Methods for quality control of finished products. Methods and means of product quality control

Product quality control plays a significant role in the management of an organization. It ensures truly good quality of products, which means it is an important method of achieving set goals and a serious lever in the management process as a whole.

You will learn:

What is the essence of product quality control?
What are the different types of product quality control?
How is product quality control organized?
What are the stages of the control process?
What are the methods and means of product quality control?
What are the costs of product quality control?
What results can be expected from product quality control?

What is product quality control

Quality control(QualityControl) - any planned and systematic activity carried out in production, which is carried out to ensure that the goods produced, services and, in general, any processes performed comply with established requirements and certain consumer standards.

According to the ISO 9000:2000 standard, which defines such standards, quality is a set of specific characteristics and properties of a product or service to satisfy certain needs. It should be taken into account that the identified features of product quality control could be measured and controlled. For example, these include weight, dimensions of the product and packaging, cost, packaging, etc. There are 2 main groups of product features: qualitative and quantitative. The first can, for example, include artistic design, and the second can include dimensions and technical aspects.

Objectives of product quality control

1) Increased efficiency in working with clients. When the quality of a product improves, the number of consumers increases, while maintaining the existing customer base. This is a good strategy in which there is no need to take into account competitive pricing.

2) Formation of production culture. If a quality management system is properly built and adjusted, then this has a beneficial effect on the motivation of the enterprise’s employees, and a certain production culture develops. Accordingly, the number of errors made by employees is reduced, which helps to avoid additional costs and improve the process of product quality control.

3) Increased competitiveness of the enterprise and the level of investment in it. Here, success is guaranteed to those companies that exceed customer expectations. An established quality management system increases customer loyalty and creates an impeccable image of the company, strengthening its position.

What are the different types of product quality control?

1) Total control - all products pass through it. In this case, special attention is paid to any defects in the product during the process of its creation.

2) Selective - not all products pass through it, but only part of it. This is a kind of preventive technique that prevents the possibility of defects. This process at the enterprise is monitored by a special group called the product quality control department.

3) Incoming control - the procedure through which related raw materials pass before they are put into production. All supplier materials are carefully checked and analyzed in order to improve the quality of the final product.

4) Interoperational (current) control extends to the entire production process, when between its certain stages the products are checked for compliance with storage standards, prescribed technical conditions, etc.

5) Output (acceptance) control - the final product, what is the result, is subjected to it. Everything is checked in accordance with accepted standards and regulations, a thorough inspection is carried out for defects, and the labeling and quality of packaging are also taken into account. And only after complete quality control of the manufactured products and verification is permission given to supply the goods.

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Tests as a special type of quality control

Experimental determination (research) of the quantitative and qualitative specifics of products, which is carried out in accordance with established standards, is a test of the finished product. Various product characteristics are taken into account. There are several fundamental types of product quality control tests:

– preliminary – testing of test samples in order to determine the possibility of acceptance testing;

– acceptance tests to determine readiness for launch into the production process;

– acceptance tests – such tests, as a result of which the readiness of the product for shipment to the client is determined;

– periodic – one-time tests carried out every 3 years in order to check the consistency of production technologies;

– standard – quality control tests carried out on serial products when some additions have been made to the production process or composition.

What does the product quality control department do?

Quality Control Department is an independent division of the company and reports directly to its director. The main functions of the department are tracking products that do not meet standards and certain standards, and removing them from production. Also, the Quality Control Department not only monitors and is responsible for product quality control, but also works to increase the sense of responsibility of employees and monitors discipline in the company.

The department sometimes includes: groups, technical control laboratories for external acceptance, technical quality control bureau, technical control bureau in workshops.

Functions of the quality control department:

1. Control over the quality and integrity of the products manufactured by the company, for their compliance with all necessary indicators, standards, technical specifications, preparation of the necessary documentation for accepted products and those subject to return due to defects, as well as control over the removal from production of completely rejected products in special defect isolators and their disposal.

2. Presentation of finished products to representatives of the customer, if provided for in the contract.

3. Analysis and accounting of defective goods of the enterprise; thinking through and organizing projects to prevent and eliminate defects in production; finding those to blame for the release of improper products.

4. Collecting customer opinions and obtaining information from them on the quality and reliability of products.

5. Quality control of incoming raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and components from supplier factories; identification of low-quality batches, drawing up reports on them and subsequent filing of claims with suppliers.

6. Regulation of the process of acquisition, packaging and preservation of finished products.

7. Preparation and introduction of new standards and technical specifications.

8. Control over the presence of the company’s trademark on finished products.

9. Monitoring the condition of measuring instruments in production and their submission in the required time frame for state inspection.

10. Control over the quality of manufacturing of products and the condition of tools and production equipment in use at the enterprise.

11. Preparation and submission to the director for approval of schedules for standard inspections of serial products. Carrying out such checks within the required time frame. This takes into account compliance with GOSTs, MRTU, TU.

12. Monitoring compliance with the necessary conditions and standards for storing not only finished products, but also other products, components, and raw materials.

13. Organization of product quality control at all stages, providing it to the client upon first request.

14. Preparation and implementation of current methods for product quality control and assessment of its quality.

15. Conducting unplanned tests of product quality, as well as individual stages of production, raw materials, components, storage standards, etc.

16. Direct participation in testing of updated products and in all necessary approvals and formalities. Carrying out all necessary actions to effectively ensure product quality control.

17. Preparation, conduct and control of the certification process of finished products.

18. Reception of components for the enterprise, necessary materials and raw materials required for production, quality control of these supplies, as well as preparation of all related documentation.

19. Introduction of high standards and requirements for the quality of products, the desire to motivate employees to produce a high-quality product, countering any possibility of defects or defects in production.

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How is quality control organized?

Organization of product quality control is a set of actions to ensure the manufacture of goods that meet all necessary established standards and requirements.

Technical control is a check of the relationship between the object of control and the established technical requirements.

To produce high-quality goods, it is necessary to have a powerful technological enterprise that keeps pace with progress. In this regard, the quality management system for work and products itself implies the fulfillment of the following conditions:

1) Processing and correction of technical documentation, guaranteeing the production of good quality goods;

2) Development and mastery of technological processes in such a way that when performing them, the master can easily follow all instructions and perform his work, guided by an available action plan, without spending a lot of time understanding it, studying it, without experiencing the need to use additional supporting documents;

3) Preparation and use of accompanying documentation, which must record all data on quality control by specialists and inspectors in accordance with drawings and technological processes (the so-called operational, final product quality control);

4) Carrying out a systematic check of the accuracy of the measuring tools and instruments used, and if they turn out to be faulty, their immediate removal from production;

5) Maintaining a significant level of culture and order in production, in workshops, in warehouses;

6) Providing production with all necessary relevant materials and components provided for in the technical documentation;

7) Rhythmic work of production;

8) Qualification of the enterprise personnel involved in production. It must be of the appropriate level.

What are the stages of the product quality control process?

1. Selection of methods - full total product quality control or random checks;

2. Selection of control goals;

3. Development of an inspection plan:

Objects of control;

Standards subject to verification;

Subjects of control;

Control methods;

Scope and means of product quality control (full, selective, manual, automatic);

Time frames of inspections, their duration;

Sequence, methods and tolerances.

4. Fixing actual and prescribed values.

5. Determination of the identity of discrepancies (detection, identification of quantity).

6. Summing up, resolution.

7. Written recording of the decision.

9. Communication of the decision (report in oral or written form).

10. Evaluating the solution, taking measures to eliminate shortcomings.

Quality control of products and raw materials

Andrea Cuomo, production director of the Extra M factory, Moscow

As soon as my colleagues and I arrived at the Extra M pasta factory, it immediately became clear to us that it was necessary to completely change the system of testing and quality control of products and raw materials (flour and water), as well as approaches to cooperation with suppliers. It is obvious. It was not possible to use the example of work in Italy: almost all Italian producers use their own resources and, for example, use water directly from natural sources. We have completely different conditions in Russia. We decided to do the following.

3 stages of quality control of raw materials:

1) Express test of the quality of purchased raw materials

Usually we unloaded all the flour, then tested samples in the laboratory. Now we take a small portion of flour and first of all carry out a rapid test, as a result of which we check compliance with standards in 3 parameters: moisture, whiteness and degree of sifting. If the results of the analysis of the quality of the raw materials are satisfactory, we begin to completely unload the raw materials and only then carry out more in-depth and detailed tests, some of which sometimes take quite a long time - sometimes up to five hours (for example, gluten analysis).

If the results of our inspection do not meet the necessary norms and quality standards, then we return the flour back to the supplier. Only flour that has adequately passed all stages of our thorough quality testing is supplied to production.

2) Involving suppliers in quality control of incoming raw materials

Now we work according to the following principle: as soon as the raw materials are delivered and unloaded, we immediately take two samples for testing, and not one, as before. After the express test, we keep one for ourselves and immediately send it to the laboratory, and send the second back to the supplier. This way we take care of two-way quality control of products and raw materials, and at the same time save the supplier’s time. If, after more thorough tests, problems are identified with the quality of the flour received at the plant, having learned from us the results of our laboratory check, the supplier will be able to independently examine the sample sent by us and draw conclusions.

3) Daily quality checks of raw materials and finished products

Every day we additionally test the flour before sending it to production - it undergoes examination on special equipment designed specifically for such research. Then the finished product itself is tested. In addition, the water used for kneading the dough undergoes an additional check every morning. It is pre-cleaned by undergoing chemical treatment in special installations.

Thanks to a thorough inspection and careful quality control of flour, we have identified the most reliable partners for ourselves and now we constantly cooperate only with them. In addition, by saving time on inspection, we manage to produce more goods in a short time. However, the introduction of an additional stage of product quality control required some additions to the work of the staff. For example, new reporting documentation had to be created, and the operators of the bulk flour storage warehouse had to undergo additional training.

What methods of product quality control exist?

1. Histogram. This is the most effective method of product quality control - the data processing method. This method is ideal for ongoing quality control during the production process, studying the capabilities of technological processes, and analyzing the activities of individual performers. A histogram is a graphical method of presenting data grouped by the frequency of falling into a certain interval.

2. Delamination. This quality control method is used to obtain specific information, is based only on reliable data and helps to identify cause-and-effect relationships.

3. Control cards. They demonstrate the process on a graph, showing its dynamics over time. Using this method, you can quickly trace the beginning of parameter drift according to any quality indicator during the technological process. This will help to carry out preventive measures in a timely manner and prevent defects in finished products.

Control charts are used to control the quality of a product during its production process. They record data about the technological process. There may be several formats for such records, depending on the type of product and the purpose of its production. The result of such cards is the timely detection of the moment when a failure occurs, and control over the quality and production process begins to be lost. Then you can take the necessary measures in time. Experience shows that a small number of types of marriage make up a large proportion of the total number. The total frequency of occurrence of types of defects in the “other” category should not exceed 10%.

This diagram is widely applicable. It is sometimes called the 80/20 curve because 80% of defective products are due to 20% of all possible causes.

4. Pareto diagram - a scheme based on combining discrete characteristics, ranked in descending order and having a cumulative frequency. Speaking specifically about production, it should be noted that quality problems are fraught and entail losses (defective products and costs associated with their production).

