Aspartic amino acid. Functions of aspartic acid and asparagine
D-aspartic acid (DAA) is an essential regulator of nerve impulses, representing a neurotransmitter. In all vertebrates and almost all invertebrate living beings, this endogenous amino acid is involved in the formation of the nervous system and its functioning.
The human body can independently restore the necessary content of DAA, synthesizing it in sufficient quantities throughout the entire life cycle.
Action of D-aspartic acid
The main task of DAA in the human life system is to ensure the synapse of neurons, which allows for the stable transmission of nerve impulses carrying information about various pathogens.
D-aspartic acid is also involved in the regulation of endocrine system processes, where it promotes the release of a certain group of hormones and their subsequent synthesis more thoroughly. By promoting an increase in the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, DAA transmits information from the hormone to the receptor, thereby activating endocrine and nervous mechanisms.
D-aspartic acid in bodybuilding is used to increase testosterone levels; this is not only its main task, but also a strategically important necessity during increased physical activity. Testosterone synthesis through DAA occurs as a result of a complex process of stimulation of mechanisms occurring in the hypothalamus.
As a result of such stimulation, a hormone is produced, which becomes possible due to the secretion of gonadoliberin. A fully completed synthesis process leads to the production of testosterone and further hypertrophy of muscle tissue through physical or mechanical action.
One of the controversial, but formally proven actions of DAA is an increase in the production of progesterone by the testes, which synthesizes a number of important hormones, including testosterone and neurosteroids.
How to take DAA
According to medical research, the most effective is a course of taking DAA, designed for a five-week period. The daily dose of d-aspartic acid should be calculated based on three grams of the substance per two meals. The first intake is combined with a protein shake in the first half of the day, preferably immediately after sleep, the second in the afternoon meal, immediately before it.
Using an amino acid for less than three weeks is considered ineffective and useless.
Contraindications and side effects
D-aspartic acid in bodybuilding can often have a negative effect. Thus, the production of progesterone promotes the synthesis of cortisol, which is actively involved in the formation of adipose tissue and the destruction of muscle tissue.
Also an undesirable effect is the regulation of the secretion of prolactin, a hormone that is unacceptable in excess quantities for athletes. DAA has an extremely negative effect on blood androgens, which causes uncontrolled aggression and increased agitation.
The formula differs in the location of the amine head relative to the acid tail.
Although the difference is small, they are different compounds that do different jobs in the body. L - aspartic acid - is part of proteins, while D - aspartic acid - is free-living, it has its own fate and its own role.
During chemical synthesis, both amino acids are formed in equal proportions. In the body, part of L-aspartic acid is converted into D-aspartate under the influence of special enzymes. In the human body, it is found in cartilage, tooth enamel, brain, and in the membranes of red blood cells.
Neurotransmitter
D-aspartate is a neurotransmitter, i.e. a substance that promotes the transmission of signals through nerve cells. It accumulates in high concentrations in the brain and retina of the fetus, and its concentration decreases with age. In older people and patients with Alzheimer's disease, the concentration of D-aspartate in the white matter of the brain is lower than in healthy people. D-aspartate is involved in the processes of information processing and memory formation.
It is a precursor for the production of the substance N-methyl-D-aspartate, i.e. A methyl group is attached to D-aspartate, and thus a substance is synthesized, which is abbreviated as NMDA. This substance is an activator of NMDA receptors, which trigger the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, which conducts impulses from one neuron to another. D-aspartic acid can also trigger the activation of NMDA receptors.
NMDA receptors are a complex system in which, in addition to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) itself, the amino acid takes part glycine, as well as trace elements calcium and magnesium. The largest number of NMDA receptors are located in the nervous tissue of the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, amygdala and striatum. It is these structures that are responsible for the accumulation and storage of information, i.e. for learning and memory, and in these structures the greatest accumulation of D-asparginate and its derivative NMDA occurs. Studies done on rats have shown that D-aspartate improves their memory.
Effect on hormonal metabolism
In the pineal gland, it regulates the production of melatonin, the sleep hormone. Being an excitatory neurotransmitter, D-aspartate suppresses its secretion, so D-aspartate preparations are not recommended to be taken at night. It is better to do this immediately after waking up or during the day.
D-aspartic acid activates both male and female reproductive organs through hormonal balance. In the brain, it affects the pituitary gland, causing it to produce more growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor, prolactin, as well as gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which increases the production of female sex hormones (follicle-stimulating and luteinizing), and testosterone.
In addition, D-aspartate accumulates in the testicles in Leiding and Sertolli cells, where it directly stimulates the production of the male sex hormone - testosterone. In addition, it increases the production of nitric oxide (NO) by 30%, which, in turn, dilates blood vessels, which improves erection. Taking D-aspartate increases potency, improves the quality and quantity of sperm. Increasing testosterone production is not only and not so much sexual pleasure, but strengthening the bone skeleton and increasing muscle mass, which is why D-aspartic acid preparations are loved by bodybuilders.
