Comprehensive vision diagnostics and treatment of diseases of the visual system. Diagnosis of eye diseases in ophthalmology: all examination methods Where to get a vision diagnosis

Many diseases can be prevented if detected early. The same applies to the visual system - the sooner problems are identified, the better. By the way, modern vision diagnostics greatly contributes to this. Neither serious diseases nor hidden pathologies can slip past the perfect equipment...

Why do you need to follow the recommendations of ophthalmologists and get checked at least once a year?

It’s probably not because there’s nothing to do that ophthalmologists around the world are trumpeting: “Check your eyesight at least once a year! Especially if you are part of any risk group!” They worry about the health of every person. Indeed, today, in the age of innovative industry, vision problems are taking on large proportions. Helpers for this are televisions, computers, our carelessness, laziness and many other things.

Meanwhile, as world practice shows, preventive examination allows:

Reveal hidden pathologies.
Diagnose significant vision problems.
Select the correct means of correction.
Prescribe adequate treatment in a timely manner: medications, devices, surgery.
Significantly reduce the side effects of treatment.

But, alas, few people follow the recommendations of ophthalmologists. Most people seek help when even surgery does not guarantee a successful outcome. After all, the causes of vision loss can be different. For example, with cataracts it decreases due to clouding of the lens, with glaucoma - due to poor circulation and increased intraocular pressure, etc.

In any case, these and other diseases without timely detection and treatment can lead to significant loss of vision, and often to complete darkness, i.e. blindness...

What does a complete diagnostic examination involve?

In many clinics they limit it to a simple check using Sivtsev’s tables. But this may not always reflect the true picture of the state of the visual system. Therefore, we need to insist on a comprehensive review.

If the clinic at your place of residence does not have the opportunity to carry it out, then you can take a free referral to an ophthalmology center or use paid services.

Comprehensive vision diagnostics includes:

Measuring visual acuity.
Determination of eye refraction.
Measuring intraocular pressure.
Biomicroscopy (examination of the eyeball through a microscope).
Pachymetry (measurement of corneal depth).
Echobiometry (measurement of eye length).
Ultrasound of the internal structures of the eye, including opaque ones.
Computer keratotopography.
Diagnosis of hidden pathologies.
Determining the level of tear production.
Visual field test.
Study of changes in the retina (with a wide pupil), optic nerve.

Such diagnostics allows us to identify all the features of the visual system and the causes of vision loss. Prediction of the outcome of a particular treatment also depends on the results.

Comprehensive vision diagnostics helps to detect diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and rheumatism at the initial stages of development. And also tuberculosis, cervical osteochondrosis, problems with the thyroid gland and many other diseases.

How is a comprehensive examination carried out?

As a rule, vision diagnostics in children and adults begins with test tables. They may depict letters, pictures and other signs.

Additionally, a test can be carried out using an autorefractometer - a device that automatically determines the refraction of the eye and the parameters of the cornea and immediately produces the result.

If vision problems are identified, the ophthalmologist will begin to select lenses of the required optical power. For this, special glasses can be used, into which test glasses are inserted, or a phoropter, a device where the lenses change automatically.

Intraocular pressure is measured using a tonometer. If glaucoma is suspected, computer perimetry is additionally performed - checking the visual field.

The anterior segment of the eye (eyelashes, eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, etc.) is examined using a biomicroscope. This is necessary to assess the condition of the cornea, check for scars on it, cloudiness in the lens, etc.

A complete picture of the condition of the eye is obtained by examining the fundus through a dilated pupil. This allows you to determine whether there are changes in the retina, what is the condition of the optic nerve, etc.

Pachymetry allows you to calculate the maximum corneal depth permissible for laser exposure. And in cases of high myopia, it helps to establish how complete the correction can be carried out and which method is best to choose for this.

And if you need topography and the refractive ability of the cornea, then a keratotopograph will come to the rescue. It can be used to examine individual optical defects of the cornea. Such diagnostics lasts only a few seconds, but during this time its entire surface is scanned.

Information obtained from the keratotopograph is also necessary for performing laser refractive correction. Indeed, during its implementation, the cornea is directly affected. At the same time, the machine produces results in the form of digital data, which allows you to predict visual acuity after laser correction. In general, diagnosis using a keratotopograph helps to identify the initial signs of keratoconus (changes in the shape of the cornea) and many other diseases.

Echobiometry allows you to measure the length of the eyeball, determine the size of the lens and the depth of the anterior chamber. Wave aberrometry - measure the optical system of the eye, identify all deviations from the norm in the retina and its other structures.