There is an urgent need to clarify the distribution of losses. Most of them are due to a certain number of basic defects caused by a small number of main causes. So, having found out the reasons for the appearance of the main, especially important defects, you can eradicate almost all losses, focusing all your attention and efforts on eliminating precisely these causes. This is precisely the principle of the Pareto diagram, which is used and applied very actively in our time. A simple joint discussion of the main factors, as a rule, is not enough, since the opinions of various individuals are quite subjective, and, in addition, they are also not entirely correct. The foundation of any event must be reliable information. This is precisely what the Pareto diagram allows us to obtain - another serious method of product quality control.

5. Ishikawa scheme. Japanese professor Kaoru Ishikawa is the author of many books on management and quality control. The famous diagrams, or as they are also called, Ishikawa diagrams (to some people they are familiar as quality circles and cause and effect graphs) made the name of the scientist famous throughout the world.

So, the Ishikawa scheme is a logical construction of the 4 most important elements of quality control and their connection. Materials, equipment, people, raw materials - these are what the diagram actually consists of. All four of these factors are ranked according to their importance to the goal. As you understand, in the structure the scientist grouped the very “ingredients” that affect the quality of the product.

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Of course, in reality, the number of constituent elements is much larger, so each of them can be further divided into accompanying, less significant elements. On the diagram they are drawn with arrows.

To use Ishikawa's framework, you first need to identify the most key elements that affect quality control, and then isolate the causes and effects.

Using such a diagram, you can analyze the quality of the product itself or its individual components, thoroughly analyze all components and factors, their impact on quality as a whole and separately. The diagram also allows us to calculate the most acceptable and best way to improve the quality of the product.

The Ishikawa diagram, another practical quality control method, brings together and clearly demonstrates all the aspects that affect a particular problem. It helps to recognize and resolve a large number of organizational, economic, and production issues.

Product Quality Control Tools

1) means of non-automatic control;

2) machines and automatic quality control systems;

3) means of monitoring automatic process control systems.

The first group is used to collect information about the quality characteristics of the product. Most often they are used in manual control and have rather low productivity. Controlling them is quite difficult.

The second group helps to obtain information about parameters that comprehensively indicate the quality of the object under control. They may contain scanning devices, indicators and recorders, etc. All of them, for the most part, characterize products according to the “good - defective” principle. Examples of such systems include devices for sorting balls by diameter, machines for counting and sorting pistons, etc.

The third group of product quality control (APCS) is designed to provide useful information that can be used to actively influence the progress of the entire technological process in the event of an unexpected disruption.

What are the costs of product quality control?

The following can be included in the quality control estimate:

1. Inspections and tests: payment for the work of inspectors and other employees participating in the tests. This is especially true during scheduled inspections. Repeated inspections of defective and rejected elements, as well as their testing, sorting, etc., as a rule, are no longer included in this estimate.

2. Inspections and tests of supplied materials:

Payment for the work of inspectors and testing personnel at various levels;

Expenses for various laboratory tests that are performed to evaluate and control the quality of materials;

Costs for the work of inspectors and personnel involved in testing and evaluating materials directly at the supplier’s production site.

3. Materials for testing and inspection:

The cost of consumables that are used for control and testing;

Cost of materials and samples destroyed during the inspection.

The price of testing equipment is usually not fixed in this estimate.

4. Process control: payment for the activities of employees performing control and testing in production.

5. Reception of the customer’s product:

Costs of testing finished products before delivery;

Costs of testing products at the customer before they are delivered.

6. Testing of raw materials and spare parts: This takes into account the costs of testing raw materials, spare parts, etc., which are associated with changes in the technical requirements of the project, significant shelf life, etc.

7. Product audit:

Costs of conducting an audit of the quality of technological operations. Such actions can be carried out either during the manufacturing process or with the final product;

The costs of all reliability checks that are carried out on manufactured products;

Costs for quality confirmation by insurance companies, government organizations, etc.

Product quality control results – stable quality and customer loyalty

Alexey Martynenko, managing partner of the company "UmalatFrescolatte", Sevsk

Before we start working with any supply farm and enter into a cooperation agreement with it, we go there and find out how milk is produced, check whether the cows have mastitis; We assess the overall sanitary condition of the farm, paying special attention to the availability of cooling equipment. If something does not satisfy us and does not at least partially meet the established standards, we immediately refuse cooperation. Mozzarella is a very delicate product, which must be made from high-quality, pure milk, which must not contain any antibiotics. At the same time, it must be cooled immediately after milking, otherwise harmful bacteria will begin to multiply in it.

We carefully check all the milk that is brought to our enterprise according to many parameters. We detect the percentage of fat, protein, density, as well as the presence of bacteria. If we are not satisfied with anything, the entire accepted batch is immediately returned to the suppliers.

We certainly begin to pasteurize the product that has passed all our tests and meets the established standards. We do this at a temperature of 72 C, the process lasts 20 seconds. This procedure helps to preserve only beneficial bacteria in milk, killing all unnecessary microorganisms.

Then we leave the product for 12 hours and only after this exposure we send it to production. The procedure for creating cheese itself is quite difficult and consists of many stages. Each of them is carefully monitored and recorded by special employees. This makes it possible later, if any shortcomings are discovered, to easily recognize exactly where and at what stage they were made.

Next, the cheese goes through laboratory tests, samples of all batches are checked. If problems or inconsistencies are identified, the entire batch is written off. If the result is positive, we nevertheless keep the samples for archive, in case there is any complaint from customers. Then we will be able to quickly respond and identify the problem of the party.

While the cheese is being delivered to the distributor, we can still monitor the temperature along this part of the route using special temperature sensors. We put them in all containers with cheese. However, unfortunately, we can no longer trace its further safety. It’s a shame if cheese spoils on the store counter due to improper storage conditions. And buyers may think that the product itself is not of high quality...

I personally carefully monitor the quality of our products and often leave my contact phone number and personal signature on the products - Alexey Martynenko. Many people consider such a move crazy - after all, I publicly advertise my data, my mobile phone. You can see for yourself. For example, in Azbuka Vkusa stores there is this information on the packages of butter. I really care about my business and take personal responsibility for the quality of our product. In 2 years of this practice, I received only 2 calls, but even then without complaints.

Bottom line: after two years of work and experiments, the quality of our products has definitely increased. The “Test Purchase” program on Channel One has already noted our result 4 times.

Information about the author and company

Andrea Cuomo, director of production at the Extra M factory, Moscow. OJSC "Extra M"
Field of activity: production of pasta (a division of the Italian company DeCecco). Number of personnel: 240 (in Moscow). Main brands: DeCecco, Znatnye, Extra M, Saomi.

Alexey Martynenko, managing partner of the company Managing partner of the company “UmalatFrescolatte”, Sevsk. "UmalatFrescolatte". Field of activity: production of soft cheeses. Form of organization: CJSC. Location: Sevsk (Bryansk region). Number of personnel: 167. Annual turnover: 500 million rubles. (in 2011). Produced products: feta cheese, mascarpone, mozzarella, ricotta, feta, chechil; butter (products are produced under the Umalatte umbrella brand and the Umalat, Pretto, Salatta, Unagrande brands). Length of experience as Managing Partner: since 2003. Participation of the managing partner in the business: co-owner (55%).

Quality control is the process of obtaining and processing information about an object in order to determine whether the object’s parameters are within specified limits.

The control process consists of establishing compliance of the actual values of physical quantities with the established limit values. Control must answer the question whether the controlled physical quantity is within the tolerance range or goes beyond its limits.

Monitoring the parameters and characteristics of an object, associated with finding the actual values of physical quantities, is called measurement control.

In cases where there is no need to determine the numerical values of physical quantities, but it is only necessary to establish the fact that a parameter is in the tolerance zone or is outside it, a qualitative assessment of the object’s parameters is carried out, i.e. quality control is carried out. Qualitative control, in contrast to measurement control, is simply called control.

Quality control includes:

incoming quality control of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, tools arriving at the enterprise’s warehouses;

Types of quality control

The classification of types of control is based on various criteria: time and place of control in the technological cycle, control effect of control, object of control, etc.

Let's look at the most common types of control.

By stages of the product life cycle:

control of the design of new products;
control of production and sales of products;
control of operation or consumption.

By objects of control:

control of objects of labor;
control of means of production;
technology control;
labor control of performers;
control of working conditions.

By stages of the production process:

incoming control, designed to check the quality of materials, semi-finished products, tools and devices before production begins;

By product coverage:

Complete control performed with 100% coverage of the presented products.

It applies in the following cases:

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if the quality of supplied materials, semi-finished products, blanks, parts, assembly units is unreliable;
when equipment or technological process features do not ensure the uniformity of manufactured objects;
during assembly in the absence of interchangeability;
after operations that are critical to the quality of subsequent processing or assembly;
after operations with a possible high defect rate;
when testing finished products for special purposes.

Selective control is carried out not over the entire mass of products, but only over a sample. It is usually used in the following cases:

with a large number of identical parts;
with a high degree of process stability;
after minor operations.

By location:

Stationary control carried out at stationary control points, which are created in the following cases:

If it is necessary to check a large number of identical production facilities, which require specially equipped control points (complex measuring equipment);
If it is possible to include the work of a stationary control point in the flow of final operations of the production process.

Sliding (mobile) control performed directly at workplaces, as a rule, in the following cases:

When checking bulky products that are inconvenient for transportation;
When producing a small number of identical products;
If it is possible to use simple instrumentation or instruments.

By execution time:

continuous;
periodic.

According to organizational forms of identifying and preventing marriage:

Flying control performed by the controller randomly without a schedule while systematically walking around the workplaces assigned to him;

Ring control, which consists in the fact that the controller is assigned a certain number of workplaces, which he walks around the ring periodically in accordance with an hourly schedule, and the products are inspected at the place of their manufacture;

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Statistical control, which is a form of periodic sampling control, based on the methods of mathematical statistics and allowing to detect and eliminate deviations from the normal course of the technological process before these deviations lead to defects;

Routine preventative control performed to prevent defects at the beginning and during processing.

checking the first copies of products;
monitoring compliance with technological regimes;
checking materials, tools, technological equipment, etc. entering production.

By impact on the possibility of subsequent use of products:

Destructive testing (products are not suitable for use after testing);
Non-destructive testing (products can be used in the future.

By degree of mechanization and automation:

manual control;
mechanized control;
automated (automated quality management systems) control;
automatic control;
active and passive control.

By performers:

Self-control;
Control of masters;
Quality Control Control;
Inspection control;
Single-stage control (performer plus quality control department acceptance);
Multi-stage control (performer plus operational plus special, plus acceptance).

By means used:

Measurement control used to evaluate the values of the controlled parameters of a product: by exact value (scale, pointer, etc. tools and devices are used) and by the permissible range of parameter values (templates, gauges, etc. are used);

Quality control tools and methods

Technical control methods are typical for each production site and control object.

Visual inspection to determine the absence of surface defects;
Dimensional measurement, which allows you to determine the correctness of shapes and compliance with established dimensions in materials, workpieces, parts and assembly connections;
The total set of subjects of product quality control can be classified according to the levels of management at which they carry out their activities, as well as by types of control.

To control product quality it is necessary to have:

indicators (standards, technical parameters) characterizing product quality;
methods and means of quality control;
technical means for testing;
the results of the complaint analysis;
causes of defects, defects and conditions for their elimination.