In women, D-aspartate can cause an increase in sexuality and fertility, which is not surprising, because testosterone is responsible for attraction, prolactin is responsible for the feeling of affection, and follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones are responsible for the regulation of the cycle.
In the thyroid gland, D-aspartate increases the production of thyroid hormones, especially T3 and T4.
Studies have not shown any effect of D-aspartate on fat tissue.
Application in sports
D-aspartic acid has an anabolic effect, and this effect is obtained naturally, due to the activation of its own hormonal mechanisms, and not due to hormones introduced from the outside.
The use of D-aspartic acid preparations allows you to increase the level of your own testosterone, somatotropin and insulin-like growth factor, which increases muscle mass and strength, and also improves libido.
A safe level of D-aspartate is 3 g per day. Maximum – 20 g/day. American bodybuilders recommend 5-10 g per day.
The dose of the drug should be taken 3 times a day, 1 g: the first dose - immediately after waking up, the second and third - before meals.
Indications and contraindications
The drug is recommended for men over 21 years of age with testosterone levels at the lower limit of normal. The drug makes sense for low libido levels, as well as for the purpose of raising the natural level of anabolic hormones.
The drug is contraindicated:
- Women - due to the lack of information about the effect on the female body
- Men under 21 years of age
- With increased testosterone levels
- With increased levels of dihydrotestosterone and/or estrogens in the body
- For thyrotoxicosis
Side effects
When taking the drug in a dosage of no more than 3 g per day, no side effects were observed. When studying electrolytes, liver enzymes, glucose, urea, creatinine, all indicators were within the physiological norm.
Meanwhile, undesirable reactions are possible, and they are associated with the main effect of the drug: an increase in the synthesis of sex hormones and their associated imbalance.
An increase in dihydrotestosterone can lead to hair loss and acne.
An increase in general excitability up to uncontrolled aggression is possible.
Hormonal imbalance can lead to an increase in the production of progesterone, which increases cortisol, which leads to the active formation of fat tissue at the expense of muscle tissue.
An increase in estrogen levels can lead to phenomena such as prostate disease, gynecomastia (female breast enlargement in men) and decreased libido.
An increase in prolactin levels is possible, which is extremely undesirable for men, because libido decreases and gynecomastia occurs.
Efficiency
It should be noted that the effectiveness of the drug remains controversial. American bodybuilders estimate it to be no more than 20% of the declared value. In a controlled human experiment in which subjects took 3 g of D-aspartate per day (or a placebo dummy) for 4 workouts per week, no difference was noted. The authors indicate that they found no effect of D-aspartate on body composition, muscle strength, or blood hormone levels.
Another study found that total and free testosterone levels in the D-aspartate group decreased both compared to the control group and compared to baseline hormone levels.
All this suggests that the effects of the drug D-aspartate remain unstudied, and scientific data are contradictory. Some people consider it possible to experiment on themselves, others refrain from doing so. Everyone decides for himself how justified it is to interfere with the body’s hormonal levels in order to achieve sports goals.
Biological role of amino acids
Essential:
It is a third branched amino acid, one of the main components in growth and
synthesis of body tissue. Used to treat depression as it acts in
as a mild stimulant compound. Helps prevent
neurological diseases and treat multiple sclerosis, as it protects
the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord
brain. Together with leucine and isoleucine, it serves as a source of energy in muscle
cells, and also prevents a decrease in serotonin levels. Decreases
the body's sensitivity to pain, cold and heat. The deficiency may be caused by
deficiency of B vitamins, or complete vitamins (rich in all essential
amino acid) proteins.
The main source is animal products:
- Milk
– Hazelnuts.
Histidine
Histidine, in contrast to other amino acids, is almost 60 percent
absorbed through the intestines.
It plays an important role in protein metabolism, in the synthesis of hemoglobin, red and
white blood cells, is one of the most important regulators of coagulation
blood. Contained in large quantities in hemoglobin; used for
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, ulcers and anemia; promotes growth and
tissue restoration. A lack of histidine can cause hearing loss.
Histidine is excreted more easily than other amino acids in the urine. Because he ties
zinc, large doses can lead to a deficiency of this metal.
Natural sources of histidine:
– Bananas
- Beef
Isoleucine
One of the three so-called branched chain amino acids
Amino Acids, BCAA "s). These amino acids play an important role in the formation
muscle tissue. Isoleucine deficiency results in loss of muscle mass.