Why is it important to examine children in a timely manner (video):

A comprehensive examination allows you to more fully cover the human visual system, identify its features and weaknesses, and, of course, prescribe the most effective treatment. Do you agree? The answer is in the comments!

Ophthalmology uses instrumental research methods based on the achievements of modern science, allowing for early diagnosis of many acute and chronic diseases of the organ of vision. Leading research institutes and eye clinics are equipped with such equipment. However, an ophthalmologist of various qualifications, as well as a general practitioner, can, using a non-instrumental research method (external (external examination) of the organ of vision and its adnexal apparatus), conduct express diagnostics and make a preliminary diagnosis for many urgent ophthalmological conditions.

Diagnosis of any eye pathology begins with knowledge of the normal anatomy of the eye tissues. First you need to learn how to examine the organ of vision in a healthy person. Based on this knowledge, the most common eye diseases can be recognized.

The purpose of an ophthalmological examination is to assess the functional state and anatomical structure of both eyes. Ophthalmological problems are divided into three areas according to the place of occurrence: the adnexa of the eye (eyelids and periocular tissues), the eyeball itself and the orbit. A complete baseline survey includes all of these areas except the orbit. For its detailed examination, special equipment is required.

General examination procedure:

visual acuity test - determination of visual acuity for distance, for near with glasses, if the patient uses them, or without them, as well as through a small hole if visual acuity is less than 0.6;
autorefractometry and/or skiascopy - determination of clinical refraction;
intraocular pressure (IOP) study; when it increases, electrotonometry is performed;
study of the visual field using the kinetic method, and according to indications - static;
determination of color perception;
determination of the function of extraocular muscles (range of action in all fields of vision and screening for strabismus and diplopia);
examination of the eyelids, conjunctiva and anterior segment of the eye under magnification (using loupes or a slit lamp). The examination is carried out using dyes (sodium fluorescein or rose bengal) or without them;
examination in transmitted light - the transparency of the cornea, chambers of the eye, lens and vitreous body is determined;
fundus ophthalmoscopy.

Additional tests are used based on the results of anamnesis or initial examination.

These include:

gonioscopy - examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye;
ultrasound examination of the posterior pole of the eye;
ultrasound biomicroscopy of the anterior segment of the eyeball (UBM);
corneal keratometry - determination of the refractive power of the cornea and the radius of its curvature;
study of corneal sensitivity;
examination of fundus parts with a fundus lens;
fluorescent or indocyanine green fundus angiography (FAG) (ICZA);
electroretinography (ERG) and electrooculography (EOG);
radiological studies (x-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) of the structures of the eyeball and orbits;
diaphanoscopy (transillumination) of the eyeball;
exophthalmometry - determination of the protrusion of the eyeball from the orbit;
pachymetry of the cornea - determination of its thickness in various areas;
determining the condition of the tear film;
mirror microscopy of the cornea - examination of the endothelial layer of the cornea.

T. Birich, L. Marchenko, A. Chekina

22.01.2016 | Viewed by: 5,238 people.

Regular examination is the best prevention of eye diseases. Diagnosis of such diseases can only be carried out by an experienced ophthalmologist in a specialized equipped office. It is important that the ophthalmologist identifies the first signs of abnormalities in time. Successful treatment largely depends on the speed of their detection at the stage of reversible changes.

One examination by a doctor and a subsequent conversation with him is not enough. It is necessary to carry out additional specific examination methods using modern equipment to clarify the diagnosis and prescribe treatment. The doctor should tell you in detail about the exact diagnosis and determination of visual acuity, as well as possible deviations and pathologies.

Ultra-modern diagnostic methods help establish a highly accurate diagnosis and allow highly effective control of treatment. Here are the most common methods for diagnosing the most common eye diseases.

A doctor's examination reveals abnormalities using the following painless procedures:

A procedure that allows the ophthalmologist to see parts of the fundus on the surface of the eye. This method remains one of the most significant and popular in diagnosing eye diseases. The non-contact method is performed using a lens or a special ophthalmoscope device.

Allows you to evaluate the main function - distance visual acuity - during preventive examinations. Decreased vision is an important signal in diagnosing diseases. The examination is first carried out without correction - the patient, closing one eye at a time, names the letters on the table indicated by the ophthalmologist. If there are violations, the procedure is performed with correction using specialized frames and lenses.

This method determines the optical power of the eye and diagnoses refractive errors and vision defects: myopia, farsightedness, astigmatism. Now the procedure has begun to be carried out using refractometers, which allows the patient not to waste a lot of time and facilitates the eye doctor’s manipulations.