Bodies and structures that control quality

Quality control of products and services is carried out by various bodies and structural divisions. The level of control depends on many indicators, including the importance of the product in a closed production process or production area, the degree of danger of the manufactured product to humans and nature, to cultural and material assets (buildings and structures, equipment, etc.), from volumes of consumption of manufactured products, etc.

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So, at the national level, the following are involved in checking the quality of manufactured and sold products, as well as applying various measures of influence against violators:

Gosstandart of Russia and its territorial bodies;
Bodies for certification of products, works, services, quality systems and production;
Customs and antimonopoly regulatory authorities;
Judicial bodies and State Arbitration bodies;
Local government commissions.

At the industry level and enterprise level, departmental product quality control in accordance with assigned responsibilities and delegated powers is carried out by:

The Minister and his deputies;
Main quality inspections of ministries;
Divisions for quality control of developments in research, design and technological organizations in the industry;
Industry testing centers;
Directors and chief engineers of industry enterprises;
Divisions for quality control of design, technological and other regulatory and technical documentation at enterprises;
Authors of design and technological developments transferred to production;
Quality control departments of production associations and their divisions;
Technical control departments of enterprises and their divisions;
Bureau of technical control of workshops and sections;
Teams of quality control inspectors;
Quality Control Controllers;
Research and measurement laboratories, control and testing stations, divisions of services of the chief designer, chief technologist, chief mechanic, chief metallurgist, chief metrologist, chief accountant, logistics, sales, legal, financial, etc.;
Quality groups;
Masters;
Foreman;
Performers of production operations transferred to self-control;
Performers of production operations who have not been transferred to self-control and some other structures.

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Quality control is one of the main functions in the quality management process. This is also the most comprehensive function in terms of the methods used, which are the subject of a large number of works in different fields of knowledge. The importance of control lies in the fact that it allows you to identify errors in time, so that you can quickly correct them with minimal losses.

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What is control? A number of sources contain different definitions of control. The year series version of the ISO standard states that control is an activity that includes measurements, examination, tests or assessing one or more characteristics of an object and comparing the results with specified requirements to determine whether compliance with each of those characteristics has been achieved.

Taylor's system provided an excellent mechanism for managing the quality of each specific product (part, assembly unit), but production is about processes. And it soon became clear that it was necessary to manage not the quality of individual products, but processes.

The quality control phase begins in the 20s of the twentieth century as an attempt, if not to resolve, then to weaken the contradiction in the form characteristic of the previous phase of quality development. The starting point is the work performed in the technical control department of Western Electric, USA. In May 1924, a member of the department, Dr. Shewhart, passed a short note to his boss, which contained a method for constructing charts, now known throughout the world as “Shewhart control charts.”

The statistical methods proposed by Shewhart gave managers a tool that allowed them to focus their efforts not on how to detect and remove unsuitable products before they are shipped to the buyer, but on how to increase the yield of suitable products in the technological process.

Around this time, the first quality control sampling tables were developed by Dodge and Roming. Together with Shewhart's control charts, these works served as the beginning of statistical methods of quality management, which later, thanks to William Edwards Deming, became very widespread in Japan and had a very significant impact on the economic revolution in this country.

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Quality systems have become more complex to include services that use statistical methods. The quality problems faced by designers, constructors, technologists and workers became more complex because they had to understand what variations and variability were and also know what methods could be used to reduce them. A specialty has emerged - a quality engineer who must analyze the quality and defects of products, build control charts, etc. In general, the emphasis has been shifted from inspection and detection of defects to their prevention by identifying the causes of defects and eliminating them at the design and development stage based on the study of all the components of the processes, the connections between them, and the management of these processes.

Labor motivation became more complex, since now it was taken into account how precisely the process was set up, how certain control charts of regulation and control were analyzed. Training in statistical methods of control, analysis and regulation was added to professional training. The supplier-consumer relationship has also become more complex. Standard statistical acceptance control tables began to play a major role in them.

One of the remarkable achievements of quality control practice was the creation of a quality audit service, which, unlike technical control departments, was not involved in the sorting of products, but by monitoring small samples from batches of products, checked the performance of the quality assurance system in production.

The core of the quality assurance concept at this phase was the following postulate: “The main goal remains the same - the consumer should receive only suitable products, i.e. products that meet standards. Rejection is retained as one of the important methods of quality assurance. But the main efforts should be focused on managing production processes, ensuring an increase in the percentage of yield of suitable products.”

The introduction of the concept of quality assurance into practice has made it possible to significantly increase production efficiency with a sufficiently high quality of products and services, which created the conditions for the formation of a global market for goods and services. At the same time, there was a growing understanding that each production process has a certain limit on the yield of suitable products, and this limit is determined not by the process itself, but by the system, i.e. the entire set of activities of the enterprise, labor organization, management in which this process takes place.

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It follows from this that control should be carried out regarding the quality of functioning of the entire system at all stages of its operation.

Let's start with entry control:

One of the elements of the relationship with the supplier is the organization of incoming control, which means quality control of the supplier’s products (raw materials, components, information) received by the consumer organization and intended for use in the manufacture, repair or operation of products, as well as the provision of services. Its main goal is to exclude the possibility of penetration into production of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components, tools, information with deviations from the quality requirements reflected in contractual obligations. Imperfections in this type of control can bring significant losses to both the product manufacturer and its consumer.

Incoming control is very labor-intensive and expensive, and it duplicates the output control of the manufacturing enterprise. In this regard, it is becoming increasingly important to abandon incoming control by strengthening output control, which entails the establishment of special relationships with the supplier. The practice of such relations has existed abroad for a long time. For example, at the Japanese company Bridgestone Corporation, supplied parts and raw materials are inspected mainly to check their quantity and compliance with technical documentation. The quality of materials is not checked, as it is carried out by suppliers before sending them to the consumer. This system is based on mutual trust and cooperation.

In accordance with the terms of the supply agreement, incoming inspection can be either continuous or selective. To implement it at industrial enterprises, specialized units are created in the quality control system. Medium and large enterprises operate incoming control laboratories. The main tasks of these units are:

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– carrying out incoming quality control of material and technical resources entering the organization;

– preparation of documents based on control results;

– control of technological tests (samples, analyses) of incoming resources in workshops, laboratories, control and testing stations;

– monitoring compliance by warehouse workers with the rules of storage and release of incoming products into production;

– calling representatives of suppliers to jointly draw up a report on defects detected during incoming inspection, etc.

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Demonstration of the effectiveness of incoming control is the reduction of cases of low-quality material and technical resources or services entering production.

Forms of incoming control include:

– Periodic monitoring of the effectiveness of the supplier’s quality assurance system (the so-called “second party” audit);

– Requirement for the supplier to accompany the shipment of goods with protocols of control procedures;

– The requirement for the supplier to carry out 100% control and testing of the supplied material and technical resources or services;

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– Selective acceptance tests consignments of goods by the supplier and the consumer at the same time;

The supplier's use of a formal quality assurance system defined by the customer (for example, based on ISO 9000 standards);

– Requirements for independent third party certification of supplier products.

If we are guided by the international standard ISO 9001:2008, then in section 7 “Manufacture of products” in subsection 7.4 “Purchases”, paragraph 7.4.1 states: “The organization must ensure that purchased products comply with established procurement requirements. The scope and nature of management in relation to the supplier and purchased products should be determined by the degree of influence of these products on subsequent production of the product or on the finished product."

The organization shall evaluate and select suppliers based on their ability to provide products in accordance with the organization's requirements.

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Criteria for selecting, evaluating and re-evaluating suppliers must be established. Records should be kept of the results of this assessment and subsequent actions.”

In clause 7.4.2 “Purchasing Information” we read: “Purchasing information must contain a description of the products being ordered and include, where necessary:

– requirements for approval of products, procedures, processes and equipment;

– requirements for personnel qualifications;

– requirements for the quality management system.

The organization must ensure that specified purchasing requirements are adequate before communicating them to the supplier.

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And finally, paragraph 7.4.3 “Checking (verification) of purchased products is as follows: “The organization must determine and implement control measures or other activities necessary to ensure compliance of purchased products with the requirements specified in the procurement information.

In cases where the Organization or its consumer intends to check (verify) purchased products at the supplier’s enterprise, the Organization must establish in the procurement information the intended measures for such verification and the method of product release.”

The next stage of control to ensure quality is process control.

Control in the production process plays a dual role. On the one hand, this is one of the management functions, and on the other hand, it acts as an integral part of the production process. In this regard, planning involves the development and use of control maps and plans. Inspection at each stage must be linked to the appropriate documentation for the finished product. Carrying out technical control during the production process must be clearly planned and regulated. Testing and technical control procedures are documented, including a description of the specific equipment required to carry them out.

Section 4 of the ISO 9001:2008 standard, subclause 4.1 e) states: The organization shall monitor, measure, where appropriate, and review the processes included in the quality management system.

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The following is a comment. When incorporating external processes into its activities that affect product conformity to requirements, the organization shall establish controls over such processes. The control of such processes must be identified in the quality management system.

Section 7 “Production of Products”, subsection 7.1 “Planning of Product Production”, paragraph c) states: “When planning production processes, the Organization must determine, in the applicable form, the appropriate activities for:

– control and testing in relation to these products;

– product acceptance criteria.”

To determine the compliance of the actual characteristics and quality indicators of products, processes or services with the requirements established by standards or other regulatory documents, it is necessary to have sufficiently complete and reliable information about the object, which can be obtained through measurements, control, and testing. Data obtained as a result of the listed methods at all stages of the product life cycle or process development will create an objective basis for making management decisions in the field of quality assurance.

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Quality control is the verification of compliance of a product or process on which its quality depends with established requirements:

– At the product development stage, control consists of checking the compliance of the prototype with the technical specifications and technical documentation.

– At the manufacturing stage, it covers quality, completeness, packaging, labeling, and the state of production processes.

– At the operation stage, quality control consists of checking compliance with the requirements of operational and repair documentation.

Quality control includes three main stages:

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– obtaining primary information about the actual state of the control object, controlled signs and indicators of its properties;

– obtaining secondary information – information about deviations from specified parameters by comparing primary information with planned criteria, standards and requirements;

– preparation of information for the development of appropriate control actions on the object being monitored in order to eliminate or prevent such deviations in the future.

A controlled characteristic is a quantitative or qualitative characteristic of the properties of an object that is subject to control.

A control method is a set of rules for applying certain principles to carry out control.

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Control means are products (devices, fixtures, instruments, test benches) and materials (for example, reagents) used for control.

According to the current species classification, quality control is divided according to the following species characteristics:

A) depending on the object of control - control of quantitative and qualitative characteristics and properties of products, technological process (its mode, parameters, characteristics);

B) according to their position in the production process, all types of quality control are divided into:

1. Control during the design process of a new product;

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2. Incoming quality control of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products arriving at the enterprise from suppliers;

3. Control of finished products, which in turn includes interoperational control (control of a product or process during execution or after completion of a certain operation) and final control of finished products, based on the results of which a decision is made on its suitability for delivery or use;

4. Analysis of special processes, combining research and testing to localize the causes of product properties that do not meet technical requirements, determine the possibility of improving quality characteristics and ensure that the corrective actions taken have the necessary full and lasting effect;

Based on the completeness of coverage of controlled products, continuous control is distinguished, i.e. control of each unit of product, carried out with equal completeness, and selective control of samples or samples from a batch or stream of products;

In connection with the object of control in time there is:

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– flying control – control at random moments selected in a prescribed manner; its effectiveness is determined by surprise, the rules for ensuring which must be specially developed. This control, as a rule, is carried out directly at the site of manufacture, repair, storage, etc.;

– continuous control – control in which the flow of information about controlled objects occurs continuously;

– periodic monitoring, in which information about monitored parameters is received at set intervals.

