Russian words of English origin. Borrowing words in modern English
English has conquered not only the Internet, but also claims a place in other languages of the world. Why? Is it worth using borrowed words in speech? The answer is simple. A lot of new inventions and technologies came from America, and they have no analogue, for example, in the Russian language. There’s nothing you can do about it, you’ll have to use a foreign option. But modern youth, having heard enough foreign songs or watched Hollywood films, deliberately introduces foreign expressions into their vocabulary. Which ones are the most popular and how to use them correctly? That's what we'll talk about today.
Borrowed words from English firmly hold their positions in Russian speech. For many today, this is a more preferable option than their native expression. Perhaps because it is simpler, perhaps more fashionable, or perhaps because it does not correspond. You can read about how “innovations” appear in the Russian language, the reasons for their introduction and where they are used in the article “Anglicisms”. And here I would like to consider more specific information about the use of borrowed words from the English language.
Popular Anglicisms
Borrowing is a linguistic process when words from one language are transferred to another and are fixed there for a long time. I would like to note that Anglicisms in the Russian language occupy no more than 10%. This is an integral part of development that began in the past and is still ongoing.
| baby | baby - baby |
| boyfriend | boyfriend - male partner in extramarital sexual relationships (lover) |
| bucks | bucks - US dollars (the buck) - on behalf of Buck (Benjamin) Franklin |
| boycott | boycott - ending a relationship with someone as a sign of protest against something (in honor of Charles Boycott) |
| briefing | briefing - short instructions on further work |
| DJ | DJ - disc jockey |
| jeans | jeans - denim trousers |
| casting | casting - selection of actors from ordinary people, from the people |
| lobbyist | lobbyist |
| loser | looser - loser |
| make-up | make-up - the result of applying cosmetics to the face |
| know-how | know-how - innovation |
| prime time | prime-time - evening hours, when the largest number of people gather in front of the screen |
| soundtrack | - music in the film |
| speaker | speaker - speaking loudly for an audience |
| talk show | talk-show - a television program where problems are discussed |
| fast food | fastfood - fast food |
| freelancer | freelancer - a temporary worker who performs work without long-term obligations to the employer |
| showman | showman - a person working in show business |
Pronunciation of borrowed words
A characteristic feature of modern language development is the activation of borrowed vocabulary and the expansion of its significance. Often, the emphasis in Anglicisms does not correspond to the source language. Hesitation is inevitable, because they interact with Russian vocabulary and gradually merge.
Based on the place in the word where it falls emphasis, all borrowings can be divided into groups.
- Nouns ending in -er, -or– stress falls on the first syllable: ` blazer,` broker,` dealer, hamburger, manager, sponsor and others. Words like computer` yuter and in` vestor, although they have the same ending, they require stress on the second syllable. This is completely consistent with the source language.
- Nouns with two syllables ending in -ing , require stress on the first syllable briefing, surfing, rating, holding. In three or more complex words, the stress should fall on the penultimate syllable: engineering(marketing is an exception).
- Nouns ending in –ment require stress on the second syllable: establishment, impeachment, management.
- If the word ends in vowel, then the stress falls on the first syllable: know-how, lobby, show.
- Some endings are difficult to combine into any group. But they all correspond to English pronunciation, namely, stress: digest, summit, freestyle.
- The number of words that have become fixed in the Russian language and do not correspond to the original stress is small. In most cases, this is either a colloquial style (slang) or a case where the word has acquired “ Russian character”: hit - hit, hit; the Beatles; inflation - inflation; investment - investment, investment.
Another difficulty in borrowing can be called vowels “e” or “e” after consonants.
- If there is a vowel before “e”, then it is pronounced - [j]: caries, diet, projection, projector, registry.
- In the combination “de”, the consonant is softened and pronounced [e] : decoration, De[e]mobilization.
- In foreign surnames, in little-used bookish words, a hard consonant is usually retained, but “e” is pronounced like [e]: de[e]-factor.
As you can see, Anglicisms are all over the place. And sometimes we even forget that there are Russian versions of the same words. Sometimes, in order to be better understood, it is preferable to use a foreign version. The main thing is not to distort the pronunciation, do not abuse it, use borrowings only in the situation that requires it.
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Introduction
In the modern world, English is the most important means of international communication. The expansion of international contacts and the superiority of English-speaking countries in almost all areas of activity contribute to the constant appearance of English borrowings in the Russian language. Perhaps this is a manifestation of the “globalization” of the English language, which is so often spoken and written about today. Linguists also mention such a phenomenon as English-Russian bilingualism, which may be a consequence of this very “globalization” of the English language. In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov anglicism is a word or figure of speech in any language, borrowed from the English language or created on the model of an English word and expression.