Since it plays a significant role in obtaining energy through
breakdown of muscle glycogen, lack of isoleucine also leads to the manifestation
hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), manifested in lethargy and
drowsiness. Low levels of isoleucine are observed in patients without
appetite due to nervousness (anorexia).
Supplied with all products containing complete protein:
- Milk
– Hazelnut
Leucine
Leucine is also a branched amino acid necessary for the construction
and development of muscle tissue, protein synthesis by the body, to strengthen
immune system. Lowers blood sugar and promotes
faster healing of wounds and bones. It has been established that alcoholics do not have it and
drug addicts. Leucine, like isoleucine, can serve as a source of energy for
cellular level. It also prevents the overproduction of serotonin and
the onset of fatigue associated with this process. The disadvantage of this
amino acids may be due to either poor nutrition or
lack of vitamin B6.
Natural sources of leucine:
- Corn
- Milk
- Hazelnut.
Lysine
Ensures proper absorption of calcium; participates in the formation of collagen (from
which then forms cartilage and connective tissue); actively participates in
production of antibodies, hormones and enzymes. Lysine serves as a starting material in the body
substance for the synthesis of carnitine. American scientists report that
A single dose of 5000 mg of lysine increases carnitine levels by 6 times.
An additional beneficial effect when taking it is the accumulation
calcium. Recent studies have shown that lysine, by improving overall balance
nutrients, may be useful in the fight against herpes. Shortage
lysine adversely affects protein synthesis, which leads to
fatigue, inability to concentrate, irritability, damage
blood vessels of the eyes, hair loss, anemia and problems in the reproductive sphere.
Natural sources of lysine:
- Potato
- Milk
– Wheat
- Lentils.
Methionine
Is the main supplier of sulfur, which prevents disorders in
formation of hair, skin and nails; helps lower cholesterol levels,
enhancing the production of lecithin by the liver; lowers the level of fat in the liver,
protects the kidneys; participates in the removal of heavy metals from the body; regulates
formation of ammonia and clears urine of it, which reduces the load on the urinary tract
bubble; affects hair follicles and supports hair growth. Also
important dietary compound with anti-aging effects as it is involved
in the formation of nucleic acid - a regenerating component of proteins
collagen. Cystine and taurine (an amino acid found in large quantities
in the muscles of the heart and skeletal muscles, as well as in the central nervous
system) are synthesized from methionine. Excessive methionine intake
leads to accelerated loss of calcium.
Natural sources of methionine:
– Fish – Brazil nut
– Liver – Corn
synthesis of immunoglobulins and antibodies. An important component of collagen, elastin and
enamel protein; participates in the fight against fat deposition in the liver; supports
smoother functioning of the digestive and intestinal tracts; accepts the general
participation in metabolic and assimilation processes. An important component in synthesis
purines, which in turn decompose urea, a by-product of the synthesis
Regulates the transmission of nerve impulses by neurotransmitters in the brain and helps
fight depression. Research has shown that it can reduce
wheat gluten intolerance.
It is known that glycine and serine are synthesized in the body from threonine in plasma
infants' blood is present in large quantities to protect the immune system
Natural sources of threonine:
- Milk
– Wheat
- Beef.
Tryptophan
It is primary in relation to niacin (vitamin B) and serotonin, which,
participating in brain processes controls appetite, sleep, mood and
pain threshold. Natural relaxant, helps fight insomnia,
causing normal sleep; helps combat anxiety and
depression; helps in the treatment of migraine headaches; strengthens
immune system; reduces the risk of spasms of the arteries and heart muscle; along with
Lysine fights to lower cholesterol levels. Tryptophan breaks down to
serotonin is a neurotransmitter that puts us to sleep.
You should forget about medications with tryptophan because the drug is discredited,
due to an error in its production technology by a Japanese corporation
Natural sources of tryptophan:
– Cashew nuts
- Milk
Phenylalanine
Used by the body to produce tyrosine and three important hormones -
epinerphine, norepinephrine and thyroxine. Used by the brain for
produced by Norepinephrine, a substance that transmits signals from nerves
cells to the brain; keeps us awake and
receptivity; reduces hunger; works as an antidepressant and
helps improve memory performance. Suppresses appetite and relieves pain.
Regulates the functioning of the thyroid gland and promotes the regulation of natural color
skin through the formation of the pigment melanin.
This amino acid plays an important role in the synthesis of proteins such as insulin,
papain and melanin, and also promotes the excretion of products by the kidneys and liver
metabolism. Increased consumption of phenylalanine contributes to increased
synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin. In addition, phenylalanine plays an important
role in the synthesis of thyroxine - this thyroid hormone regulates the rate
metabolism. Some people have severe allergies to
phenylalanine, so this amino acid must be named on the label.
Pregnant and nursing mothers should not take phenylalanine.