If possible, subsequent use of products is divided into destructive testing (in which the test object is not subject to further use) and non-destructive testing (without compromising the suitability of the test object for further use for its intended purpose); in the first case, the product may remain suitable for use, but the control method does not guarantee this for each tested unit;

According to the degree of use of control means, there are measuring, registration, organoleptic, control sample (by comparing signs of product quality and control sample), technical inspection. A decision regarding the object of organoleptic control is made only based on the results of an analysis of sensory perceptions (for example, assessment of color shades, smell). With this type of control, non-measuring means can be used, but they increase the sensitivity of the senses;

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Depending on the level of technical equipment, there are:

– manual control, in which non-mechanized control means are used to check the quality of parts and products;

– mechanized control, in which mechanized control means are used;

– automated control, which is carried out with partial direct human participation;

– active control, which influences the progress of the technological process and processing modes in order to control them.

According to the structure of the organization, there are:

– self-control – quality control carried out by the performer himself,

– single-stage control, which is carried out directly by the manufacturer and an employee of the technical control department;

– multi-stage control – control carried out by the contractor, operational control, acceptance control by Quality Control Department employees.

Based on the type of parameters being checked and quality characteristics, the following is checked:

– control of geometric parameters, i.e. control of linear, angular dimensions, roughness, shape, etc.;

– control of physical properties, such as thermal and electrical conductivity, melting point and others;

– control of mechanical properties: rigidity, hardness, ductility, elasticity, strength, etc.;

– control of chemical properties: chemical analysis of the composition of a substance, determination of corrosion resistance in different environments, and others;

– metallographic studies, covering control of the micro- and macrostructure of blanks, semi-finished products, parts;

– special control, which involves monitoring tightness and the absence of internal defects, for example using ultrasound;

– control of functional parameters, i.e. performance of instruments, systems, devices in various conditions;

– visual control – control of the appearance of an object.

Taking into account the ever-increasing competition in the modern world, it is not enough to simply declare the quality of products; it is necessary to maintain it at a given level, thereby proving a consciously chosen and consistently implemented strategy in the field of quality. One of the important elements is quality control of products. According to the fourth edition of the American National Standard ANSI PMBOK 2008 quality control– the process of monitoring and recording the results of quality assurance activities to evaluate performance and develop recommendations for necessary changes.

So in the 19th century, product quality control was predominantly continuous and consisted of checking the entire batch of manufactured products. However, over time, this approach to product quality control has proven to be ineffective. Firstly, the control apparatus of enterprises had to be five to six times greater than the number of production workers, and secondly, in mass production such control is very expensive. Therefore, already in the first quarter of the 20th century in industry (or rather, in the military-industrial complex), expensive and labor-intensive continuous control was replaced by selective quality control, in which a relatively small number of product units from the tested batch are subject to inspection. Ensuring the reliability of such quality control was made possible through the use of mathematical statistics methods. In the coming 21st century, statistical quality control has become more widely used and began to be used not only to assess the conformity of products, but also of production processes.

Statistical control of product quality requires the use of certain methods based on the achievements of probability theory and mathematical statistics. Statistical control methods are currently used in industrial production, planning, design, procurement, marketing and other stages of the product life cycle. This group of quality control methods has a number of advantages, which include the ability to predict the quality of products and processes and reduce the labor intensity of control operations through sampling.

In addition, the use of statistical methods of quality control allows timely decisions to be made at all levels of management due to the visual display of the dynamics of changes in product quality and process settings. In contrast to the described advantages, these quality control methods have one big drawback - the complexity of application, the need to use special knowledge, which makes it difficult for them to be widely used by all participants in the process. On this occasion, Professor Ishikawa said that quality management “begins with staff training and ends with staff training.” This is because statistical thinking is necessary for every participant in the production process. Each employee of the enterprise, using statistical methods to analyze and control processes, contributes to improving the quality and efficiency of production.

To solve the problem, Japanese scientists selected seven “simple” methods from the entire variety of statistical control methods - checklist, control card, Pareto chart, stratification diagram, histogram, scatter plot, Ishikawa (or fishbone) diagram, which are presented in Figure 1.

Seven simple methods of quality control have such qualities as simplicity, clarity, visualization of results, they are easy to understand by personnel of any level and are designed for widespread use.

Rice. 1. Seven “simple” quality control methods

Table 1 provides a description and comparative characteristics of quality control methods.

Methodological support for completing the work

Concept of a quality system

The role and importance of high quality products and services are continuously increasing under the influence of the development of production technologies and human needs, the requirements for the quality of products and services are becoming decisive. Product quality is a set of product properties that determine its suitability to satisfy certain needs in accordance with its purpose. A quality system is, first of all, a way of organizing business at an enterprise that allows us to supply the consumer with products that meet his requirements. The term “quality system” means a set of organizational structure, methods, processes and resources necessary for the implementation of overall quality management at all stages of its formation (ISO 8402). Quality assessment is a systematic check of how capable an object is of meeting specified requirements. The main form of checking the quality of products and services is control. Control includes two elements: obtaining information about the actual state of the object and comparing the received information with established requirements in order to determine compliance. Product quality control – control of quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of products. The control procedure may include measurement, analysis, and testing operations.

Types and methods of quality control of products and services

Types and methods of quality control of products and services are classified according to the following criteria:

1) by stages of the product life cycle:

· control of the design of new products;

· control of production and sales of products;

· control of operation and consumption;

2) by objects of control:

· control of objects of labor;

· control of means of production;

· labor control of performers;

· control of working conditions;

3) by stages of the production process:

· incoming control, designed to check the quality of materials, semi-finished products, tools and devices before production begins;

· intermediate control performed during the technological process;

· final acceptance control;

· control of transportation and storage of products;

4) on organizational forms of identifying and preventing marriage:

· current preventive control performed to prevent defects at the beginning and during production. It includes:

a) checking the first copies of products;

b) monitoring compliance with technological regimes;

c) checking materials, tools, and technological equipment entering production;

· statistical control, which is a form of periodic sampling control, based on mathematical statistics and allowing to detect and eliminate deviations from the normal course of the technological process before these deviations lead to defects;

· ring control, which consists in the fact that the controller is assigned a certain number of workplaces, which he goes around “in a ring” periodically in accordance with the established schedule, and the products are inspected at the place of their manufacture.

5) by means used:

· measurement control used to assess the values of the controlled parameters of the product;

· registration control carried out to evaluate the object of control based on the results of counting (registration of certain qualitative characteristics);

· organoleptic control, carried out through only the senses without determining the numerical values of the controlled object;

· visual control - a variant of organoleptic control, in which control is carried out only by the organs of vision;

· control by sample, carried out by comparing the characteristics of the controlled product with the characteristics of the control sample (standard);

· technical inspection, carried out mainly using the senses and, if necessary, using the simplest means of control.

20. Methods of product quality control - Monkevich.

There are the following methods for determining the quality of a product:

Organoleptic method - quality is established using the senses (vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste) by appearance, color, consistency.

The laboratory method of quality assessment requires special equipment and tools; it is more complex and time-consuming, but accurate and objective. Physical, chemical, physico-chemical, biochemical, microbiological studies of product quality are carried out in laboratories.

Expert method. Decisions about the quality of products are made by experts.

The expert group includes highly qualified specialists in this product - scientists, technologists, commodity experts, etc.

Measuring method. With this method, the numerical values of product quality indicators are determined on the basis of technical measuring instruments. The results of this method are objective and expressed in specific units of measurement. But this method requires special equipment, chemical reagents, and specially trained workers.

Registration method. Quality is determined by counting the number of certain events, objects, and also based on observations.

Sociological method. Quality indicators are determined based on the collection and analysis of consumer opinions. At specially organized buying conferences, sales exhibitions, and tastings, consumers fill out questionnaires, which are then processed.

Comprehensive studies of the quality of goods are possible using a combination of organoleptic and laboratory methods.

21. Organization of selective control of product quality.

Acceptance of goods for quality is carried out in trade organizations in batches. Regardless of the batch size, quality acceptance control is selective. The most important element of sampling control is sampling. The reliability of determining the quality of the entire product batch depends on the correctness of sampling, since the results of the sample evaluation are transferred to the entire batch. It is important that the sample has, with a certain degree of reliability, heterogeneity similar to the commercial lot from which it was selected. To do this, the following requirements must be met:

Optimal sample size (i.e. the sample should not be lower than the minimum acceptable limit, but not too large);

Representativeness of the sample (its ability to reflect with sufficient reliability the actual heterogeneity of the quality of the product lot);

Uniformity of sampling operations.

Sample (sample) is the minimum acceptable part of a product lot, selected from it according to established or pre-agreed rules and intended for quality assessment.

Sampling - a certain minimum acceptable number of packaging units constituting a representative part of the product lot and selected to compile an initial sample intended to assess quality according to established or pre-agreed rules.

The rules for sampling and sampling are established by standards for test methods or in a section with a similar name in the general technical conditions of product standards.

The rules for sampling establish the size of individual and aggregate samples and samples depending on the size of the product lot, the methodology for sampling and samples, indicating the place of their collection, and the size of samples for different tests.

Spot sample - a single sample of a certain size, taken from one place in the shipment.

Pooled sample - a set of point samples taken from one product lot.

Initial sample (sample) - an established part of a combined sample or a set of samples intended for quality assessment.

Acceptance number - the maximum permissible number of rejected sample units or a combined sample, or the original sample, which allows you to make a decision on the acceptance of a product batch for quality.

Rejection number is the minimum permissible number of rejected units of a combined sample or original sample, which is the basis for refusal to accept a product batch based on quality.

The middle sample is a portion of the original sample selected for laboratory testing.

Average sample - part of a pooled sample or average sample, isolated and prepared accordingly for laboratory testing.

A sample is a part of an average sample, allocated to determine certain indicators of the quality of goods.

Identification and traceability of goods are among the most important components of a quality system in production and distribution.

Batch identification is the activity of information support for establishing the belonging of single copies of goods or a set of packaging units to a specific product batch.

Traceability is the ability to trace the history, use or location of an object through identification that is recorded.

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Methods for quality control of goods and services

Job title: Quality control of products and services

Description: Basic concepts in the field of control. The importance of quality control, its place in conformity assessment. State and municipal quality control: scope of application, legal framework, state control bodies and their powers - practical work.

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Quality control of products and services

Basic concepts in the field of control. The importance of quality control, its place in conformity assessment
Tests, their purpose and classification
Quality control of products and services, its purpose, stages, classification
State and municipal quality control: scope, legal framework, state control bodies and their powers - practical work

1. Basic concepts in the field of control. The importance of quality control, its place in conformity assessment

Tests - determination of one or more characteristics according to an established procedure (GOST R ISO).

Inspection is a procedure for assessing conformity by observation and judgment, accompanied by appropriate measurements, tests or calibrations (ISO/IEC Guide 2).

Quality control - checking the compliance of the actual values of quality indicators of products or services with the requirements established by NDs.