Of course, the abundance of foreign language vocabulary in the Russian language cannot but worry native speakers of the Russian language, especially people of the older generation. “Young people are getting used to the lexical phenomena of the common Russian-English language, thereby, in a sense, losing the originality and traditionality of their native language and destroying its integrity,” they think. But it’s true that many young people consider foreign vocabulary more attractive, prestigious, fashionable, “sounding”: for example, they pronounce “celebrity” rather than celebrity; “top manager”, not a leader; “exclusive” rather than exceptional; “top model”, not the best model; “price list”, not price list, “make-up”, not makeup; “image”, not image, “showman”, not presenter. It is very important to understand that language does not live in isolation from the society in which it develops; Borrowing words is a natural and necessary process of language development, and there is no language that would be completely free from foreign influences. Most of the borrowed words have been successfully assimilated into the Russian language and are no longer perceived as foreign: president, mayor, radio, pudding, biscuit, sandwich, football, sofa, etc.
The purpose of this research work is to study English borrowings as a linguistic phenomenon. The objectives of research activities are:
determination of characteristic suffixal features of Anglicisms for their recognition in the Russian language;
identifying areas of human activity with the highest concentration of Anglicisms;
studying the reasons for the large flow of Anglicisms into the Russian language;
studying the typology of Anglicisms;
studying slang as a conductor of Anglicisms into the native language;
determination of the pros and cons of the presence of Anglicisms in the Russian language
Main part
Examples of Anglicisms in Russian speech can be heard everywhere. “Newfangled gadgets and devices are especially popular among young buyers. On TNT on Saturday evening, viewers can watch the dance battle. The “Dancing” program has announced another casting for professional dancers throughout Russia. An unlucky person is called a loser. The facades of adobe houses are often finished with German siding. There are psychological techniques aimed at measuring the IQ of pupils and students. Without promotion, it is difficult to achieve success in your work life. Tourists enjoy fresh orange juice on vacation. Broadcasts of summits and reports summing up their results arouse great interest among mature and elderly audiences. TV series usually end with a happy ending, etc.” Ordinary people are familiar with numerous economic and financial terms, such as barter, broker, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment, loans, etc. For sports lovers, new types of sports activities are appearing: windsurfing, arm wrestling, freestyle, skateboarding, snowboarding, kickboxing. With the development of computerization, terms related to computer technology appeared: not only the word computer itself, but also display, file, interface, printer, scanner, laptop, driver, browser, website, etc. Well, a woman’s cosmetic bag is replete with gizmos, for which only English lexical units are used: concealer (corrector pencil), peeling cream (removing small dead skin particles), lifting cream (cream that tightens the skin), perfume (perfume), eye liner (eyeliner), etc.
How can you recognize anglicisms in speech? This tip will help those who do not know English at all.
Spheres of human activity where Anglicisms abound in large quantities have also been identified:
|
Politics / economics / positions |
summit, briefing, speaker, rating, holding, electorate, voucher, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, leasing, tender, retail, offshore, price list, (top) manager, promoter , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, mentality |
|
Food/clothing/trade |
hot dog, cheeseburger, hamburger, fishburger, barbecue, chocolate pie, popcorn, (orange) fresh juice, yogurt, pudding, Coca-Cola, Nats Twix, Sprite, fast food, lunch, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top , non-roll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, gel, SPA - salon, supermarket, VIP-room, second-hand, discount, catering |
|
shaping, fitness, diving, surfing, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, bowling, training, skating rink, forward, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, overtime, step class, contest, scooter |
|
|
Art / radio / TV |
thriller, western, video clip, music video maker, newsmaker, musical, blockbuster, bestseller, underground, pop-Art, (had) rock, rock and roll (l), casting, shake, breakdancing, brain ring, (talk) show , hit parade, meteotime, supersta, superman, skinhead |
|
Home/life/office |
air conditioner, cooler, mixer, toaster, blender, siding, roller blinds, roller shutters, antifreeze, Bullet Magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, perfume, cleaning company, scrub, spray, color, diaper, stapler, tape |
|
Information and communication technologies |
computer, monitor, display, calculator, laptop, printer, scanner, CD, DVD, processor, device, hacker, upgrade, click, Internet, website, blog, smiley, SMS |
So, borrowing words is a natural process of language development. Quite a large number of linguists remain optimistic about the influx of Anglicisms into the Russian language. After all, lexical borrowings enrich the language. At the same time, the basic vocabulary is preserved, and the grammatical structure of the language remains unchanged.
But still, what are the reasons for such a huge flow of Anglicisms in Russian speech?
- lack of a corresponding concept in the Russian language database. In connection with progress in the computer, technical, financial and economic fields, a large number of Anglicisms have poured into the Russian language. In the Russian dictionary there are no native equivalents for, say, laptop, organizer, timer, scanner, tuner, Skype, blogger, franchise, debit, charter, impeachment, etc. It is easier to use existing words from another language than to invent new ones. Probably, these Anglicisms have already become international, and are recognizable not only in the Russian language.