The study is recommended for people over 40 years of age, as they have an increased risk of developing glaucoma. The procedure measures intraocular pressure, which is carried out in the following ways: by palpation, according to Maklakov (using weights) with a pneumotonometer and others.

An important method for determining the presence of peripheral vision and diagnosing pathological diseases - glaucoma and the process of destruction of the optic nerve. The study is carried out using specialized hemispherical electrical devices on which light spots are displayed.

Vision test for color perception

Widespread and intended to determine violations of color sensitivity thresholds - color blindness. The inspection is carried out using Rabkin's polychromatic tables.

The procedure for microscopic examination of the ocular segment using a special device - a slit lamp. With significant magnification, the ophthalmologist can clearly see the tissues of the eye - the cornea and conjunctiva, as well as the lens, iris, and vitreous body.

Determines the degree of astigmatism of the anterior surface and the refractive power of the cornea. The radius of refraction is measured with an ophthalmometer.

Grishberg's simple method allows you to determine the angle of strabismus using an ophthalmoscope through which the patient is looking. The ophthalmologist determines the problem by observing the reflection of light on the corneal surface.

It is carried out in case of obstruction of the lacrimal canaliculi. Thin tubes (cannulas) with a syringe and solution are inserted into the lacrimal ducts. If the patency is normal, then the liquid from the syringe will penetrate into the nasopharynx. If there is an obstruction, the solution will not pass through and will spill out.

It is usually performed in infants and elderly people for therapeutic purposes, since they may experience stenosis of the lacrimal openings. Bougienage is carried out using expanding probes using local anesthesia.

To determine the diagnosis of common ailments, such as conjunctivitis, myopia, cataracts, such diagnostic methods are usually sufficient. However, if the eye doctor doubts the diagnosis, then additional methods of examining diseases using specialized equipment carried out in optometric centers are possible.

Additional methods in eye diagnostics

Ultrasound is a popular research tool due to the receipt of accurate and complete information and the high effectiveness of the procedure. Ultrasound examination is necessary to detect eye abnormalities, tumors, and retinal detachment.

The method determines the central field of vision for colors and is used to detect diseases of the optic nerve, glaucoma and retina. The diagnostic kampimeter consists of a special large screen, where the patient looks with each eye alternately through a slit on a black screen.

The electrophysiological research method has found wide application in the study of the cerebral cortex, retina and levels of damage to the optic nerve, and the function of the nervous department of the optical apparatus.

A method that studies the surface of the cornea before laser correction. It is carried out on an automated computer system by scanning to determine the sphericity of the surface.

Dynamic study of intraocular pressure. IOP takes about 5 minutes; in such a short period of time, you can obtain important information about the state of fluid outflow inside the eye.

The method allows you to accurately determine the thickness of the cornea; it is necessarily prescribed for laser operations

Shows the condition of the fundus and retinal vessels. A series of high-precision images are taken after the fluorescent solution is administered intravenously.

The non-contact modern OCT method is used to determine the condition of the optic nerve and retina.

Operational examination under an optical device to detect ticks.

A procedure that determines tear production. The test is performed for symptoms of dry eye. An ophthalmological test is placed on the edge of the patient's lower eyelid, which can be used to determine if it is wet with tears.

A method for accurately detecting glaucoma using a lens. The angle of the anterior chamber is examined.

It is used for retinal dystrophy and detachment, as well as to obtain data on its peripheral parts that were not detected during a classical examination.

High-precision modern instruments and a variety of techniques allow us to accurately and effectively conduct research on the visual organs at the cellular level. Most diagnostics are carried out non-contact and painlessly, without requiring prior preparation of the patient. In the relevant sections you can learn in detail about the methods for diagnosing eye diseases.

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Diagnostics in ophthalmology requires high accuracy and good equipment. For a general examination of the eyeball, you need a microscope with a special illuminator - slit lamp, and for fundus examination - several types ophthalmoscopes(direct, reverse).

Determination of visual acuity (visometry) is carried out using projection equipment and a set of trial lenses or a phoropter. To determine a patient’s nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism, a device is needed autorefkeratometer, which automatically focuses on the retina, determines the refraction, the optical power of the cornea and prints the result. To determine intraocular pressure, several methods are usually used: non-contact pneumotonometer, Maklakov tonometer and Goldmann applanation tonometer or tonograph.