Control and testing in accordance with Art. 7 Federal Laws are different forms of conformity assessment along with confirmation of conformity, accreditation, registration, etc. In this case, testing can act as one of the most important control operations, or as an independent form.

The importance of control cannot be overestimated, because with its help, confidence is created in ensuring the appropriate quality of products and services at most stages of their technological life cycle - from design to consumption. Thanks to such control, it is possible to achieve product traceability, and if any defects are detected, corrective measures can be taken in the form of eliminating inconsistencies or removing products from production and goods from sale.

With the help of timely control, it is possible to prevent the irrational use of natural, material, labor and other resources spent in the production of certain products or provision of services.

2. Tests, their purpose and classification

The purpose of the tests is to determine the actual value of one or a set of quality indicators of products and services.

The object of testing is the quality indicators of products or services, measured or assessed by competent persons using established methods.

Subjects carrying out testing may be employees of testing laboratories, experts, members of tasting commissions, commodity experts and other competent specialists.

Tests are usually divided according to two classification criteria: the properties being tested and the purpose (Fig. 3.8).

Functional tests are tests designed to determine the suitability of an object for its primary purpose. For example, when examining new complex technical products, they are tested to determine their suitability for their intended use. The result of such tests may be the regulation of goods into the following gradations: suitable for intended use, conditionally suitable and unsuitable.

Reliability tests are tests carried out to determine reliability indicators under specified conditions. These include tests that are carried out under mechanical influences on the product (for fracture, friction, etc.).

For example, tests for wear resistance of shoes, fabrics, etc. A type of reliability tests are tests for strength, stability, and storage.

Strength tests are tests carried out to determine the values of influencing factors that cause the values of the properties of an object to exceed established limits or cause its destruction. An example of such tests is the determination of the hardness of fresh fruits and vegetables using a special device that pierces the skin of the test object if a force greater than the strength of the skin is applied.

Stability tests are tests carried out to determine the ability of an object to maintain the value of parameters within established standards when exposed to certain factors, for example, determining the mechanical stability of dishes and metal products.

Storability tests are tests carried out to determine the values of storageability indicators (shelf life, yield of standard products, losses, etc.). Shelf life tests are often carried out on new food products to determine their optimal conditions and shelf life or shelf life. In addition, product shelf life tests are necessary to determine the influence of storage conditions, packaging, storage methods and processing methods of goods.

Safety tests are tests carried out to determine safety indicators and/or their changes during production, storage, sale and consumption (operation). Such tests are an integral part of mandatory certification, declaration of conformity and state control of the quality of manufactured and sold goods.

Acceptance tests are tests carried out during acceptance inspection. These tests are carried out before the release of products at manufacturing plants. They are the most important quality acceptance operation in trade organizations upon receipt of goods. The requirements for these tests are established by technological or other instructions, for example, the Instructions on the procedure for accepting products for industrial purposes and consumer goods for quality.

Periodic tests are tests carried out to check the stability of product quality and confirm the possibility of continuing its production in the established volume. These tests are carried out at certain, pre-regulated periods. At manufacturing enterprises, the selection of finished products and/or semi-finished products is carried out by employees of testing laboratories.

Some retail chains, for example Auchan, periodically (about once every six months) test samples of certain suppliers of goods, for which the selected samples are sent to their own testing laboratory or laboratories of expert third-party organizations.

Qualification tests are tests of the installation series or the first industrial batch in order to assess the readiness of the enterprise to produce products of this type. Most often they are carried out when releasing new products.

Type tests are tests to evaluate and expediency of changes made to the design, recipe, or technological process. Such tests are carried out mainly during the production of products or the provision of services in order to assess the effectiveness of the technologies, formulations and designs used, as well as for the purposes of certification and declaration of conformity.

The working document for testing is the test program, and the final document is the test report.

A working document is an organizational and methodological document that establishes goals, objectives, objects, means and test methods, types and sequence of measurements of parameters, numbers of GOSTs, GOST R and other NDs. The working document is mandatory for execution in the organization that adopted it.

Test report - a document reflecting measurement results and other information related to the tests.

The test report serves as the basis for issuing: certificates of conformity; declarations of conformity; acts of examination and control.

The results of the tests are certain actual values of the indicators, which are entered into the test report; the reliability of the test results is largely determined by the selected test methods.

Test methods are methods for obtaining actual values of the quality indicators of an object. They are based on the measurement and detection of physical quantities using non-metric and metric measurement scales.

Depending on the measuring instruments used, test methods are divided into the following groups: measuring; organoleptic; registration

Measuring test methods - methods of obtaining test results using technical measuring instruments, incl. and simple devices.

For example, length measures are used to measure the length of fish, the largest transverse diameter of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, the size of clothing, shoes, fabrics, etc., and with the help of a lactodensimeter, the relative density of milk.

Organoleptic test methods are methods for detecting organoleptic quality indicators using the senses of the evaluator (taster) and ranking them in descending or ascending order.

Thus, these methods are used to determine the appearance of all goods, including their color, shape, surface condition; smell (aroma) of most food products, perfumes and cosmetics, many household chemicals; taste of food products and tobacco smoke.

Registration test methods are methods of obtaining test results by observing, counting and recording the quality indicators of certain objects according to pre-agreed criteria.

For example, when identifying non-standard products and waste of fruits and vegetables, they are sorted according to specific defects related to acceptable or unacceptable deviations. Then they are taken into account by weight or count (only for dried products), calculated as a percentage, and after removing tolerances, the ratio of non-standard products and waste is determined as a percentage. One of the indicators of the quality of service in retail trade and catering organizations is the number of positive reviews (thank you) and complaints in the visitor review book, determined by the registration method

These test methods, their division into subgroups, as well as their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in more detail in the discipline “Theoretical Foundations of Commodity Science”.

The criteria for selecting test methods are the reliability of the results, the required measurement accuracy, test time, and regulatory requirements (for example, during certification tests for safety indicators, standards for test methods are clearly regulated).

Tests are a common technical operation for many types of conformity assessment, the results of which are analyzed and appropriate decisions are made based on them, conclusions, acts, certificates and declarations of conformity are drawn up. Quality control of goods also necessarily includes the stage of testing using one of the above methods.

3. Quality control of products and services, its purpose, stages, classification

The purpose of quality control is to check the compliance of the actual values of quality indicators with the requirements established by the normative documents.

Quality control includes the following stages:

determination of goals, objectives, objects and nomenclature of quality indicators, means and methods of control;
inspection of control objects and sampling;
testing samples according to a pre-selected range of quality indicators;
analysis of survey and test results by comparing the actual values of quality indicators with the basic values of the same indicators regulated by normative documents;
preparation of technical documents (control reports, shipping documents, journal entries, etc.).

This stage is not carried out if the accepted technological cycle of product distribution does not require paperwork, for example, when the current control of stored products does not reveal any inconsistencies in storage conditions, quality, etc.

However, most often, a certain recording of control results (even if the results are positive) still needs to be done, since in the future, when a non-conformity is identified, it is possible to determine at what point they could have arisen.

The classification criteria for quality control are the stages of production, the completeness of control coverage in terms of time and volume, impact on the object of control, stages of the product life cycle, and subjects of control.

The classification of quality control of products and services is shown in Fig. 3.9.

Acceptance control is control carried out during the delivery and acceptance of goods.

This type of control is carried out when accepting raw materials, when releasing products from production and sending them to a warehouse, releasing them from the warehouse to recipients, as well as in trade organizations when accepting them from a supplier or releasing them to a recipient of a third-party organization. Acceptance control must also be carried out when delivering (dispensing) the material result of a service or work to the customer (for example, when sewing clothes or shoes, making photographs, slides, films, preparing catering products, etc.).

At public catering establishments, a type of acceptance control is rejection control.

A characteristic feature of acceptance control is its obligatory nature when transferring goods from one owner to another. When carrying out this type of control, acceptance tests are used.

Current control is control carried out at intermediate operations in the technological cycle of product distribution. Therefore, this type of control in the production of products is often called operational, since it is a kind of final operation at each intermediate stage, which includes several technological operations.

For example, when baking bread, operational control is carried out at the preliminary stage upon acceptance, and then after preparing the raw materials, at the main stage after kneading and the end of fermentation of the dough.

In trade organizations, current control is carried out when sorting (grading) goods, while goods of different quality categories are identified and sorted (for example, standard, non-standard or waste) or defective items are separated (for example, defective shoes, dishes, clothing, etc.) . In addition, ongoing quality control is carried out periodically during long-term storage of food products, combining it with control over the storage regime.

Systematic ongoing monitoring will allow timely identification of various inconsistencies and elimination of them using various corrective measures.

Inspection control is control carried out by authorized inspectors. Inspection control can be external and internal.

External inspection control can be carried out by inspectors of higher-level organizations, experts from certification bodies, franchisors, representatives of management bodies of self-regulatory organizations, as well as recipient organizations, if this is provided for by the terms of contracts.

For example, many retail chains, when ordering goods under their own brand from manufacturing enterprises, stipulate in advance in supply contracts the frequency of inspections at these enterprises. At the same time, specific control periods are not established, which allows retail chains. ensure the stability of the quality of goods produced under its own brand and prevent possible deterioration in quality.

State control carried out by state inspectors could also be considered a type of external inspection control.

However, due to its special status, it is singled out as an independent form of control.

Internal control is carried out by employees of individual structural divisions authorized by the management of the organization (for example, testing laboratories, technical control departments, quality departments, commodity services, etc.). By purpose, this type of control can be classified as self-control of an organization, designed to identify shortcomings in the quality policy and hidden reserves for its improvement.

Volatile control is control carried out suddenly, at an unplanned time. It is a type of inspection control.

For example, volatile control can be carried out by a franchisor who has granted the right to another organization to produce and/or sell products under its trademark in order to ensure that the quality of the product meets the requirements established by it.

Continuous control - control carried out constantly.

Continuous monitoring is facilitated by automation. For example, with the flow method of drinking milk production, continuous monitoring is carried out over the acidity of the incoming milk, the temperature and duration of pasteurization or sterilization. This type of control is also used when sorting goods, if it is a mandatory stage of the technological cycle of product distribution.

The rules for the sale of certain types of goods also provide for continuous continuous quality control of goods before their release to the buyer.

Periodic control - control carried out at certain intervals.

The frequency of internal control in most cases is established by technological instructions, organizational standards, methodological guidelines, as well as organizational and administrative documents approved by the organization's management.

With external control, its frequency can be established by special terms of contracts (franchises, supplies, etc.). The frequency of planned state control is established by the Federal Law “On the protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs during state control (supervision)”.

Complete control - control of all inspected goods. This type of control is possible only if the integrity of the goods is maintained. Therefore, most often it is carried out visually, as well as with the help of special technical devices or techniques (for example, continuous control of electric lamps is carried out by screwing them into the socket of the electrical network, the integrity of glassware - by tapping, the integrity of the closure of drinks with a screw cap - by scrolling, etc.) . Continuous control is carried out during sorting and before releasing goods.

The advantage of this type of control is its high efficiency in identifying and rejecting defective specimens, and the disadvantage is its high labor intensity. This drawback is largely eliminated by selective control, which is the antipode of continuous control.