Natural sources of phenylalanine:
- Milk
– Hazelnut
– Peanut
Semi-essential:
Tyrosine
Tyrosine is necessary for the normal functioning of the adrenal glands, thyroid gland and
pituitary gland, creating red and white blood cells. Synthesis of melanin, pigment
skin and hair, also requires the presence of tyrosine. Tyrosine has powerful
stimulating properties. For chronic depression, for which there is no
There are generally accepted methods of treatment, consumption of 100 mg of this amino acid
per day leads to significant improvement. In the body, tyrosine is converted to
DOPA, and then into dopamine, which regulates blood pressure and urination, and
also participates in the first stage of the synthesis of norepinephrine and epinephrine
(adrenaline). Tyrosine interferes with the conversion of phenylalanine to epinephrine, and therefore
is an essential amino acid for adult men. It is necessary
men suffering from phenylketonuria (a genetic disease in which
the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is difficult). Tyrosine also causes
increased secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. When determining food
the value of proteins should take into account the sum of the contents of tyrosine and phenylalanine,
since the first is obtained from the second. In kidney diseases, synthesis
tyrosine in the body can be sharply weakened, so in this case it
must be taken as a supplement.
Natural sources of tyrosine:
- Milk
– Peanut
- Beans
The cystine molecule consists of two cysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond.
communication Cysteine can replace methionine in food proteins. It is necessary for
hair and nail growth. Cysteine also plays an important role in the formation of secondary
protein structure due to the formation of disulfide bridges, for example, when
formation of insulin and enzymes of the digestive system. It contains sulfur and
therefore it can bind heavy metals, such as copper, cadmium and mercury. At
In case of heavy metal poisoning, it is useful to take this substance. Flaw
cystine over a long period of time leads to the removal of important substances from the body
microelements. In addition, cystine is an important antioxidant. Combination
cystine with vitamin E leads to increased antioxidant effect
both substances (synergy effect). Increased cystine intake accelerates
recovery after operations, burns, strengthens connective tissues,
As a result, increased cysteine intake may be recommended for
Cystine can be synthesized by the body from methionine; taking both together
amino acids enhances the lipotropic properties of the latter. It is also important for
producing a tripeptide called glutathione (contains cystine, glutamic
acid and glycine). Cystine in combination with vitamin C (approximately 1:3)
promotes the destruction of kidney stones. Cysteine is very poorly soluble in water
and therefore is hardly applicable for the preparation of liquid forms.
Natural sources of cysteine and cystine:
- Corn
Non-essential:
Is an important source of energy for the brain and central nervous system
systems; strengthens the immune system by producing antibodies; actively
participates in the metabolism of sugars and organic acids. Synthesized from
branched amino acids. Falling sugar levels and lack of carbohydrates in
food causes muscle protein to break down and the liver converts
the resulting alanine into glucose (the process of gluconeogenesis) to even out the level
blood glucose. When working intensively for more than one hour
the need for alanine increases as glycogen stores in the body are depleted
the body leads to the consumption of this amino acid to replenish them. At
In catabolism, alanine serves as a carrier of nitrogen from muscles to the liver (for the synthesis
urea). Taking alanine makes sense for workouts lasting more than an hour.
Its deficiency leads to an increased need for branched
amino acids.
Natural Sources of Alanine:
– Gelatin
- Corn
- Beef
- Pork
- Milk
Arginine
L-Arginine causes a slowdown in the development of tumors and cancers.
Cleanses the liver. Helps release growth hormone, strengthens the immune system,
promotes sperm production and is useful in treating kidney disorders and injuries.
Essential for protein synthesis and optimal growth. Availability of L-Arginine in
helps the body increase muscle mass and reduce fat reserves
body. Also useful for liver disorders such as liver cirrhosis,
For example. It is known that arginine is involved in the binding of ammonia, accelerating
recovery after heavy loads. The presence of arginine is due to
high biological value of milk protein. In the body from arginine quickly
ornithine is obtained, and vice versa. It accelerates fat metabolism and reduces
blood cholesterol concentration. Large doses of arginine can cause loss
water, so it is better to take it in small doses throughout the day. . Not
Natural sources of arginine:
– Wheat
Asparagine/aspartic acid
Asparagine plays an extremely important role in the body; it serves as a raw material for
production of aspartic acid, which is involved in the immune system
systems and synthesis of DNA and RNA (the main carriers of genetic information).
In addition, aspartic acid promotes the conversion of carbohydrates into
glucose and subsequent storage of glycogen. Aspartic acid serves
donor of ammonia in the urea cycle occurring in the liver. Increased
consumption of this substance in the recovery phase normalizes the content
ammonia in the body. Aspartic acid and asparagine can be found in
fruit juices and vegetables: for example, in apple juice it is about 1 g/l, in juices
tropical fruits – up to 1.6 g/l. The reference literature provides
total values for both amino acids.