Computer perimetry allows you to determine the boundaries of the field of vision in patients. Ultrasound research methods(A-method, B-scan) allow you to measure the size of the eyeball and its internal structures, study the acoustic transparency of the vitreous body and the position of the membranes of the eyeball. Keratotopograph and pachymeter give an idea of the refractive power, topography of the corneal surface and its thickness. All these devices are available at the Ophthalmological Center of the SM-Clinic holding. But we are also equipped with equipment that few clinics can afford: an optical coherence tomograph, a fundus camera, an optical non-contact biometer, a digital slit lamp.

The parameters of the eyeball are measured in diopters, millimeters and microns, and pressure in millimeters of mercury. The most thorough examinations are carried out before eye surgeries, since an error in measuring the optical axis of the eye of 1 mm corresponds to 3 diopters in glasses. And an error in measuring intraocular pressure can lead to serious damage to the optic nerve during dynamic monitoring of glaucoma.

Diagnosis of eye diseases is carried out according to certain generally accepted schemes, but may also include the use of additional equipment. Patients with cataracts undergo a slit-lamp examination, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, corneal optical power, and ultrasound examinations. In patients with glaucoma, in addition, intraocular pressure is measured using several methods and the boundaries of the visual field are checked. For patients with refractive diseases (myopia, farsightedness, astigmatism), refraction is measured not only with a narrow, but also with a wide pupil.

allows for ultra-fine diagnostics of the condition of the optic nerve and diseases of the central zone of the retina. allows you to show the patient the condition of his fundus, as well as discuss the features of vascular changes with related specialists - cardiologists, neurologists, endocrinologists. The digital slit lamp allows the patient to be shown a picture of the anterior part of the eye before and after surgical treatment. A non-contact optical biometer measures the parameters of the eyeball and automatically calculates artificial lenses for a given refractive result. Each disease requires an individual approach and the use of special equipment, just as each patient needs special care and attention.

Prices for diagnostic services of an ophthalmologist "SM-Clinic" (Moscow)

Service name	Price (RUB)*
Standard ophthalmological examination (autorefractometry, visometry, pneumotonometry, biomicroscopy of the anterior part of the eye, biomicroscopy of the fundus with a narrow pupil, total perimetry, consultation with an ophthalmologist)	RUB 3,470
Extended ophthalmological examination (autorefractometry, visometry, tonometry, computer perimetry and/or contact (non-contact) biometry, fundus ophthalmoscopy in conditions of mydriasis (in the absence of contraindications), consultation with	RUB 4,830
Optical coherence tomography of the optic nerve (1 eye)	RUB 1,790
Examination of the fundus using a Fundus camera (1 eye)	RUB 1,790
Fluorescein angiography of the fundus (1 eye)	RUB 3,470
Examination of the fundus with an ophthalmochromoscope (color)	840 rub.
Study of visual acuity with correction by a spherical lens	740 rub.
Binocular vision study	320 rub.
Pachymetry / Computer perimetry	630 / 1050 rub.
Ophthalmometry / Computer ophthalmotonometry	370 / 580 rub.
Ophthalmoscopy with aspheric lens (1 eye)	370 rub.

The insidiousness of many eye diseases is that with similar symptoms, pathologies can have significant differences and require different, sometimes radically opposite, approaches to treatment. For example, wearing glasses, which is useful in one case, will cause serious harm in another, and all this with the same reduced visual acuity.

In order to choose the right and truly effective treatment,
it is extremely important to conduct a thorough, as objective examination of the visual system as possible
and identify the exact cause of the disease!

What does vision diagnostics include at the Excimer Clinic?

Each of our patients undergoes a comprehensive examination of the visual system, which, depending on the indications, may include:

Visometry
The procedure for determining visual acuity using special tables with symbols of different sizes, which the patient views from a certain distance. This is the simplest and most accessible study - and ophthalmologists in minimally equipped optical shops or clinics usually limit themselves to it.
The disadvantage of visometry is its subjectivity: what the patient said is taken on faith. This is not suitable for testing vision in children or in people who know vision testing tables by heart, as well as in many other cases - therefore, in such modern high-tech clinics as Excimer, along with visometry, which has long become a classic of ophthalmology, they also use other, much more objective research methods.
Refractometry
The study of the so-called classical refraction, that is, the ability of the optical system of the eye to refract light rays and focus them strictly on the retina. This procedure is carried out using a special device - an autorefractometer. Based on the results of this study, the doctor determines the type of refraction and the degree of visual impairment by measuring the refractive power of the eye in diopters. The diagnosis of “emmetropia” means that the refraction is normal, vision is fine; “hyperopia” (“farsightedness”) – that there are visual impairments at close range, and “myopia” (“myopia”) – on the contrary, at a distance.
Tonometry
A diagnostic procedure necessary to assess the risk of developing glaucoma, which consists of measuring intraocular pressure. Previously, such a study was carried out by installing special weights on the surface of the cornea; this method is still used in ordinary clinics today. At the Excimer clinic, this procedure is carried out using modern equipment, non-contact.
Non-contact tonometry is performed using a pneumatic tonometer, which produces a directed air flow, and this, acting on the cornea of the eye at a certain speed, leads to a certain deformation of the eyeball, which is recorded by special tonometer sensors. This is a quick and painless method that has proven itself in measuring intraocular pressure even in children.
Perimetry
Visual field examination, one of the methods for diagnosing glaucoma, partial atrophy of the optic nerve and other eye diseases. Based on the nature of changes in the visual field, the doctor can determine the localization of the pathological process - such changes are different with lesions of the retina, optic nerve, visual centers of the brain, etc.
This diagnostic procedure is carried out using a device called a perimeter. The Förster perimeter can be used, which is a tabletop metal arc with a special graduation, or an automatic computer perimeter, the procedure on which is performed using points alternately displayed in different parts of the screen. For each eye, the visual field examination is carried out separately.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the most modern method to date for studying various structures of the visual system. Using OCT, two- and three-dimensional images of the retina and optic nerve head can be taken; such a study allows one to obtain an optical section of the layers of the eye, which provides expanded opportunities for diagnosing dangerous neoplasms of the choroid, macular holes and edema, peripheral retinal dystrophy, glaucoma, and various inflammatory eye diseases, etc.
This procedure does not require special preparation, but with medicinal dilation of the pupil, the information content of such a study increases.
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT angiography, OCT)
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT angiography) is a modern non-invasive method for studying the vessels of the fundus without the introduction of a contrast agent. This procedure allows you to identify the risk of hemorrhages and other problems that can lead to vision impairment. OCT angiography is successfully used in the diagnosis of such dangerous eye diseases as age-related macular degeneration (macular degeneration), diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein thrombosis, etc.
This study has no contraindications; it is performed on children, elderly people and patients with allergic reactions. The procedure takes a few minutes and, due to its harmlessness, can be carried out with any frequency, which allows for high-quality monitoring of the state of the circulatory system of the eye.
Fluorescein angiography (FA)
Fluorescein angiography (FA) is a study of different areas of the eye with a contrast agent used to visualize blood vessels. After intravenous administration of the dye, the doctor monitors the distribution of the contrast through video or photography.
This study allows you to obtain information about the integrity and patency of the veins, arteries and capillaries of the eye; FA makes it possible to diagnose various eye pathologies at the initial stage.
Aberrometry
During the aberrometry procedure, an eye scan is performed to examine all the features and distortions present in the visual system. The unique capabilities of the diagnostic equipment available in the arsenal of specialists at the Excimer Clinic make it possible to record aberrations not only of the cornea, but also of the lens and vitreous body, as well as the condition of the tear film, cameras of the visual apparatus, etc.
Based on the data obtained from aberrometric analysis, the shape of the cornea can be modeled to fully compensate for the detected distortions - taking this information into account, the laser vision correction procedure is performed with unprecedented accuracy with the highest quality results. If necessary, such an analysis can be carried out as part of a comprehensive examination of the visual system.
Electroretinography (ERG)