Selective control is control carried out on a specially selected sample (sample, specimen, etc.) (studied in the discipline “Theoretical Foundations of Commodity Science”). It is used in situations where:

the product partially or completely loses its quality (for example, integrity);
It is impossible to check the quality of all individual goods, especially in large quantities, due to increased labor intensity and significant material costs.

The advantage of selective control is low costs (material, labor) compared to continuous control; the disadvantage is a decrease in the reliability of the results and objectivity, since any selection of samples, specimens and selections carried out by people carries elements of subjectivity. Therefore, this type of control is characterized by an increased risk of error from an incorrectly taken sample, which can cost the enterprise thousands and sometimes millions of rubles.

For example, acceptance of fruits and vegetables is carried out only by random control. A reduction in the standard portion of apples by only 2% due to an incorrectly selected combined sample at a purchase price of 50 thousand rubles. for 1 ton will lead to losses of fruit and vegetable base of 1000 rubles. for every ton, and there can be tens of tons in a batch.

Destructive testing is testing after which product samples lose their integrity.

This type of control is used in cases where its mandatory operation is testing, in which the integrity or other properties of goods are lost as a result of physical, chemical and other influences. For example, during safety testing carried out under government control, portions are taken from a sample or pooled samples, in which case the integrity of the product is compromised, and the portions are completely consumed during the testing process.

Destructive testing is used only in cases where non-destructive testing methods are impossible.

Non-destructive testing is control during which the tested products do not lose their quality and quantity. After testing, the samples or selections selected can be added to the product batch and sold.

This type of control has the following advantages:

No product costs for testing;

Possibility of repeated testing on the same samples;

The use in most cases of relatively inexpensive test methods, although there are methods that require expensive equipment and competent personnel;

Low time spent on testing.

Due to these advantages, non-destructive testing is preferable to destructive testing. The disadvantages of non-destructive testing include the limited scope of its application.

Destructive and non-destructive testing is used for products, as well as for the material results of services and work.

Production control is control carried out during the production and/or sale of products or the provision of services or performance of work. This type of control is carried out at certain stages of the technological cycle of production or sale of products or provision of services and is the most important element of the quality management system in production.

A typical example of such control is the HACCP system set out in European Council Directive 93/43.

Requirements for monitoring compliance with sanitary rules are regulated by SP 1.1. “Organization and conduct of production control and compliance with sanitary rules and implementation of sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures.” Compliance with these rules is mandatory for legal entities and individuals, including individual entrepreneurs.

These Sanitary Rules are intended to:

For legal entities and individual entrepreneurs preparing for commissioning and/or production, storage, transportation and sale of products, as well as performing work and services;

For bodies and institutions of Rospotrebnadzor carrying out state supervision.

Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs are obliged to exercise control, including through laboratory tests, over compliance with sanitary rules during the production, storage, transportation and sale of products, as well as the provision of services.

The goals of production control are to ensure the safety and/or harmlessness of the objects of this control for humans and the environment.

Objects of control - production premises, buildings, structures, sanitary protection zones, sanitary protection zones, equipment, transport, technological processes, workplaces used to perform work and provide services, as well as raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products, production and consumption waste .

Production control includes:

the presence of officially published sanitary rules, methods and techniques of control for the specified objects;
implementation (organization) of laboratory research and testing of objects;
organization of medical examinations, professional hygienic training and certification of officials and employees of organizations whose activities are related to the production, storage, transportation and sale of food products and drinking water, education and training of children, consumer services for the population;
control over the availability of certificates, sanitary and epidemiological reports, medical books and other mandatory documents;
justification of the safety of new types of products and their production technology;
maintaining records and reporting on issues related to production control;
visual control by specially authorized officials (employees) of the organization over the implementation of sanitary and epidemiological measures, compliance with sanitary rules, development and implementation of measures aimed at eliminating identified violations;
timely informing the population, local authorities, bodies and institutions of Rospotrebnadzor about emergency situations, violations of the technological process that pose a threat to the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.

Organizations independently develop a production control program (plan), which is agreed upon with the chief physicians of the center for state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and approved by the head of the organization. Activities to conduct production control are carried out by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, who bear disciplinary responsibility for the timeliness of its organization, completeness and reliability of the results.

Production control, carried out to verify compliance with technical, technological and other requirements, except sanitary ones, is regulated by organizational standards, technological instructions and other regulatory and technical documents.

A type of production control is logistics control.

Logistics control is control carried out during the transportation and storage of products. This control is carried out in transport or logistics organizations, in warehouses of wholesale centers, distribution refrigerators, as well as in stores. The main purpose of this type of control is to check the preservation of products during the processes of transportation, loading and unloading, storage, commodity processing (preparation for sale) and sales.

Quite often, quality control is combined with control over the conditions and terms of transportation, storage and sales necessary to maintain quality at a given level. Therefore, logistics control can be considered as comprehensive control, which should be characterized by systematicity. Individual components of such control can be automated (for example, control over storage conditions: temperature, relative humidity) and non-automated (product quality control).

Operational control is control carried out during the operation of goods. Such control is carried out by users of these goods - legal entities and individuals. At the same time, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs can provide operational control more competently and carry out appropriate tests than individuals who are the final consumers of goods. During operation, quality control is most often carried out based on the properties of reliability and safety, while end consumers can use the services of third-party organizations (for example, car service stations, workshops, etc.), including service organizations that carry out periodic operational maintenance on a contractual basis. control of household appliances, such as washing machines, cars and other complex technical goods.

Intra-company control is control exercised by the organization's personnel. In production organizations it is carried out by technologists, inspectors, employees of their own testing organizations, and other authorized employees of the organization.

In trade organizations, this type of control is carried out by commodity experts, managers, if they have the appropriate competence, and employees of testing laboratories (for example, such laboratories are located in wholesale trade enterprises, as well as in some retail chains).

External control is control carried out by state control (supervision) bodies or authorized representatives of third-party organizations within their competence. External control has the following types: state and municipal control, as well as control of third-party organizations.

4. State and municipal quality control: scope, legal framework, state control bodies and their powers.

In December 2008, a new Federal Law “On the protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the exercise of state control (supervision) and municipal control” was adopted (hence Federal Law No. 134 “On the protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the implementation of state control (supervision) " is no longer valid).

In the new Law, depending on the level of entities carrying out control measures, two types are distinguished: state and municipal.

State control (supervision), in turn, is divided into two subtypes: federal and regional.

The definitions of the listed types and subtypes of control are given in Art. 2 of the said Law. Below are abbreviated definitions of terms.

State control (supervision) is the activity of authorized government bodies aimed at identifying, suppressing and eliminating violations of mandatory requirements by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs through organizing and conducting inspections of these persons.

This activity also includes systematic monitoring of the implementation of mandatory requirements, analysis and forecasting of the state of their implementation when carrying out business activities. State control should be exercised by officials of federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation. In addition, experts and expert organizations accredited in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation in the relevant field of science, technology, and economic activity may be involved in carrying out control activities.

State control bodies carry out their activities within the limits of their competence, and their officials must be authorized to carry out control measures.

Federal state control (supervision) - control carried out by federal executive authorities, authorized to conduct control throughout the territory of Russia.

Regional state control (supervision) - control. carried out by the executive authorities of the subject of the Federation, which are authorized to carry out control on the territory of this subject.

Municipal control is the activity of local government bodies authorized to organize and conduct inspections on the territory of the municipality.

Control measure - actions of officials of state control (supervision) or municipal control bodies related to checking the compliance of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur with mandatory requirements, carrying out the necessary research (tests), examinations, recording the results of the check and taking measures based on the results of the control measure. control.

The scope of application of state control is to verify compliance only with mandatory quality requirements within the competence of officials exercising this control, which is regulated by two federal laws: the new Federal Law and the Federal Law (Chapter 6). These laws, as well as standards, if they contain mandatory requirements, technical documents, rules, regulations, constitute the legal basis of state control.

The new Federal Law establishes:

basic concepts used in this Law;
principles of protecting the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs during state control (supervision) and municipal control;
powers of federal executive authorities in the field of protecting the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs during state control (supervision);
powers of local government bodies exercising municipal control;
requirements for organizing and conducting inspections: the procedure for conducting them, restrictions when conducting inspections, the procedure for recording the results of inspections, the procedure for recording the results of control;
rights and obligations of officials of state control (supervision) and municipal control bodies when conducting inspections;
measures taken by officials of state and municipal control bodies in response to violations identified during inspections;
rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs during state and municipal control;
state and public protection of individuals and individual entrepreneurs during inspections;
liability of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs for violation of the new Federal Law.

The Federal Law “On Technical Regulation” (Chapter 6) establishes:

bodies of state control (supervision) over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations;
objects of state control (supervision);
powers of state control bodies;
responsibility of state control bodies and their officials when conducting inspections.

The objects of state control are products at the stage of their circulation and the processes of design, production, construction, installation, commissioning, operation, storage, transportation, sales and disposal solely in terms of compliance with technical regulations.

In the sphere of circulation, state control over compliance with hygienic requirements for product safety is carried out by Rospotrebnadzor. State control over fire safety of processes during production, storage, transportation and sale of products is carried out by officials of the Fire Service of Russia, over electrical safety - Rosenergonadzor, over labor protection at enterprises - Labor Inspectorate.

The principles of protecting the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the exercise of state control (supervision), municipal control are presented in Art. 3 of the new Federal Law (write off yourself).

Powers of state control (supervision) bodies. In accordance with the Federal Law, state control (supervision) bodies have the right (Article 34, paragraph 1 of the Federal Law - independently)

Responsibilities of state control (supervision) bodies (Article 34, paragraph 2 of the Federal Law - independently):

Along with the rights and obligations, state control (supervision) bodies and their officials bear responsibility in the event (Article 35 of the Federal Law): improper performance of their official duties when carrying out state control (supervision) measures; committing illegal actions (inaction).

In Art. 4, 5 and 6 of the new Federal Law define the powers of different entities exercising different subtypes of state and municipal control.

The new Federal Law provides for the following procedure for conducting inspections. The official of the state control body is obliged to present to the representative of the inspected legal entity or individual entrepreneur two documents - an order (order) of the head or deputy head of the state or municipal control body and an official identification card.

The order (order) on carrying out control measures shall indicate:

number and date of the order (order) to carry out the control measure;
name of the state control (supervision) body or municipal control body;
last name, first name, patronymic and position of the person (persons) authorized to carry out control activities, and we also involve experts;
name of a legal entity or surname, name, patronymic of an individual entrepreneur, which is being verified;
goals, objectives and subject of the inspection and the timing of its implementation;
legal grounds for conducting an inspection, including mandatory requirements subject to inspection and requirements established by municipal legal acts;
a list of control measures necessary to achieve the goals and objectives of the audit;
a list of documents the submission of which by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur is necessary to achieve the goals and objectives of conducting inspections;
a list of administrative regulations for carrying out control measures;
start and end date of the inspection.

The order (order) to conduct an inspection or its sealed copy is handed over against signature by the official carrying out the control measure to the head or other official of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur simultaneously with the official ID

When carrying out control activities, the following requirements must be observed:

the measures were carried out only by the official specified in the order;
The duration of the event should not exceed 20 working days (for a small enterprise - 50 hours, for a micro-enterprise - 15 hours per year). In exceptional cases, based on a motivated proposal by an official, the period for an on-site scheduled inspection may be extended, but not more than by 20 working days;
control measures must be documented and accounted for accordingly;
Measures to control different species must have certain justifications.