Good sources of asparagine and aspartic acid:
- Potato
– Alfalfa
– Peanut
Glutamine and glutamic acid
The body contains more glutamine than other amino acids. He
formed from glutamic acid by addition of ammonia. Glutamine
very important as an energy carrier for the work of mucous cells of the small intestine and
cells of the immune system, as well as for the synthesis of glycogen and energy exchange in
muscle cells. During catabolism, glutamine becomes an essential amino acid.
because it supports protein synthesis and stabilizes the fluid level inside
cells. Glutamine improves short- and long-term memory and ability to
concentration.
During intense physical activity, the body loses a lot of glutamine.
Its consumption promotes rapid recovery and improvement of anabolism.
Glutamic acid serves as an important source of amino group in metabolic
processes. It is an intermediate step in the splitting of such
amino acids such as proline, histidine, arginine and ornithine. Glutamic acid
is able to add ammonia, turning into glutamine, and transfer it to
the liver, where urea and glucose are then formed. Monosodium glutamate has become the most
popular flavoring additive in the world. Excessive consumption may cause
sensitive people feel nausea (the so-called “Chinese syndrome”
restaurants"). Perhaps this is caused not so much by glutamic acid, but
vitamin B6 deficiency.
Important for normalizing sugar levels, increasing brain performance,
treatment of impotence, in the treatment of alcoholism, helps fight fatigue,
brain disorders - epilepsy, schizophrenia and simply lethargy,
needed in the treatment of stomach ulcers, and the formation of a healthy digestive system
Natural sources of glutamine and glutamic acid:
– Wheat
- Milk
- Potato
– Walnut
- Pork
- Beef
Glycine
Actively participates in providing oxygen to the process of formation of new cells.
Is an important participant in the production of hormones responsible for strengthening
immune system.
This amino acid is the starting material for the synthesis of other amino acids,
as well as an amino group donor in the synthesis of hemoglobin and other substances.
Glycine is very important for the creation of connective tissues; in the anabolic phase
the need for this amino acid increases. Its deficiency causes problems
connective tissue structures. Increased glycine intake reduces
protein breakdown. It promotes the mobilization of glycogen from the liver and is
the starting material in the synthesis of creatine, the most important energy carrier, without which
effective muscle work is impossible.
Glycine is necessary for the synthesis of immunoglobulins and antibodies, and therefore
is of particular importance for the functioning of the immune system. The disadvantage of this
amino acids leads to a decrease in energy levels in the body. Glycine also
promotes accelerated synthesis of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.
Natural sources of glycine:
– Gelatin
- Beef
- Liver
– Peanut
Carnitine
Carnitine helps bind and remove long chains of fatty acids from the body.
acids The liver and kidneys produce carnitine from two other amino acids -
glutamine and methionine. Large quantities are supplied to the body by meat and
dairy products. There are several types of carnitine. D-carnitine is dangerous
because it reduces the body’s independent production of carnitine. Preparations L-
Carnitine is considered less dangerous in this regard. Preventing growth
fat stores, this amino acid is important for weight loss and risk reduction
heart diseases. The body produces Carnitine only in the presence
sufficient amounts of lysine, iron and enzymes B19 and B69.. Carnitine also
increases the effectiveness of antioxidants - vitamins C and E. It is believed that for
For best fat utilization, the daily intake of carnitine should be 1500
milligrams.
Taurine
Stabilizes membrane excitability, which is very important for control
epileptic seizures. Taurine and sulfur are considered essential
while controlling the many biochemical changes that take place during the process
aging; participates in freeing the body from contamination by free
radicals.
Threonine, like methionine, has lipotrophic properties. It is necessary for
synthesis of immunoglobulins and antibodies. It is known that glycine and serine
synthesized in the body from threonine.
Natural sources of threonine:
– Milk – Wheat
– Eggs – Beef
Serin
Participates in the storage of glycogen by the liver and muscles; actively participates in
strengthening the immune system, providing it with antibodies; forms fatty “cases”
around nerve fibers.
Serine can be synthesized in the body from threonine. It is also formed from
glycine in the kidneys. Serine plays an important role in the body's energy supply. Except
In addition, it is a component of acetylcholine. Supplementation with serine between
meals increase blood sugar levels (see also alanine).
Natural sources of serine:
- Milk
- Corn
Proline is extremely important for joints and the heart. This is an important component
collagens are proteins found in high concentrations in bones and
connective tissues. Proline may, with prolonged deficiency or
overexertion during sports can be used as a source of energy
for muscles. A deficiency of this amino acid can significantly increase fatigue.