Electroretinography is a neurophysiological study that allows not only to diagnose diseases of the retina and optic nerve, but also to accurately predict possible changes in the visual system. This unique procedure provides invaluable information that allows for both treatment and timely, targeted and effective prevention of dangerous pathologies of the visual organs.
To conduct such a study, special electrodes are placed on the patient’s eyes and back of the head, recording bioelectric impulses that appear in response to the action of a light stimulus. ERG can be performed both in a darkened room and in the light; this procedure is carried out under local drip anesthesia, which does not have a negative effect on the body of patients of any age.
Color vision testing
Impaired color perception in some cases is one of the symptoms of the development of some dangerous pathology of the visual system (for example, glaucoma, retinal detachment, pigmentary dystrophy, etc.). Underestimation of negative changes in color vision leads to delayed diagnosis, which can reduce the effectiveness of treatment for eye diseases.
To analyze the characteristics and anomalies of color perception, multicolor pigment tables and various computer tests are used. This diagnostic procedure is mandatory for people whose professional activities involve severe visual stress - pilots, vehicle drivers, railway workers, etc. Studying the capabilities of color vision in these cases is necessary to obtain permission to work.
Gonioscopy
During gonioscopy, an examination of the anterior chamber of the eyeball is carried out; this is done to accurately diagnose glaucoma and other eye diseases - for example, with changes in intraocular pressure that accompany tumor processes affecting the organs of vision. Such a study is also performed when anomalies are detected in the structure of the visual apparatus, when a foreign body enters the anterior chamber of the eye, and in other cases.
The procedure is performed using special goniolenses (also called gonioscopes) in combination with a slit lamp.
Biomicroscopy
The procedure for examining various areas of the eye using a special ophthalmological microscope - a slit lamp. During biomicroscopy, the conjunctiva, cornea, iris, vitreous body, lens, and central parts of the fundus are examined in detail.
This procedure allows you to diagnose various pathologies, examine injured areas of the eyeball, determine the location of the smallest foreign bodies in the conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber of the eye and lens. Biomicroscopy is performed in a dark room, this is done in order to create maximum contrast between the darkened and illuminated areas of the eye.
Ophthalmoscopy
Ophthalmoscopy is an examination of the fundus of the eye using special optical instruments. This procedure makes it possible to assess the condition of the retina and optic nerve head, and examine the blood vessels of the eye.
Ophthalmoscopy allows you to determine the localization and extent of various pathological processes occurring in the eye, for example, to examine thinned areas or places of retinal breaks, to estimate the number of affected areas. Ophthalmoscopy is performed both with a narrow and dilated pupil.
Pupillometry
A diagnostic procedure during which the size of the pupil is measured under lighting of varying intensities. Photographing the pupil is performed using special equipment equipped with an infrared camera. Pupillometry allows you to find out the condition of the muscles of the iris and is used in the diagnosis of various eye diseases.
When assessing the results of this diagnostic procedure, changes in the diameter of the pupils are taken into account depending not only on lighting, but also on the direction of gaze, age, and general condition of the patient.
Lensmetry (lensmetry)
A method of optical analysis of glasses used by a patient for vision correction. Such a study is carried out using a special lensmeter (dioptrimeter), which makes it possible to examine spectacle lenses of any type, including bifocal and progressive.
During the procedure, the optical power of the lens is measured, the position of the main meridians of its astigmatic glass is revealed, and the optical center is determined and fixed. These measurements allow for the most personalized, precise selection of glasses.
Pachymetry
Measuring corneal thickness. This diagnostic procedure is required during examination before refractive surgery, and it is also necessary after surgical treatment. Pachymetry is also part of the examination for diseases such as glaucoma, corneal edema, degenerative processes in the tissues of the eye, keratoconus, etc.
This diagnostic procedure can be carried out in two ways - using a slit lamp (for pachymetry, additional equipment is additionally installed on it) or through ultrasound, the results of which are more accurate.
Keratometry
A method for analyzing the optical power of the cornea, which consists of studying the radius of curvature of its surface. This procedure is a mandatory part of a comprehensive diagnostic examination for diseases such as keratoconus and keratoglobus, glaucoma, astigmatism, etc. Keratometry is also performed to measure the curvature of the anterior part of the cornea when selecting contact correction and to assess the general condition of the eye in preparation for surgical interventions.
The examination can be carried out manually, using an ophthalmological ruler, but in modern ophthalmological clinics special keratometer devices are used that scan the cornea literally in seconds.
Biometrics
Study of the parameters of the eyeball, the depth of the anterior chamber of the eye, the size of the vitreous body and cornea, the thickness of the lens, etc. This procedure is carried out when preparing the patient for laser vision correction; it is mandatory when examining for myopia, cataracts, glaucoma and other eye diseases.
In terms of information content, biometrics surpasses many other studies. Such a study is performed using contact ultrasound or a more advanced non-contact optical method.