The presence of a Russian lexical unit that does not quite accurately denote the concept, and which is eventually replaced by a more precise anglicism. For example, an image instead of an image, a brand instead of a brand, a name, a tour instead of a trip, vocabulary instead of vocabulary, fitness instead of physical exercise, an investor instead of a person investing money, a spray instead of a spray, etc. In this case, these borrowings are more specific and easier to pronounce than Russian ones.
- a tendency to use one borrowed word instead of a descriptive phrase. For example: a hotel for auto tourists - a motel, a short press conference for journalists - a briefing, a summit meeting - a summit, figure skiing - freestyle, a marksman - a sniper, an assassin - a hitman, sprinting - a sprint, a place for car parking - parking/parking, retail - retail, etc.
- tribute to fashion. Knowledge of English is considered highly prestigious. There are a lot of people who study English and are imbued with it. They want to look modern and with great pleasure use attractive anglicisms in Russian speech: shopping, presentation, rating, party, performance, show, chart, boyfriend, personal account, service, security, reception, etc.
- expansion of interstate and international relations between Russia and English-speaking countries;
- Russia’s participation in international cultural events, festivals, competitions, rallies, fashion shows;
-foreign tourism;
-exchange of specialists, functioning of joint ventures.
The listed facts are both the reasons and conditions for the appearance of Anglicisms in the Russian language.
Linguistic scientists identify the following groups of English borrowings: :
Direct borrowings. The word appears in Russian in approximately the same form and meaning as in the original language. These are the following words: weekend - weekend, money - money, cash - cash, certificate - confirming document, change - exchange, etc.
Hybrids. These words are formed by adding a Russian suffix, prefix and ending to a foreign root. In this case, the meaning of the foreign word - source - changes somewhat. For example, buzz (busy - restless, fussy).
Tracing paper. Words of foreign origin, used while preserving their phonetic and graphic appearance (menu, disk, virus, lunch, credit, tuxedo, jeans).
Exoticisms. Words that characterize the specific national customs of other peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality. A distinctive feature of these words is that they do not have Russian synonyms. For example, chips, hot dog, cheeseburger. English exoticisms include the following words: miss, missus, mister, sir, gentleman, pound sterling, lord, scout, peer, pub, Scotland Yard, etc.
Barbarisms. English words transferred to Russian soil that retain their phonetic and graphic ‘foreignness’. These are alien words that stand out sharply against the background of Russian vocabulary. They are not recorded in Russian language dictionaries. The active use of anglicisms-barbarisms has become a sign of our time. For example: face control, dress code, know-how, xy from xy, message, respect, battle, happy ending, weekend, teenager, reception, make-up, relaxation, user, online, baby, gambler, non-stop etc. Anglicisms are especially popular in the names of TV programs, shops, clubs: talk shows; dog show; strip show; show business; hit parade; fan club; Brain-ring; Fan Park; Second hand; Coach Center; Call center; Tennis Hall; Home Credit Bank; Real-comfort; Sweet Mama. The barbarisms are accompanied by English-language inclusions in the Russian language: okay, good bye, hello, high, wow, oops, ouch, etc.
Composites. Words consisting of two English words, for example, second-hand - a store selling used clothes, video salon - a room for watching films.
Jargonisms. Words that appeared as a result of distortion of the original word, for example, cut, like, street, bucks, paronty.
Slang is considered to be the conductor of Anglicisms into Russian speech. . It has pushed back and continues to push back the normative vocabulary. People are used to it and sometimes don’t even realize that certain words are not typical for the literary language. Sometimes we don’t pay attention to where they come from in our lives, and sometimes what they mean.
In this case, the English language is being anglotized. The younger generation cannot help but use English words in their speech, since many of them have long penetrated the Russian language. On the one hand, the emergence of new words expands the vocabulary of native speakers, but on the other hand, its originality and unique beauty are lost. The words they pronounce in the Russian manner cannot always express the same thing that the words of their native language can express.
Borrowings from the English language cover all areas of youth life. The field of study is represented by the following lexical units (teacher, institute, dep, english, hostel, jim, reading room, test, etc.)
There are slangisms related to the sphere of leisure. They can also be divided into the following categories:
Various student events - party, get-together, point, fighting game, etc..
Borrowed by students from the jargon of computer scientists and programmers - cyberboard, mouse, message, etc.
Borrowed from the jargon of musicians - rock, pop, jazz, blues, rap, drummer, clubber, dancer, shopper, etc.
Showdown - kipish, battle, etc.
Interpersonal relationships - friend, meet (meaning meet)
Names of clothing and accessories - dress, trouser, tishort, pins, rings, etc.