Free proline is found in significant quantities in fruit juices,
for example up to 2.5 grams for every liter of orange juice.
Natural sources of proline:
- Milk
– Wheat
Ornithine
Ornithine promotes the production of growth hormone, which in combination with L-
Arginine and L-Carnitine promotes recycling in metabolism
excess fat substances. Essential for liver and immune system function.
This acid will reveal the properties and applications of aspartic acid, dosages, side effects and contraindications. All data is confirmed by scientific research.
What is d-aspartic acid?
D-aspartic acid for increasing male potency is one of two forms of the aspartic amino acid, the other form of this acid is called l-aspartic acid. The benefits of d-aspartic acid are unique and in no way the same as l-aspartic acid, so don't get confused. For us, only d-aspartic acid is important. This acid is present in the organisms of both vertebrates and invertebrates, which indicates its importance and safety.
D-aspartic acid is primarily a neurotransmitter and stimulant, being a precursor for another stimulant, NMDA. It exerts its effect in the central part of the brain, causing the body to produce more growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, acting directly on the receptors. D-aspartic acid can also be produced in the testicles, where it slightly increases testosterone levels.
As it is called, it is found on the Internet and periodicals.
D-AA, D-Aspartate, DAA, D-aspartic acid, d-aspartic acid, d-aspartic acid.
Not to be confused with: DL-Aspartate, Aspartate. These are different chemicals, with different properties.
Natural Sources of D-Aspartic Acid
Soy protein
Bacon
Low fat cream
Casein
Corn protein
So it’s not in vain that regular protein increases testosterone and increases strength - it contains a certain amount of D-aspartic acid, which provides these effects.
Biological importance of D-aspartic acid
L-aspartic acid is a conditionally essential amino acid that can be included in protein structures (i.e., it can be contained in other proteins, for example in milk, but the content of this amino acid is insignificant), however, D-aspartic acid is usually not found in proteins in this form, but appears in L-form products by heating, i.e. cooking. D-aspartic acid has been found in human cartilage, enamel and brain, and is also part of the membranes of red blood cells.
The distribution of D-aspartic acid in the human brain is about 20-40nmol/g soft tissue with a higher content in the embryonic brain - about 320-380nmol/g. One study examined normal brain tissue and brain tissue from patients with Alzheimer's disease, and there was no difference in the gray matter, but in the white matter of healthy people the concentration was 2 times higher. Concentrations of D-aspartic acid in the hippocampus are much lower in old people than in young people, which may prove a certain role of D-aspartic acid in the formation of human memory.
D-aspartic acid can be produced endogenously in humans from L-aspartic acid with the participation of the enzyme Asparate Racemase.
D-aspartic acid can also become, with the participation of certain enzymes, the neurotransmitter NMDA, as we noted above. NMDA is a glutamate receptor agonist in the brain with a wide range of neuromodulatory effects.
Interactions
D-aspartic acid in tests on boars and lizards showed a significant release of testosterone and prolactin, which simultaneously resulted in an increase in our beloved testosterone, but also an increase in prolactin levels. Therefore, many scientists believe that d-aspartic acid should be taken simultaneously with prolactin secretion inhibitors, such as, for example, Bergolak.
Neurology. The role of D-aspartic acid as a neurotransmitter
D-aspartic acid in the body is converted into the well-known neurotransmitter NMDA through the addition of a methyl group from a donor, and both of them (NMDA and d-aspartic acid) can equally successfully bind to NMDA receptors, causing excitation in the brain.
Neurology. The role of D-aspartic acid in the memory mechanism
Studies conducted on rats have shown that d-aspartic acid can improve memory in rats (mice completed a maze faster after taking 60 mg daily for 16 days)
The role of D-aspartic acid in weight loss
Human studies have shown that d-aspartic acid does not have any significant effect on adipose tissue (human subjects were fed 3g of the amino acid for 28 days).
The effect of D-aspartic acid on male genital organs
D-aspartic acid is detected in tests in the testicles in Leydig and Sertoli cells. Once d-aspartic acid enters the testicles, it increases testosterone production, although it appears to work in tandem with human chorionic gonadotropin, increasing its production, and gonadotropin in in turn increases testosterone production. Which is not particularly important for us, since the end result is important to us - an increase in testosterone production. And he is! (studies have shown that an increase in testosterone production begins 16 hours after ingesting d-aspartic acid)
Studies also revealed an increase in nitric oxide in the body by 30%, which is a very serious positive indicator. (the more nitric oxide, the better the blood vessels dilate, improved erection, increased testosterone, improved potency)
Studies have also found an increase in sperm quality and quantity (50-100% improvement from baseline) in patients taking d-aspartic acid, which ranks it among sperm-forming drugs such as citrulline and arginine. This study also noted an increase in the amount of d-aspartic acid in semen (96-100% above baseline)
The effect of D-aspartic acid on the female genital organs
D-aspartic acid can also have a positive effect on female sexuality and fertility, since it is the main component of follicular fluid and its level decreases over the years, taking additional amounts of d-aspartic acid can have a positive effect on a woman's fertility.