If indicated, additional diagnostic studies may be performed.

Diagnostic equipment of the Excimer clinic

Autorefkeratotonometer is a multifunctional diagnostic device that includes an autorefractometer, an autokeratometer and a non-contact tonometer, and performs several types of studies. Using this device, you can quickly and accurately study the refraction of the eye, measure the distance between the pupils, as well as the radius of curvature of the cornea and the diameter of the pupils (this is necessary to determine the laser exposure zone for excimer laser correction).
A multifunctional diagnostic device that includes an autorefractometer, an autokeratometer and a non-contact tonometer, and performs several types of studies. Using this device, you can quickly and accurately study the refraction of the eye, measure the distance between the pupils, as well as the radius of curvature of the cornea and the diameter of the pupils (this is necessary to determine the laser exposure zone for excimer laser correction).
It is successfully used to measure refraction in children of any age, starting literally from the first days of life. This device allows you to analyze the corneal reflex (symmetrical or asymmetrical), measure the diameter of the pupils and the distance between them, and build a picture of gaze fixation.
Recognized as the “gold standard” of perimetry, this device allows you to obtain highly accurate information about the visual field, violations of which can be diagnosed in pathology of the neuroreceptor apparatus. Thanks to such diagnostics, it is possible to promptly recognize diseases of the retina and optic nerve (such as glaucoma, macular degeneration) and take therapeutic measures to help avoid irreversible loss of vision.
A combined system, standardly consisting of a phoropter, an SSC-370 screen sign projector, a built-in printer and a memory card. The COS-5100 system is equipped with a microprocessor and has centralized control, allowing the exchange of research data between connected devices and processing of results. Various configuration options are possible.
Designed to determine visual acuity, study binocular and color vision, and identify various visual anomalies. The working distance on this sign projector can be set in the range from 3 to 6 meters in 1 cm increments. The device allows you to conduct high-precision tests aimed at studying visual acuity in conditions of reduced image contrast.
Allows you to measure intraocular pressure in a non-contact way, without touching the surface of the eye. This is done using a directed stream of air. The patient feels only a slight whiff of warm air, which eliminates any discomfort and infection. The device has functions of automatic focusing, automatic shooting, as well as a function of minimizing the pressure of the air stream during measurement (APS).
Designed for computer topography of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea and a comprehensive study of the anterior segment of the eye. Non-contact measurement takes only 1-2 seconds; in total, up to 25,000 real elevation points are analyzed to build a 3D model of the anterior segment of the eye. Using an automatic measurement guidance control system, important parameters such as the curvature of the anterior and posterior surface of the cornea, the total optical power of the cornea, the depth of the anterior chamber and its 360° angle, etc. are calculated.
Allows you to measure intraocular pressure in a non-contact way, without touching the surface of the eye. This is done using a directed stream of air. The patient feels only a slight whiff of warm air, which eliminates any discomfort and infection. The device has functions of automatic focusing, automatic shooting, as well as a function of minimizing the pressure of the air stream during measurement (APS).
A combined biometric device for obtaining human eye data necessary for calculating an implantable intraocular lens. Using this device, the length of the eye axis, the radius of curvature of the cornea, the depth of the anterior chamber of the eye, and much more are measured during one session. Such equipment allows for high-precision selection of an artificial lens in just 1 minute!
Studies using this diagnostic device make it possible to determine distortions (aberrations) of the visual system of both lower (myopia, farsightedness and astigmatism) and higher orders (coma, distortion, spherical aberrations). High-precision data obtained from an aberrometer study is used to carry out personalized laser vision correction using the Custom Vue method.
Designed to obtain two- and three-dimensional images of the retina and optic nerve head, as well as structures of the anterior segment of the eye. Ultra-high scanning speed, increased resolution, and advanced diagnostic protocols allow RTVue-100 to assess the condition of fundus structures with the highest accuracy. The device has such exclusive capabilities as EnFace analysis of detachments of the pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina, retinoschisis, and epiretinal membranes. RTVue-100 is highly informative for the early diagnosis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Using this device, the quantitative and qualitative composition of the corneal endothelium is determined. The layer of endothelial cells ensures the transparency of the cornea; analysis of its condition is necessary before deciding to perform microsurgical operations for patients with corneal pathologies, as well as for those who use contact lenses.
This slit lamp is easy to handle, easily moved in all directions, and has built-in microscopes with high resolution, depth of field and ideal stereo imaging. Using this device, a detailed ophthalmological examination is carried out, and biomicroscopy of the eye is performed. The device is equipped with a set of special filters that allow you to examine the blood vessels of the eye, the cornea and other eye structures with maximum accuracy.
An automatic dioptrimeter (lensmeter) is used to measure the optical characteristics of various types of spectacle lenses, reducing the time of this operation to a minimum. Using this device, the optical power of the lens, expressed in diopters, can be measured, the positions of the main meridians of the astigmatic glass of the lens can be identified in order to determine and fix its optical center. The software on which the dioptrimeter operates ensures the highest accuracy of all measurements.
A computer tonograph accurately measures fluctuations in intraocular pressure, the rate of production and outflow of intraocular fluid. A CT scan is very important for those diagnosed with glaucoma (with glaucoma, the circulation of fluid in the eye is usually impaired). Studying the hydrodynamics of the eye using this device significantly expands the possibilities of early diagnosis of glaucoma.

The quality of a diagnostic examination directly depends on the level of technical equipment of the clinic. Modern computerized diagnostic devices that our doctors have at their disposal are capable of recording any deviations from the norm, which ensures an accurate diagnosis even at the earliest stages of the disease.