Body parts - face, typhus, hands, feet, fingers, nails, etc.
Names of household appliances: teevi, fridge, comp. etc.
Nouns denoting money - money, cash, etc.
The names of family members are parents, phaser, uncle, anti, etc.
Evaluative adverbs and adjectives borrowed from the English language - great, bad, cool, etc.
Of course, there are advantages to using Anglicisms. Borrowings from the English language help students learn it as quickly as possible. Sometimes even they find it easier to express their thoughts and feelings using English rather than their native language. Among the main reasons for using English words in speech, teenagers and young people indicate the ability to convey information to each other, so that the teachers and parents around them do not understand what is being said.
Conclusion
Having examined the problem of Anglicisms in the Russian language today, we can draw the following conclusion:
Anglicisms are an interesting linguistic phenomenon, the role of which in the Russian language is very significant.
Numerous Anglicisms penetrating our speech are a natural phenomenon, reflecting economic, political, cultural, social ties and relations between Russia and other countries, in particular with English-speaking countries.
Many people believe that Anglicisms violate the generally accepted language norm and “clog” the Russian language. Some linguists are sounding the alarm about English language expansion, leading to the gradual displacement of Russian lexical units from oral speech. However, the influx of borrowings in the Russian language, which has recently assumed a total character, should not be regarded as a completely negative phenomenon. Over time, words either go out of circulation and are forgotten, or are used in limited areas (professionalism, slang), or lose their ‘foreignness’ and become part of the main part of the language, thus enriching the Russian language.
Due to the penetration of Anglicisms into Russian speech, there is some loss of interest in the native language, Russian literature and culture.
English-Russian bilingualism shapes not only Western speech patterns, but also Western thinking and the Western way of life in general.
The Russian language should be protected. You should also take care of the linguistic means of the Russian language, and, where possible, use only them to express your thoughts, emotions and feelings. Anglicisms should not be used always and not everywhere, and always with full awareness of their meanings and the appropriateness of use in everyday speech. When using foreign language vocabulary, you should remember: learning a foreign language, getting to know someone else’s culture is a great thing, during which it is also necessary to preserve the originality, uniqueness and originality of your native Russian language.
- M.A.Goldenkov. Modern active English. KARO. St. Petersburg, 2003.
English - Russian Dictionary of American Slang // Translation and compilation by T. Rotenberg and V. Ivanova - M.: Infoserv, 1994
Dyakov A.I. Reasons for the intensive borrowing of Anglicisms in the modern Russian language. // Language and culture. - Novosibirsk, 2003.-P.35-43
Kato Lomb. How I learn languages // Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2016.
Krysin L.P. Modern dictionary of foreign words//AST-Press, 2016
- Sologub O.P. Assimilation of foreign language structural elements in the Russian language // Science. University. 2002. Proceedings of the Third Scientific Conference. - Novosibirsk, 2002. - P. 130-134.
The vocabulary of our language includes not only native Russian words. There are also borrowed ones among them. What are the origins of this phenomenon?
Reasons for borrowing
The life of any people is certainly connected with other countries and states. This usually occurs through economic, cultural and trade relations. The vocabularies of peoples also experience mutual influence during contact. And this is not surprising, because language is the main means of communication. As a result of this influence, foreign words necessarily appear in the dictionary of a particular people.
Borrowing history
Since the eighth century, various foreign words began to enter the Russian language. This phenomenon became one of the ways to develop his vocabulary. There is nothing surprising about this. The fact is that the vocabulary of any people at all times has been sensitive to the changing needs of society. Borrowed words in the Russian language appeared in the process of developing relations between countries. They came to us due to the fact that the corresponding concepts were absent in the vocabulary of our people.
The nature and volume of borrowing can indicate the historical paths of scientific, cultural and economic ties, as well as geographical discoveries. The result of all these processes was the penetration into Russian phraseology and the vocabulary of other languages.
Main stages
In history, one can observe certain periods that differ from each other in their preferential borrowing. So, in the most ancient period, many words came to us from Latin and Germanic languages. The next stage is associated with the colonization of North-Eastern and Northern Rus' by the Slavs. During this period, numerous borrowed words in the Russian language appeared from the Finno-Ugric vocabulary. At the next historical stage, Christianity began to emerge.
This was a period when borrowings appeared in the Russian language from Old Church Slavonic and Greek. Some changes affected the vocabulary in the 16th-18th centuries. This period is characterized by borrowings from the Polish language. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the bulk of foreign words entered our dictionary thanks to connections with the French and German peoples. The next period concerned English words. They began to enrich our vocabulary in large quantities in the 20-21st centuries.