Interactions of D-aspartic acid with hormones
With pituitary hormones:
Accumulation of d-aspartic acid in the pituitary gland causes an increase in the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), and prolactin releasing hormone (PRFs), which in turn increases the secretion of: luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, growth hormone and prolactin.
With pineal gland hormones:
In the pineal gland, where d-aspartic acid also accumulates in very high concentrations, d-aspartic acid acts as a regulating factor for the secretion of melatonin (sleep hormone). Studies have shown that d-aspartic acid can bind to receptors that inhibit melatonin secretion. At the moment, it is unknown how strongly the secretion of melatonin is suppressed, but doctors still do not recommend taking d-aspartic acid in the evening and at night as a preventive measure. The ideal time to take is immediately after waking up and during the daytime (when melatonin is not produced)
With testosterone:
D-aspartic acid has been proven to increase testosterone secretion in Leydig and Sertoli cells. In a human study, testosterone secretion was found to increase by 15% on day 6 of 3g d-aspartic acid and by 42% on day 12 compared to baseline, which dropped to 22% 3 days after stopping the amino acid. In another In a similar study, the increase in testosterone was 30%-60% in various patients after 90 days of daily supplementation with 2.66 g of d-aspartic acid.
With estrogen:
Taking 3g of d-aspartic acid daily for 28 days did not cause any significant fluctuations in estrogen secretion.
Safety and toxicity
Taking 3g of d-aspartic acid per day is considered safe and is recommended by experts, the maximum daily dose is 7g. A dose of 14g may cause excessive stimulation of glutamate receptors
Dosage
Experts recommend using d-aspartic acid as a means of increasing testosterone levels, 3g per day in the morning, in cycles of 4 weeks.
4 weeks of intake - the next 4 weeks of rest (this is due to the fact that long-term use of d-aspartic acid does not result in a subsequent increase in testosterone levels)
It is also recommended to take prolactin secretion inhibitors to achieve maximum results.
Conclusions
So, to summarize, d-aspartic acid or d-aspartic acid can be successfully used by people with erectile dysfunction, healthy people and bodybuilders. The main thing is to use the supplement wisely and of course, as before taking any supplement, you should first consult with your doctor.
Aspartic acid is a non-essential acidic amino acid. This endogenous substance plays an important role for the proper functioning of the nervous and endocrine systems, and also promotes the production of certain hormones (growth hormone, testosterone, progesterone). Contained in proteins, it acts on the body as an stimulating neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. In addition, it is used as dietary supplements, an antibacterial agent, and is part of detergents. Brought out in 1868 from asparagus.
General characteristics
Natural aspartic acid with the formula C4H7NO4 is colorless crystals with a high melting point. Another name for the substance is aminosuccinic acid.
All amino acids used by humans for protein synthesis (except ) have 2 forms. And only the L-form is used for protein synthesis and muscle growth. The D-shape can also be used by humans, but it performs slightly different functions.
The aspartic amino acid also exists in 2 configurations. L-aspartic acid is more common and is involved in many biochemical processes. The biological role of the D-form is not as diverse as its mirror isomer. The body, as a result of enzymatic activity, is able to produce both forms of the substance, which then form the so-called racemic mixture of DL-aspartic acid.
The highest concentration of the substance is found in brain cells. By influencing the central nervous system, it increases concentration and learning abilities. At the same time, researchers say that an increased concentration of the amino acid is found in the brains of people suffering from epilepsy, but in people with depression, on the contrary, it is much less.
Aspartic acid, reacting with another amino acid, forms aspartame. This artificial sweetener is actively used in the food industry, and acts as an irritant on the cells of the nervous system. For this reason, doctors do not recommend frequent use of aspartic acid supplements, especially for children whose nervous systems are more sensitive. They may develop autism against the background of aspartates. The amino acid can also affect women’s health and regulate the chemical composition of follicular fluid, which affects reproductive potential. And frequent consumption of aspartates by pregnant women can negatively affect the health of the fetus.
Role in the body:
- Aspartic acid is important in the formation of other amino acids such as asparagine, and.
- Relieves chronic fatigue.
- Important for the transport of minerals necessary for the formation and functioning of DNA and RNA.
- Strengthens the immune system by promoting the production of antibodies and immunoglobulins.
- It has a positive effect on the functioning of the central nervous system, maintains concentration, and sharpens brain function.
- Helps remove toxins from the body, including ammonia, which has an extremely negative effect on the functioning of the brain, nervous system and liver.