As can be seen from Fig. 3.10, inspections can be scheduled, which are carried out no more than once every three years, and unscheduled, for which the frequency is not established. Enterprises can be routinely inspected no earlier than three years from the date of their state registration. More frequent inspections (two or more times every three years) can be carried out in the field of health, education, and also in the social sphere.

The basis for including a scheduled inspection in the annual plan for conducting such inspections is the expiration of three years from the date of:

1) state registration of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur;

2) completion of the last scheduled inspection of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur;

3) the start of business activities by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur in accordance with the submitted notification.

Unscheduled control measures are carried out only if there are grounds for them indicated in Fig. 3.10. However, statements that do not allow identifying the person who applied to the state control (supervision) body cannot serve as a basis for carrying out an unscheduled control event.

Scheduled and unscheduled inspections are carried out in the form of an on-site or documentary inspection.

The subject of a documentary check is the information contained in the documents of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur. These include documents establishing the organizational and legal form of these persons, their rights and obligations; documents used in carrying out activities and related to their fulfillment of mandatory requirements and requirements regulated by municipal legal acts.

In the process of documentary verification, the documents at the disposal of the state or municipal control body are first reviewed: notification of the start of business activities, reports of previous inspections, materials of consideration of cases of administrative offenses, and other documents.

If the reliability of the information contained in these documents raises reasonable doubts or they are insufficient to assess the compliance of the inspected persons with mandatory requirements or requirements of municipal legal acts, the control body has the right to send a reasoned request to the inspected person with a requirement to provide the necessary additional documents. The request is accompanied by a stamped copy of the order or order of the head of the control body.

The inspected person must, within ten working days from the date of receipt of a reasoned request, send the documents specified in it to the control body, and the official of the control body conducting the documentary check is obliged to review them. If they identify errors in the documents being checked, they are requested to provide explanations and/or documents confirming the accuracy of the information in the previously submitted documents.

When conducting a documentary inspection, the state or municipal control body does not have the right to demand from the person being inspected documents and information that are not related to the subject of the inspection.

The subject of an on-site inspection is the information contained in the documents of the person being inspected, as well as the compliance of its employees, the condition of the means used in carrying out business activities (buildings, structures, structures, premises, equipment, transport, goods, including work performed, services provided, etc.) mandatory requirements or requirements of municipal legal acts.

An on-site inspection is carried out if it is impossible to verify during a documentary inspection the completeness and reliability of the information contained in the documents submitted to the control body, as well as the impossibility of assessing the compliance of the activities of the person being inspected with the mandatory requirements or requirements of municipal legal acts without carrying out appropriate control measures.

A scheduled or unscheduled on-site inspection is carried out at the location of the person being inspected, who is obliged to provide officials of the control body with the opportunity to familiarize themselves with documents related to the goals, objectives and subject of the inspection. In addition, these persons and invited experts must be provided with access to the territory used by the person being inspected to carry out business activities, as well as the opportunity to examine objects, means and methods of this activity.

The Federal Law defines restrictions when carrying out control measures. According to this Federal Law, officials of state control (supervision) bodies are not entitled to:

verify compliance with mandatory requirements that are not within the competence of the state control (supervision) body on whose behalf they act;
carry out scheduled inspections in the absence of officials or employees of inspected legal entities or individual entrepreneurs or their representatives during control activities;
demand the presentation of documents, information, samples (samples) of products, if they are not the objects of control measures and do not relate to the subject of inspection, and also seize original documents related to the subject of inspection;
demand samples (samples) of products for carrying out their research (tests) or examination without issuing an act on the selection of samples (samples) of products in the prescribed form and in quantities exceeding the norms established by state standards or other normative documents;
disseminate information that constitutes a secret protected by law and obtained as a result of control measures, except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
exceed the established deadlines for carrying out control measures.

Based on the results of control measures, the official of the state control body draws up an act of the established form in two copies. The inspection report indicates:

1) date, time and place of drawing up the inspection report;

2) name of the state or municipal control body;

3) date and number of the order or order of the head, deputy head of the control body;

4) last names, first names, patronymics and positions of the persons (or persons) who conducted the inspection;

5) the name of the legal entity being inspected or the last name, first name, patronymic of an individual entrepreneur, as well as the manager or other authorized official present during the inspection, and their position;

6) date, time, duration and timing of the inspection;

7) information about the results of the inspection, including identified violations of mandatory requirements and requirements established by municipal legal acts, about their nature and the persons who committed the violations;

8) information about familiarization and refusal to familiarize with the inspection report of the head or other official of the inspected organization or individual entrepreneur;

9) signatures of the official (persons) who conducted the inspection.

One copy of the act with copies of appendices is handed over to the head of the legal entity or his deputy (or individual entrepreneur) against signature or sent by mail with acknowledgment of receipt.

When an administrative offense is detected, an official of the state control body draws up a protocol and issues orders to eliminate the identified violations.

Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs are required to keep a log of inspections in a standard form, in which an official of the state control body makes a record of the inspection performed, indicating the necessary information (name of the state or municipal control body, date, time of the control event, legal grounds, goals, tasks and subject of the inspection, violations identified, protocols drawn up, orders issued, as well as the last name, first name, patronymic, position of the person who carried out the event and its signature). If there is no audit log, a corresponding entry is made in the report.

In case of disagreement with the facts, conclusions, proposals set out in the inspection report, or with the instructions, the inspected person may, within 15 days from the date of receipt of the report, submit his objections in writing to the control body.

If, as a result of monitoring activities, violations of mandatory requirements are identified, officials of control bodies must take the following measures:

issue instructions to the inspected person to eliminate the identified violations, indicating the time frame for their elimination;
establish control over the elimination of identified violations and their prevention in order to prevent possible harm to life, human health, the environment and property;
bring those who committed violations to justice;
bring to the attention of consumers information about a dangerous product (work, service), as well as ways to prevent possible harm.

If it is revealed that the activities of the inspected person pose a direct threat to harm to life, health of citizens, the environment, including animals and plants, state security, the occurrence of emergencies of a natural and man-made nature, the control body is obliged to immediately take measures to prevent harm or stop causing it up to and including a temporary ban on activities.

In addition, in Art. 18 and 19 of the new Federal Law regulate the duties and responsibilities of officials, state and municipal control bodies when conducting inspections.

Such responsibilities include:

timely and full execution of the granted powers to prevent, identify and suppress violations of mandatory requirements and requirements established by municipal legal acts;
compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the rights and legitimate interests of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs;
carrying out inspections on the basis of and in strict accordance with the orders of state and municipal control bodies;
visiting the inspected objects only during the performance of official duties upon presentation of an official ID and an order from state or municipal control bodies, as well as a copy of the document agreeing to conduct an on-site inspection with the prosecutor’s office;
providing an opportunity for representatives of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur to be present during the inspection, receive clarifications and necessary information related to the subject of the inspection;
acquaint the manager, other official of the inspected organization or individual entrepreneur with the results of the inspection;
comply with the established inspection deadlines;
record the inspection performed in the inspection log;
taking into account the compliance of measures taken in response to detected violations, their potential danger to life, health of people, the environment and the safety and property, avoidance of unreasonable restrictions on the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs;
proving the legality of their actions when appealing them by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs.

The responsibility of state and municipal control bodies and their officials arises from:

in case of improper performance of their functions and official duties during the inspection;
when committing illegal actions (inaction).

Along with this Art. 21 and 22 of the new Federal Law establishes the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs when conducting state and municipal control:

be directly present during the inspection, give explanations on issues related to the subject of the inspection;
receive information about ongoing control activities and their results;
get acquainted with the results of the inspection and indicate in the acts about your familiarization, agreement or disagreement with them;
appeal against the actions (inaction) of officials of state and municipal control (supervision) bodies in administrative and/or judicial proceedings;
demand compensation for losses incurred during control if the actions of the controllers are found to be unlawful.

In addition, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs have the right to state and public protection, including by applying to the prosecutor’s office or court.

The liability of the inspected persons, their employees and authorized representatives arises in the following cases:

in case of unreasonable obstacles to inspections
in case of failure to comply within the prescribed period with instructions, resolutions of state or municipal control bodies on the elimination of identified violations.

According to Art. 20 of the new Federal Law, the results of an inspection carried out in gross violation of the established requirements for organizing and conducting inspections cannot be evidence of a violation by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur of mandatory requirements or requirements of municipal legal acts. The results of such an inspection are subject to cancellation by a higher state control body or a court based on a statement from the person being inspected.

Gross violations include:

lack of grounds for a scheduled inspection or notification of the timing of its implementation;
insufficient grounds for conducting an on-site unscheduled inspection;
lack of coordination with the prosecutor's office when conducting an unscheduled on-site inspection of small and medium-sized businesses;
violation of the terms and time of inspections of small businesses;
carrying out inspections without an order or instruction from the head (or deputy) of the control body;
requesting documents not related to the subject of the inspection;
exceeding the established deadlines for inspections;
failure to provide an inspection report.

Thus, the new Federal Law under consideration regulates relations in the field of organization and implementation of state control (supervision) and municipal control, as well as the protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs when carrying out these types of control.

Quality control of finished products is a section of in-plant control, based on the results of which Authorized person, along with other information from the dossier on series, gives permission for its release into circulation.

Quality control of finished products is carried out by QC to assess its compliance with specifications. Responsibility for organizing and implementing product quality control rests with the head of the QC.

The process of quality control of finished products consists of two successive stages: selection samples and samples and carrying out analyzes and tests. In the selection samples and samples, QC inspectors participate in the presence of employees of the manufacturing workshop; quality control laboratory personnel are involved in conducting analyzes and tests. LKK carries out all necessary analyzes and tests of products in accordance with specifications, based on the results of which QC prepares an “Analytical Control Report”, which is an integral part of the dossier for series. Until all analyzes and tests are completed, as well as their results are received and documented, the product is on quarantine warehouse and marked with labels “Located on quarantine storage."

Control procedure. Bulk products (in-bulk) that have passed all procedures are subject to control technological process, excluding packaging and packing. Control is carried out for compliance with the requirements of the specifications for the finished product (as far as relevant).

The quality of packaging is checked during the packaging of bulk products by periodically selecting a product packaged in a group container by checking the presence of the necessary inscriptions on the group container, consumer packaging and primary packaging, as well as the presence of packing sheets in the group container, and package inserts (instructions for application). The results of quality control of containers (packaging) and labeling are recorded.

After acceptance Authorized person release decisions series of a medicinal product for circulation, arbitration samples are taken, as well as, if necessary, samples to monitor their quality during storage (implementation of the stability program).

The shelf life of arbitration samples is 1 year after the expiration date of the finished product, but not less than three years. Arbitration samples are stored in a specially designated room that ensures the preservation of product quality under the conditions provided for by the specifications for this type of product.

Observations of stability during the established shelf life of medicinal products are carried out in accordance with the program developed at the enterprise.

Evaluation of quality control results. The results of the tests (analyses) are considered positive, and the manufactured product has passed the tests (analyses), if it has been tested (analyses have been carried out) in full and meets all requirements, established by the specifications for it.

The test (analysis) results are considered negative, and products that did not pass tests (analyses), if the results of tests (analyses) revealed at least one non-compliance, established by the specifications.