Linguistic signs of borrowings
What can we say about the foreign origin of the word? The main features of borrowing are:
- The sound "a" at the beginning of a word. This construction contradicts our phonetic laws. Those starting with the letter "a" are borrowed words in the Russian language. Examples of words of this type are numerous. These are “abbot” and “aria”, “lampshade” and “anathema”, “arba” and “paragraph”, “angel” and “questionnaire”.
- The sound "e" at the beginning of a word. This is how Latinisms and Greekisms usually begin. For example, “era” and “epoch”, “exam” and “ethics”, “effect” and “floor”.
- The "f" sound in a word. The fact is that the Eastern Slavs did not have such a sound in their language. It appeared only to denote letters in borrowed words. These are “fact” and “forum”, “sofa” and “scam”, “broadcast” and “form”, “profile” and “film”.
- Using a combination of two or more vowels in words. According to the laws of our phonetics, such a construction was simply unacceptable. This is why it is so easy to find borrowed words in Russian. Examples of words: "punctuation" and "radio", "theater" and "out", "poet" and "veil", "cocoa" and "halo".
- A harmonious combination of identical vowel sounds. This feature is characteristic of the Turkic language. These are words such as “pencil” and “shoe”, “sarafan” and “caravan”, “drum” and “ataman”.
A morphological feature of foreign words in some cases is their immutability. These are nouns that sound the same in any case and do not have a specific singular or plural form. Examples of such words are the following: “taxi” and “coat”, “coffee” and “maxi”, “beige” and “mini”.
History of borrowing French words
A significant part of the foreign words that are included in the vocabulary of the Russian language are Gallicisms. The term comes from the Latin "Gallic". It means expressions and words that were borrowed from the French people and constructed according to the phonetic laws of their language.
Gallicism became especially pronounced in the 18th century. It was during this period that French words confidently entered Russian speech. They were literally imbued with the spirit of this European country. Thus, borrowed words in Russian from French are “visiter” and “charm”, “compliment” and “favorite”, “curtsey” and “cavalier”, “guverner” and “cocotte”.
Gallicisms have penetrated into all spheres of human activity and life. This especially affected wardrobe items. This is evidenced by such words borrowed from the French language as “costume jewelry” and “accessory”, “jabot” and “veil”, “peignoir” and “manteau”. A lot of Gallicisms have appeared in the culinary field. The Russian dictionary has been replenished with such words as “mayonnaise” and “meringue”, “mashed potatoes” and “delicacy”.
Many Gallicisms are associated with the sphere of art. These are “accordion” and “overture”, “debut” and “poster”, “applause” and “palette”, “vaudeville” and “ensemble”.
The infusion of Gallicisms into the Russian language did not stop in the 19th and 20th centuries. Foreign words in this era were usually associated with economics, social life and politics. The following examples can be given: “diplomat” and “bureaucracy”, “democrat” and “capitalism”, “shareholder” and “press”, “budget” and “bourgeoisie”. Words such as “run” and “authoritarian” are also borrowed from French. Gallicisms include “exaggerate” and “importer”.
French loanwords in the Russian language are an example of how a foreign culture becomes an example to follow. A particularly strong influence of Gallicisms on Russian vocabulary was observed in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the next two centuries, borrowed words began to be considered more prestigious and beautiful. For example, "boutique". In France this is a small shop. In Russia, this word took on a completely different meaning. Boutiques began to be called expensive stores offering customers fashionable clothes.
Phraseologisms borrowed from French
Gallicisms include not only words. Many phraseological units and catchphrases have passed from French into Russian. At one time they were uttered by political or historical figures - kings and politicians, generals, etc.
One of these expressions belongs to Louis VIII. He said: "Precision is the courtesy of kings." The era of religious wars in France gave us such a phrase as “a state within a state.” It concerned rich youth from the bourgeois-noble classes, wasting their lives. And the “old guard” was the name given to selected units of Napoleonic troops. They included the best soldiers and officers. Everyone knows the expression “Balzac age.” It belongs to the group of literary borrowings.
It is interesting that such a common expression among us as “out of place” is also a Gallicism. Literally it means “to be in an unenviable position.”
The history of the appearance of German words in Russian
The process of penetration of Germanic vocabulary began in the 13th century. It intensified significantly three centuries later. However, borrowed words in Russian from German began to appear most often in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their penetration occurred not only through written means, but also through oral means. The list of German loanwords in Russian is quite impressive. It concerns the following sections of vocabulary:
Military - “assault” and “parade ground”, “carriage”, “corporal” and “bayonet”, “grenade” and “soldier”;
Production - “chisel” and “workbench”, “washer” and “shaft”, “matrix” and “slate”, “template” and “format”;
Merchant - “accountant” and “freight”, “bill” and “cashier”;
Medical - “paramedic” and “bandage”, “plaster” and “cotton wool”, “syringe” and “resort”;
Socio-political - “dictation” and “falsification”, “aggressor” and “priority”, “slogan” and “discrimination”;
Chess art - "grandmaster" and "endgame";
Household - “sandwich” and “pretzel”, “dumplings” and “pate”, “apron” and “rutabaga”, “hairdresser” and “corkscrew”;
Arts - “landscape” and “easel”, “tour” and “dance”, “flute” and “choreographer”.