- Under stress, the body needs additional doses of amino acids.
- It is an effective remedy against depression.
- Helps convert carbohydrates into energy.
Differences between forms
On dietary supplement labels, amino acids L and D forms are often referred to by a common name - aspartic acid. But still, structurally, both substances differ from each other, and each of them plays its own role in the body.
The L-form is present in our body more abundantly, helps synthesize proteins and cleanse the body of excess ammonia. The D form of aspartic acid is found in small quantities in the body of adults and is responsible for hormone production and brain function.
Even though both variants of the amino acid are created from identical components, the atoms within the molecule are connected in such a way that the L and D forms are mirror images of each other. Both have a central nucleus and a group of atoms attached to the side. The L-form has a group of atoms attached to the left, while its mirror image has a group of atoms attached to the right. It is these differences that are responsible for the polarity of the molecule and determine the functions of amino acid isomers. True, the L-form, when entering the body, is often transformed into the D-isomer. Meanwhile, as experiments have shown, the “transformed” amino acid does not affect testosterone levels.
Role of the L-isomer
Almost all amino acids have two isomers - L and D. L-amino acids are primarily used for the production of proteins. The same function is performed by the L-isomer of aspartic acid. In addition, this substance promotes the process of urine formation and helps remove ammonia and toxins from the body. In addition, like other amino acids, this substance is important for glucose synthesis and energy production. L-form aspartic acid is also known to be involved in the creation of molecules for DNA.
Benefits of D-isomer
The D-form of aspartic acid is primarily important for the functioning of the nervous and reproductive systems. Concentrated mainly in the brain and genitals. Responsible for the production of growth hormone and also regulates testosterone synthesis. And against the background of increased testosterone, endurance increases (this property of acid is actively used by bodybuilders), and libido also increases. Meanwhile, this form of aspartic acid in no way affects the structure and volume of muscles.
Studies have shown that testosterone levels increase significantly in people taking the D-isomer of the amino acid for 12 days. Scientists argue whether the D-form of this substance is needed as a dietary supplement for people under 21 years of age, but there is no consensus yet.
In addition, studies have shown that the level of D-aspartic acid in brain tissue increases steadily until the age of 35, then the reverse process begins - a decrease in the concentration of the substance.
Although D-aspartic acid is rarely associated with protein structures, it has been found that this substance is found in cartilage and enamel, can accumulate in brain tissue, and is also present in the membranes of red blood cells. Moreover, in the embryonic brain the amount of this amino acid is 10 times greater than in the adult brain. Scientists also compared the composition of the brain of a healthy person and those with Alzheimer's disease. It turned out that in patients the concentration of aspartic acid was higher, but deviations from the norm were recorded only in the white matter of the brain. It is also interesting that in older people the concentration of the D-isomer in the hippocampus (dentate gyrus of the brain) is significantly lower than in young people.
Daily norms
Scientists continue to study the effect of aspartic acid on humans.
The safe norm is currently 312 mg of the substance per day, divided into 2-3 doses.
It is recommended to use an amino acid-based dietary supplement for approximately 4-12 weeks.
The D-form is used to increase testosterone levels. A study found that men who consumed 3 grams of D-aspartic acid for 12 days increased their testosterone levels by almost 40 percent. But after just 3 days without the supplement, the levels dropped by about 10 percent.
Who needs higher doses?
Undoubtedly, this substance is extremely necessary for people of all age groups, but in some cases the need for aspartic acid increases sharply. First of all, this applies to people with depression, poor memory, brain diseases, and mental disorders. It is important to take regularly for people with reduced performance, cardiac diseases and vision problems.
In addition, it is important to know that high blood pressure, increased testosterone levels, and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessels of the brain are the reasons for reducing the intensity of taking the substance.
Amino acid deficiency
Individuals whose diet does not contain enough protein foods are at risk of developing a deficiency not only of aspartic acid, but also of other beneficial substances. Lack of amino acids is manifested by severe fatigue, depression, and frequent infectious diseases.
Food sources
The issue of consuming aspartic acid in the form of food is not so acute, since a healthy body can independently provide itself with the necessary portions of the substance (in two forms). But, nevertheless, you can also get the amino acid from food, mainly high-protein.
Sources of animal origin: all meat products, including smoked meats, dairy foods, fish, eggs.
Plant Sources: Asparagus, sprouted seeds, alfalfa, rolled oats, avocados, asparagus, molasses, beans, lentils, soybeans, brown rice, nuts, brewer's yeast, tropical fruit juices, apple juices (Semerenko), potatoes .
Aspartic acid is an important component for maintaining health. Meanwhile, when taking, it is important to remember the recommendations of doctors so as not to harm your body.
