivity;

An increase in the volume of available benefits;

Increasing growth in people's consumption of goods, according to income growth

sellers;

Increased income from trade, which can be used for development and

improvement of production and labor specialization.

This applies to all countries, even those that have great natural resources, since the wealth of subsoil, arable land and forests themselves

prosperity is not guaranteed.

Thus, Russia has enormous natural resources, their rational use

This could make the people of Russia one of the richest in the world. But Russia, not

despite the fact that it was under the control of the planning and command system,

spent its natural resources on a huge scale, did not provide

high level of well-being for its citizens.

According to UN experts, Russia is only at the level of wealth

53rd place. It can rise higher only by increasing the scale of production -

production of economic benefits useful to people. This problem can only be solved

having mastered the art of rational organization of economic activity.

4. Limited economic resources and the resulting

communication problems.

To satisfy their needs for goods, people need much more resources than have always been available to humanity.

People faced limited resources back in ancient times, when

land was the only available source of production of goods.

The graph shows the emergence of a gap between material

desires of people and the possibilities of their satisfaction.

The increase in natural resources occurs due to the development of deposits

mineral deposits, construction of hydroelectric power stations, development

virgin lands, etc. On the graph, the line for the volume of resources is gently rising

swaying. A line that rises steeply - human potency -

tee. In the first period of human development, nature’s potential to feed people, of whom there were few, exceeded their capacity.

necessities. Due to population growth and increasing needs of people

humanity is faced with a new situation - shortage.

Humanity could have died out 11-16 thousand years ago due to lack of

food and he managed to escape only due to the emergence of agriculture.

The needs of people and the population of the Earth continue to remain constant.

but to increase. The increase in the volume of living goods lags behind the growth in people's needs, despite the fact that they have learned to use natural resources and other factors of production.

With the exception of a small number of goods - air, rain, solar heat - all other means of satisfying the needs of mankind

are available in limited quantities. Thus, oil reserves in the bowels of the Earth are

amount to 128.6 billion tons. This is her physical limitation. People actively use

they call it, but for now it is only available to those who can pay the costs of

its extraction and transportation. The economic problem is not created by physical

such a limited resource, and the opportunity to obtain it only by spending other

resources. So, to extract additional oil, you need to spend

other limited resources: electricity, labor of oil workers, metal for

manufacturing of oil equipment and oil pipeline pipes), etc.

Consequently, the economic activity of people is always directed

to withdraw resources from the sphere of satisfaction alone in order to satisfy

needs of other people.

Economic resources are always limited.

Limitation labor is due to the fact that the number of able-bodied people in any country is strictly fixed at any given time.

In terms of physical and mental abilities, not all people are suitable for performing specific jobs. This problem can be partially solved by

attracting workers from other countries, retraining and retraining of workers

botniks to more effective specialties, but this does not give immediate

result, since it requires a certain time for their implementation.

Limitation land(natural resources) is determined by the geography of the country and the presence of mineral deposits in its depths. This limitation can be reduced by converting previously barren soils into

agricultural land.

Limitation capital determined by the previous development of the country,

with what she managed to accumulate. This limitation can be reduced by

construction of new factories, highways, gas pipelines and additional

equipment manufacturing. But this takes time and costs.

Limitation entrepreneurship due to the fact that nature does not

endows everyone with this talent.

Limitation resources made people accept the appropriate

measures. People have long begun to secure economic resources in their own

ness. An individual or group of people can:

- own resources, that is, actually possessing them;

- use resources, that is, use them at your discretion

to obtain current income;

- dispose of, that is, have the right to transfer them to other persons, for example

Other people must respect these rights. Securing resources in your own

Citizenship allows them to provide these resources for a fee to those who need them. The forms of income from this can be very different and depend on the type of resources provided.

Most of Russia's large fortunes (wealth) are associated with shadow ownership.

property (criminal access to resources, etc.) and with post-state

property (privatization, land, budget funds).

As a result of “privatization” under the guise of the slogan about the voucher people-

After privatization, property turned out to be dispersed, torn between

separate links of technological chains that are inseparable by nature.

This has led to the inefficiency of the Russian economy today.

5. Conclusion. Principles of distribution of benefits.

To satisfy its ever-increasing needs, humanity

forced to constantly seek answers to the main questions of the fundamentals of economic

life, that is, the main issues of economics:

1. What to produce and in what quantity?

2. How to produce?

3. How to distribute the goods produced?

When deciding the question “What and in what quantity to produce?”, people ultimately

account distribute limited resources between producers of various -

new benefits.

When deciding the question “How to produce?”, people choose their preferred

they are methods (technologies) for producing the goods they need.

Each of the possible technological solutions involves

its combination and scale of use of limited resources. And

Therefore, choosing the best option is not an easy task, which requires comparison -

planning, weighing the value of various resources.

Answering the question “How to distribute the goods produced?”,

people decide who and how much benefits should ultimately go to. How

carry out the distribution of benefits so that it does not cause people to feel un-

fairness due to differences in living comfort?

People solved this problem like this:

- "the right of the strong"- the best and in full is received by the one who can

take benefits from the weaker by force of fist and weapon;

- "principle of equalization"- everyone receives approximately equally so that

“no one was offended”;

- "Queue principle"- the benefit goes to the one who took a place in the queue first

those who want to receive this benefit.

Life has proven the harmfulness of using these principles, since they are not

interest people in more productive work. With such a distribution

sharing benefits, even if you work better than others and get more for it,

acquisition of the desired good is not guaranteed. Therefore, in the vast majority of countries in the world (and in all the richest countries) currently

a complex market distribution mechanism prevails.

References:

1.I.V. Lipsits “Economics”, Moscow, 1998

2. G. Yavlinsky “Russian Economy: legacy and opportunities”, EPIcenter,