The results of tests (analyses) are recorded in working laboratory journals. Based on these results, a report (certificate, analytical passport or sheet) on analytical control and testing is drawn up, signed by the head of the QC. The specified report (certificate, passport, sheet) serves as the basis for issuing an invoice and delivering the products to the finished goods warehouse. The invoice for delivery of products to the finished goods warehouse is certified by the head of the QC department or another authorized person of the quality control department with his signature.

Work logs for recording test (analysis) results are stored in QC for 1 year after the expiration date of the finished product, but not less than three years. The analytical control report (certificate, passport, leaflet) is stored in the OKK (enterprise sales service) for 1 year after the expiration date of the finished product, but not less than three years. The reproduction of reports (certificates, passports) is entrusted to the OKK (sales service).

Products that have passed tests (analyses) and are accepted by the QC are sealed and (or) appropriate stamps or other identifying marks are placed on them, which are placed on the packaging in accordance with the specifications for the finished product, having first removed the label “Is on quarantine storage." After completing this procedure, the products are transferred from the warehouse quarantine storing finished products in a warehouse simultaneously with the entire batch ( series).

Products that do not pass control tests, with defects that can be eliminated by sorting or other methods that do not affect the production technology and do not affect its physicochemical (pharmacological, biological) and consumer properties, are returned by the QC to the manufacturing workshop to eliminate the defects in accordance with with specifications for handling rejected products. Products subjected to sorting retain the originally assigned number series.

Products rejected for non-compliance with physical, chemical or biological properties, but which can be brought to the required parameters, are processed using the technology provided for by the current technological regulations for their production and in accordance with the specifications for handling products requiring processing. If necessary, the head of the QC makes the necessary calculations, agreed upon with the head of the QC, and transfers them to the disposal of the head of the manufacturing workshop (production manager) for use in the processing process. After processing such products, they are assigned the next (new) production number series and subjected to re-inspection.

The general principles of rational organization of technical control are as follows:

Technical control must cover all elements and stages of the production process;

Equipment, methods and organizational forms of control must fully comply with the characteristics of equipment, technology and organization of production;

The control organization system must ensure a clear and justified distribution of duties and responsibilities between individual performers and various divisions of the enterprise;

The control system must be supplemented by the use of effective methods of material and moral incentives and financial liability for violation of product quality requirements;

Depending on the place of organization of control at one or another stage of production, the following varieties are distinguished:

Input - this is the control of raw materials, components and finished products coming from other enterprises or their production sites.

Operating - this is the control of a product or technological process performed after the completion of a certain production operation.

Acceptance - this is the control of finished products after completion of all technological operations for their production, as a result of which a decision is made on the suitability of the product for delivery or use.

Depending on the completeness of product coverage Input, operational and acceptance control can be continuous or selective.

Solid - this is control in which a decision on quality is made based on the results of checking each unit of product.

Selective - this is control in which a decision on the quality of controlled products is made based on the results of checking one or more samples from a batch. In mass production, statistical control methods based on the laws of statistics and probability theory are most often used. At relatively low costs, statistical control makes it possible to prevent the occurrence of defects in the production process itself and provides significant labor savings in comparison with continuous control.

Under statistical control methods understand the quality control of products or the state of a technological process, carried out on the basis of the use of probability theory and mathematical statistics.

By the nature of the samples static control is divided into control by small and medium samples. A sample or sample population is understood as a part of objects being examined, data on the quality of which extends to the entire batch, which in this case is considered as a general population.

Control of small samples is carried out by three methods: parametric, characteristic and indirect. The first includes control methods in which product quality is assessed using average values calculated from sample data.

Characteristic should be called such methods in which the quality of products is assessed directly by measured quality characteristics. These methods are more accessible and simpler.

Indirect These are methods in which product quality is assessed using indirect indicators (grouping methods, scoring, assessment by percentage of defects).

Controls can be divided into two groups: allowing to determine the absolute values of controlled quantities and allowing to sort objects into quality groups, when they only determine within what limits the controlled quantity is located.

To the means of control first group include indicators, minimeters, pressure gauges and other instruments showing the absolute size or absolute value of another measured quantity. Controls second group cover instruments or devices with two limiting values of measured quantities: the smallest and the largest permissible for each group. The most common means of this kind include gauges, control and sorting devices, etc.

According to operating principles control means can be: mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, optical, chemical, sound and electronic.

By impact on the technological process There are means of active and passive control. The first include means that are connected to the executive bodies of technological equipment and automatically regulate the progress of the technological process. These include various kinds of meters installed on the corresponding equipment and associated with its actuators. When reaching a certain size, the equipment automatically stops. Tools used only to assess the quality of a product after performing the corresponding operation are classified as passive control tools.

The choice of the type of control means depends on the characteristics of the controlled object, the controlled quantities, the organization and type of production. The required control accuracy is determined by the technical specifications, standards and drawings for the manufacture of the relevant products.

Test questions (tests) on topic 5.2

1. Explain the essence and concept of a quality management system.

2. Explain the organizational and legal basis of quality management.

3. Explain the essence of the organizational structure, tasks and functions of product quality management.

Product quality control is an integral part of the production process and is aimed at identifying defects in finished products and checking reliability during the manufacturing process.

Product quality control is established at all stages of the production process, starting with quality control of the raw materials used and ending with determining the compliance of the released product with technical characteristics and parameters not only during its testing, but also during operation, and for complex types of equipment - with the provision of a certain warranty period after installation of the equipment at the customer’s enterprise. This approach to control involves conducting tests as individual parts of the product are ready (this is especially true for complex types of equipment, in particular complex equipment). Strengthening quality control is largely due to the orientation of production towards a specific consumer.

Enterprise-wide quality control is entrusted to the central quality control (or quality assurance) service, whose functions include the development of quality indicators for all types of products, quality control methods and test procedures, analysis of complaints and the procedure for their settlement, identification of the causes of defects and defects and conditions for their elimination. The control service carries out its activities in close contact with the relevant services in production departments, as well as with factory quality control services (or technical control departments). The central control service can check the quality of raw materials and materials, the technological process, the organization of control tests, the acceptance rules applied by the factory quality service or the technical control department, and sometimes selectively check the quality of products that have already passed technical control. One of the most important functions of the central control service is planning and coordinating all work in the field of quality assurance, establishing the necessary connections between quality control services in the production departments of enterprises. Through the central control service, management is centralized in the area of improving the quality of products.

Thus, control is intended to ensure verification of the execution of management decisions at all levels of management for compliance with established standards and conditions of economic activity of the enterprise.

To control product quality it is necessary to have:

1 indicators (standards, technical parameters) characterizing product quality;

2 methods and means of quality control;

3 technical means for testing;

5 reasons for the occurrence of defects, defects and conditions for their elimination.

In addition to the central service, product quality control is carried out in departments and workshops. They are the first to receive information about deviations from the norm, composition and quality of materials, about deviations in the technological process and warn about the occurrence of manufacturing defects. Timely information received allows you to quickly respond to disruptions in the technological process and take urgent measures to reduce losses from defects.

All information obtained during the monitoring is sent to the main dispatch service daily and in shifts.

The main dispatcher service performs the following main functions:

Monitors the progress of the production program for the main types of products and takes measures to eliminate the backlog from the plan for blanks, parts and assembly units;

Takes measures to prevent failures during production that arise as a result of disruptions in the operation of technological equipment, untimely provision of tools, materials, and semi-finished products.

There are various statistical methods for monitoring product quality.

The purpose of the statistical quality control method is to eliminate random variations in product quality. Such changes are caused by specific reasons that need to be identified and eliminated. (For example, a worker may use the wrong tool or method of performing work, or the machine may be out of order).

Sampling control is used when it is necessary to make a decision about quality when accepting a large batch based on the results of testing a limited number of samples from this batch.

Most often, random inspection is carried out when accepting batches of components or materials from suppliers. Selective control allows you to reduce control costs. It is also used in cases where the product has to be destroyed during inspection.

It should be noted that there is a certain risk inherent in sampling control, since the decision on the quality of the entire batch is made based on the results of control of a small sample of samples. A “good” batch may be mistakenly rejected (manufacturer’s risk) or a bad batch may be accepted (consumer’s risk). This risk can be reduced by increasing the sample size of control samples, but this increases costs. In practice, the consumer and manufacturer, through negotiations, agree on a sampling technique acceptable to both parties. An important role in increasing the efficiency of process control can be played by a special map, which is a diagram on which the permissible limits of quality parameters and measurement results are plotted within a specified time frame, which allows you to immediately visually detect deviations from standards and, if necessary, draw up an appropriate schedule.

The process control chart is used in cases where it is necessary to control the quality of products or services during the production process. The goal is to detect when a production process is spinning out of control and producing products of unacceptably inconsistent quality. In this case, you can urgently take the necessary measures to correct the process.

The process control method can be used in both the service and manufacturing sectors. During the day, three samples are taken at random times during the process. The process is considered to be broken if three out of five consecutive samples are outside the acceptable limits.

Product production is carried out according to a pre-developed technological process, which is carried out within a range of certain control parameters that characterize possible deviations in this process. Exceeding the permissible limits of the control parameters of the technological process entails the release of defective products, therefore monitoring the controlled parameters and analyzing the observed changes is an indispensable condition of modern production.

In addition, due to errors made during design or the need to modernize production, it is necessary to constantly make changes to the technology, which can also cause the production of products with unacceptable deviations.

Deviation of parameters occurs, as a rule, under the influence of a large number of random factors, therefore the appearance of defects and the reasons that determine them is random, and their analysis requires the use of special statistical methods for processing information characterizing the flow of the technological process of production. Let us highlight the following statistical methods for product quality control.

1 Histogram. The histogram method is an effective data processing tool and is intended for ongoing quality control during the production process, studying the capabilities of technological processes, and analyzing the work of individual performers and units. A histogram is a graphical method of presenting data grouped by how often it falls within a certain interval.

2 Delamination. This method, based only on reliable data, is used to obtain specific information and identify cause-and-effect relationships.

3 Control charts graphically reflect the dynamics of the process, i.e. changes in indicators over time. The map shows the range of inevitable dispersion, which lies within the upper and lower limits. Using this method, you can quickly trace the beginning of a drift of parameters according to any quality indicator during the technological process in order to take preventive measures and prevent defects in finished products.

Control charts are used in cases where it is necessary to control the quality of products or services during the production process.

Control charts contain information about the technological process. There are a lot of recording options. This depends on the type of product and production goals. The goal is to detect when the production process is getting out of control and immediately take the necessary steps to correct the process.

The essence of any management lies in the development of management decisions and their subsequent implementation at a specific management object. When managing product quality, the direct objects of management, as a rule, are the processes on which product quality depends. They are organized and take place both at the pre-production, production and post-production stages of the product life cycle.

Control decisions are developed based on a comparison of information about the actual state of the controlled process with its characteristics specified by the control program (forecast, plan). Regulatory documentation regulating the values of parameters or indicators of product quality (technical specifications for product development, standards, technical specifications, drawings, delivery conditions) should be considered as an important part of the product quality management program.

The main task of each enterprise (organization) is to improve the quality of the products produced and services provided. The successful operation of an enterprise must be ensured by the production of products or services that

meet clearly defined needs, application or purpose; meet consumer requirements; comply with applicable standards and specifications; meet current legislation and other requirements of society; are offered to consumers at competitive prices; aimed at making a profit.