The main grammatical and phonetic features of borrowed German words are combinations of sounds “ey”, “au”, as well as the initial “shp”, “sht” (“spy”, “stamp”). In addition, they are given out by an addition that does not have connecting vowels (“mouthpiece”, “sideburns”).
The history of the appearance of Anglicisms
Borrowings from Foggy Albion entered our language much later than French and German words. This process began in the 16th century. This period was characterized by successful trade between countries. Borrowed words in Russian from English appeared along with new concepts and goods, as well as scientific works.
The next active period of penetration of Anglicisms into our language began in the times of Peter the Great. During this period, borrowings that came to us from the British Isles concerned trade, everyday relations, as well as scientific activities.
In imperial Russia, the prestige of the English language was kept at a high level thanks to the significant role of Great Britain on the world stage. The following stages of borrowing date back to the 20s of the twentieth century. This was the period of formation of the independent Russian state.
Examples of Anglicisms
Borrowed words in the Russian language, which came to us from Britain, began to especially replenish our vocabulary after 1925. These are “stand” and “combine”, “tanker” and “container”, “TV” and “trolleybus”, etc.
Strengthening interaction with Western European countries at the end of the 20th century. led to the appearance of numerous borrowed words in Russian from English during this period. Examples are found in all areas of activity. There is nothing surprising in this, because English is the language of the global Internet, the largest radio and television companies, as well as many magazines and newspapers.
Borrowed words in Russian from English, examples from the following areas:
Socio-political - “businessman”, “management”, “dealer”;
Computer technology - "laptop", "hacker", "monitor".
Currently, there is a large list of wardrobe items, the names of which came to us from abroad. Thus, borrowed words in Russian from English are “grinders” and “body”, “cardigan” and “top”. You can also find “foreigners” in the cultural sphere - “promotion”, “remix”, “show business”, etc.
There are adopted words in absolutely every language in the world. They come whenever countries interact. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.
Dictionary of loanwords
Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries and nationalities, and in this way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.
Borrowing words from other languages significantly complements the speech in which they are included, makes people closer to each other, and it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in their speech.
The dictionary of borrowed words contains adopted words that came into Russian at different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the required word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.
Words borrowed from other languages
Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, enter speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, sandwich), while others do not change, are used in their original state (a striking example is the word sushi).
Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Church Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.
List of foreign words in Russian
Most borrowed words are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms become so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as foreign. For example, words “school”, “sugar”, “activist”, “bathhouse”, “artel” and others were originally introduced into Russian from other dialects, only now they are accepted as Russian.
Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change radically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.
Consider the words conservatory, conservator, canned food.
At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that even at first glance catches the eye - they are similar in spelling.
This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And from their side came one term from Latin, meaning “to preserve.”
Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was brought from.
If you are not sure whether an expression comes from other languages or is originally Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, where not only the meaning is explained, but also its origin.
For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:
| Borrowing language | Adopted word | Semantics |
| Business | Occupation, business | |
| Price list | Price list | |
| Gameplay | Gameplay | |
| Diving | Swimming underwater | |
| Penalty | Punishment | |
| Blogger | Man publishing an online diary on the Internet | |
| Parking | Parking | |
| Cupcake | Cake | |
| Arab | Admiral | Sea Lord |
| Shop | Warehouse | |
| Robe | Dress of honor | |
| Ancient Greek | Aristocracy | The Power of the Chosen |
| Atheism | Godlessness | |
| Comedy | Joyful songs | |
| Optics | See | |
| Skeleton | dried out | |
| Telephone | Can be heard far away | |
| Tragedy | Goat song | |
| Photo | Light recording | |
| Bank | Bench, bench | |
| Italian | Vermicelli | Worms |
| Paparazzi | Pesky mosquitoes | |
| Tomato | golden apple | |
| Latin | Gravity | Heaviness |
| Oval | Egg | |
| Rail | Straight stick | |
| Soldier | Coin for military service, salary | |
| Stimulus | Animal stick | |
| Pot | Round cauldron | |
| German | Mug | Bowl |
| Camp | Storage | |
| Mouthpiece | Product for mouth | |
| Leggings | Rider trousers | |
| Market | Circle, square | |
| Jail | Tower | |
| Apron | Front scarf | |
| Barrier | felled tree | |
| State | State | |
| Chess | Shah passed away | |
| Persian | Shashlik | Six slices |
| Suitcase | Warehouse of things | |
| Cattle | Cattle | |
| Polish | Beg | Kneel |
| Bouillon | Decoction | |
| Conductor | Drive | |
| French | Corset | Body |
| Marauder | Robber | |
| Still life | Dead nature | |
| Dude | Pigeon | |
| Masterpiece | Business professional | |
| Floor | Platform |
Foreign words
You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words?, what are they?