How to properly prepare for a diagnostic examination?

Some types of studies in complex vision diagnostics are carried out using drops that dilate the pupil. Considering this factor, you should not plan visual work for the next few hours after undergoing diagnostic procedures. Also, you should not come for diagnostics while driving; driving a car with a dilated pupil is dangerous.
In order for studies such as measuring corneal thickness, etc. to be as accurate as possible, it is recommended not to use hard contact lenses 2 weeks before diagnosis. It is advisable to remove soft contact lenses in the morning on the day of diagnosis, but this can also be done in the clinic, half an hour before the examination.
On the day of vision diagnostics, it is recommended to refrain from using decorative eye cosmetics.

Who should get tested first?

Regular monitoring of the state of the visual system is necessary for those who have suffered any injuries or inflammatory eye diseases, people with a family history, those suffering from high degrees of myopia and farsightedness, and anyone undergoing a long course of hormonal therapy.

It is also worth visiting eye specialists more often:

For those who have crossed the 45-year mark. Age-related changes affecting the eyes increase the risk of developing diseases such as cataracts and glaucoma, and problems with the retina are also possible. Almost all patients of this age begin to develop presbyopia (age-related farsightedness).
Pregnant women. Pregnancy affects a woman’s entire body and the visual system is no exception. Particular attention should be paid to the condition of the retina, since during natural childbirth there is a risk of its ruptures and detachments.
Suffering from diabetes mellitus, heart and vascular diseases, etc. For diseases that can have a negative impact on the state of the visual system, regular examinations are necessary in order to take timely measures to maintain eye health.
For everyone who uses contact lenses, even the most modern lenses are a foreign body to the eyes, so it is necessary to constantly monitor the condition of the cornea, which is regularly exposed to traumatic effects.

Do I need to be examined if there are no vision problems?

Some visual pathologies in the early stages may be asymptomatic. For example, a disease such as glaucoma may not initially manifest itself, but if appropriate measures are not taken in time, glaucoma leads to irreversible loss of vision. The same applies to retinal pathology. Certain disturbances in its functioning can only be identified during a detailed examination of the fundus - and without the intervention of a specialist, there is a risk of serious deterioration in visual functions.

Many modern people spend long hours at the computer, forgetting to take at least minimal breaks. At the same time, the visual system may undergo changes that are not immediately noticeable, similar to ordinary fatigue, and without urgent treatment can lead to serious problems.

If we talk about children, then we cannot do without the professional attention of an ophthalmologist - there are often cases when an objective, competent diagnosis of possible deviations in the development of the child’s visual system and timely treatment help prevent the development of dangerous ailments.

For pregnant women, ophthalmological examinations are required with a thorough examination of the condition of the fundus at 6, 10 - 14 and 32 - 36 weeks of pregnancy.

Diagnostic examinations of the visual system are mandatory before microsurgical interventions for the patient. This allows you to identify possible contraindications, determine the individual parameters of the operation as accurately as possible and predict its result.

advantages of diagnostics at the excimer clinic

In our clinic, consultations are conducted only by highly qualified specialists who have extensive experience in conducting all types of modern diagnostic procedures.
Modern equipment available in the arsenal of doctors at the Excimer clinic allows you to analyze the state of the visual system with the highest accuracy, which, if any abnormalities in the functioning of the eyes are detected, is extremely important for making the correct diagnosis and choosing an effective treatment method.
All studies are carried out in a short time.

Question - answer

Cost of basic services

Service	Price (RUB)	By map
Diagnostics
Comprehensive examination of the visual organ and consultation with an ophthalmologist ? Determination of individual parameters of the patient’s visual system using a set of diagnostic equipment with consultation with an ophthalmologist.	2900 ₽	2600 ₽
Comprehensive examination of the organ of vision and consultation with an ophthalmologist upon re-application (at the end of 3 months after the provision of the service) ? Determination of individual parameters of the patient’s visual system using a set of diagnostic equipment with consultation with an ophthalmologist during dynamic monitoring of the state of the visual system	2450 ₽	2200 ₽
Consultation with an ophthalmologist upon re-application ? Examination and consultation with an ophthalmologist during dynamic monitoring of the state of the visual system	1600 ₽	1500 ₽
Consultation with professor, doctor of medical sciences, leading surgeon of the clinic ? Examination and consultation with professor, MD. Pershin Kirill Borisovich	9000 ₽	8500 ₽
Consultation with the Chief Physician of the Excimer Clinic, MD, Professor ? Examination and consultation with professor, MD. Pashinova Nadezhda Fedorovna	5000 ₽