Foreign words are terms adopted from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process when two different languages and cultures interact.
There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.
The first sign is phonetic:
- Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions begin with the letter a extremely rarely. They begin with just an interjection, imitation of sounds and their derivatives.
- Original Russian words do not have the letter e at their roots; this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions are , interjections and those formed from adopted words.
- Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
- Several vowels in the root of a word indicate borrowed words in Russian.
- Consonant combinations“kg”, “kd”, “gb” and “kz” in the roots of words.
- Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" at the root. Original Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-ending combination.
- Combinations of “vu”, “mu”, “kyu” and “bu” at the root.
- Double consonants in the root.
- The hard sound of a consonant before the vowel e, read as e.
- Words, starting with letter e.
The second sign is morphological:
- Nouns that are not inflected.
- Invariability of gender and number of nouns.
The third feature is word formation:
- Prefixes of foreign origin.
- Suffixes of foreign origin.
- Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.
To summarize, it should be noted that native Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.
Borrowed vocabulary
What exactly is borrowed? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages due to external (political, commercial, general cultural relations, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (law of conservation of verbal means, enrichment of language, popular term) reasons.
Let's consider examples of borrowed words and their meaning.
Examples of English words
| Russian term | English term | Meaning |
| Bodysuit | Body - body | Body-hugging outfit |
| Jeans | Jeans - denim | Almost every person has this type of trousers in their wardrobe. |
| Clutch | To clutch - squeeze, grab | Small women's bag, carried in the hand |
| Leggings | Leggings - gaiters, leggings Leg – leg |
Tight gaiters of various textures and colors have been extremely popular among fashionistas for many years now. |
| Sweater | To sweat - to sweat | The sweater is very warm, and the origin of the name is obvious |
| Stretch | To stretch - to stretch | Highly stretchy fabrics. The Russians transformed it into "stretch" |
| Hoodie | Hood - hood | Hoodie |
| Shorts | Short - short | Cropped trousers |
| Jam | To jam – press, squeeze | Jam thick jelly |
| Roast beef | Roast - fried Beef - beef |
Most often a piece of meat that is grilled |
| Chips | Chips – crispy fried potatoes | One of the favorite delicacies of children and adults |
| Brand | Brand – name, brand | Popular product brand |
| Investor | Investor - depositor | A company or individual who invests money in projects in order to increase the investment |
| Know-how | To know - to know | Unique technology that allows you to create an exceptional product or service |
| Release | Release - release | Production of products such as a music disc, book, etc. |
| Browser | Browse - view | Utility for browsing websites on the Internet |
| Laptop | Notebook - notebook | Laptop computer |
| Best-seller | Best - best Seller - sold |
The product that is served best |
| Loser | To lose – to lose, to fall behind | Jonah |
| Puzzle | Puzzle - puzzle | A puzzle with an impressive number of pieces |
| Rating | To rate - evaluate | Product awareness level |
| Soundtrack | Sound - sound Track - track |
Most often, music written for a film |
| Thriller | Thrill - nervous trembling | A film that can give you uneasy chills of fear |
List of foreign words in Russian we can continue endlessly. By finding out from which language the word came into speech, you can trace how the interaction between countries took place.
Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed by origin.
There are many glossaries that explain what foreign language terms are. They explain from what language came this or that expression. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all centuries. After a long time, many expressions began to be perceived as originally Russian.
Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes which language which word came from, what it means, examples of use. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.
Examples of loanwords
Are borrowed words necessary?
Conclusion
Find out from which language this or that word came, quite simply, once you understand its original meaning. The dictionary provides a whole list of expressions, and it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, you just have to look up the word in the glossary.
The formation of the national English language was mainly completed in the so-called Early Modern English period - approximately until the middle of the 17th century. During this time, the national English language, in general, acquired its modern character. The vocabulary was enriched by a huge number of words borrowed from Latin, which reflected the development of scientific thought during the Renaissance.
At the same time, old borrowings from French (of Latin origin) were in many cases subjected to Latinization in this era. The rapid development of trade, economic and cultural relations with various countries during the New England period and, in particular, the English colonization of overseas lands in the 18th-19th centuries introduced more or less words from a wide variety of languages of the world into the English language. In recent times, the international lexical element in the English language has grown significantly, mainly scientific, technical and socio-political terms.
The English vocabulary contains a significant number of words borrowed from the Russian language, which will require special consideration.
Since regular trade and economic relations between the two states were established quite late, only by the 16th century, and were initially limited, borrowings from the Russian language are not as numerous as, for example, from French, Italian or German. However, in the English descriptions of the Moscow state that have survived to this day, there are a number of Russian words from the sphere of everyday life, government, social relations, systems of measures, monetary units, etc.
The earliest borrowing from the Russian language is the word sable (sable), which is not surprising, since Russian furs of exceptional quality, and especially sable, were highly valued in Europe. In English dictionaries this word was recorded already in the 14th century, and, in addition to the meaning of the noun “sable”, it is also given in the meaning of the adjective “black”.
A larger number of Russian borrowings in English appear in the 16th century, after the establishment of more regular economic and political ties between Russia and England. The Russian words that penetrated into the English language at that time in their meaning are various kinds of names of trade items, names of ruling, class, officials and subordinates, institutions, names of household items and geographical names. During this period and somewhat later, such Russian words as boyar (boyar), Cossack (Cossack), voivoda (voivode), tsar (king), ztarosta (elder), muzhik (man), beluga (beluga), starlet (sterlet) were borrowed ), rouble (ruble), altyn (Altyn), copeck (penny), pood (pood), kvass (kvass), shuba (fur coat), vodka (vodka), samovar (samovar), troika (troika), babushka (grandmother ), pirozhki (pies), verst (verst), telega (cart) and many others.
Some special terms also penetrate into the English language. For example: siberite is a special type of ruby, uralite is asbestos slate. Many of these words have entered the English vocabulary and are used by English writers.
In the 19th century, with the growth of the people's democratic liberation movement in Russia, words appeared in the English language that reflected this socio-political movement. For example, decembrist (Decembrist), nihilist (nihilist), nihilism (nihilism), narodnik (populist), intelligentsia (intelligentsia). By the way, the last word was borrowed from Russian not directly, but through the Polish language. Of course, the roots of such words as nihilist, decembrist, intelligentsia are Latin. However, these words are borrowings from the Russian language, since they arose in Russia, in connection with certain phenomena of Russian reality.
In addition to the above-mentioned words, other Russian words also penetrated into the English language in the 18th-19th centuries. Many of them, such as ispravnik (police officer), miroed (world eater), obrok (tire), barshina (corvee) and others, are currently historical terms in Russian, and in English they are found only in historical descriptions or in historical novels.
One of the most interesting Russian borrowings, which has become widespread in modern English, is the word mammoth (mammoth). This word was borrowed in the 18th century, and should have entered the vocabulary as mamont, but in the process of borrowing it “lost” the letter n. Moreover, according to the rules, the sound [t] is indicated in writing by the combination th. After all the changes, the word mammoth appeared in the vocabulary in the form mammoth (this word was first included in Ludolf’s “Russian Grammar”).
It is also necessary to note a special group of borrowings called Sovietisms - these are borrowings from the Russian language of the post-October period, reflecting the influence of the new social system and the new ideology of our country, for example, soviet (Soviet), bolshevik (Bolshevik), udarnik (drummer), kolkhoz (collective farm) ), sovkhoz (state farm), komsomol (Komsomol), activist (activist). There are many cripples among Sovietisms, for example, five-year plan, palace of culture, hero of labor.
Let us give more examples of the most famous (and used in modern English) borrowings from the Russian language, as well as kalek (the most recent ones are marked with an asterisk): balalaika (balalaika), bortsch (borscht), borzoi (greyhound), byelorussian* (Belarusian), crash (collapse), dacha* (dacha), glastnost* (glasnost), kalashnikov* (Kalashnikov), karakul (astrakhan fur), KGB* (KGB), Kremlin (Kremlin), Molotov (cocktail)* (Molotov cocktail ), perestroyka* (perestroika), pogrom (pogrom), russian roulette (Russian roulette), russian salad (vinaigrette, Russian salad), samizdat* (samizdat), Samoyed (samoyed), shaman (shaman), sputnik* (satellite) , stakhanovit (Stakhanovite), tass* (TASS).
Russian borrowings that have penetrated into the vocabulary of the English language, like any other borrowings, are transformed in their sound appearance and grammatical structure, obeying the internal laws of the development of the English language. This can be clearly seen in the example of such words as copeck (penny), knout (whip, pronounced like), starlet (sterlet) and others, the sound appearance of which is transformed according to the laws of English pronunciation. The plural of most nouns borrowed from the Russian language is formalized in English according to the grammatical norms of the English language - steppes (steppes), sables (sable) and the like. Many borrowed Russian words form derivatives based on word-formation models of the English language - narodism (populism), nihilistic (nihilistic), to knout - to beat with a whip, sable (as an adjective) and so on.
However, it should be noted that borrowings from the Russian language that entered the English language in various periods and have survived to this day constitute an insignificant share, since most of the borrowed words reflected rather specific features and realities of life of the Russian people, many of which have disappeared.
