Who is an ophthalmologist? Who is an ophthalmologist and how is he different from an ophthalmologist? What organs does a pediatric ophthalmologist deal with?
The thymol test is a very important diagnostic method, with which you can determine some dangerous diseases. This analysis is also known as the Maclagan test and thymolovernal analysis. It cannot be said that this diagnostic method is extremely popular. It is not prescribed as a main test, but if the patient suspects the presence of certain ailments, the information obtained using thymol test, can be very useful.
Diagnosis using thymol test
The analysis is quite old and has been used in medicine for a very long time. However, to this day this diagnostic method is relevant and is often used to confirm suspicions of a certain disease.
The thymol test is rarely prescribed as the main diagnosis. The whole point is that the information that can be given this method, is not enough to make an accurate diagnosis. Nevertheless, in controversial situations, it is the thymol test indicators that make it possible to determine the exact causes of the disease. That's why this test Nowadays it is quite widely used in laboratory diagnostics.
Experts highly value this method when we're talking about about a diagnosis that concerns the liver. For example, a thymol test is very often prescribed to children with suspected hepatitis A and other liver-related ailments. Similar method allows you to identify a problem at the earliest stage of its development, even when other analyzes do not show any suspicious data.
LDL cholesterol
Advantages of the method
If a patient consults a specialist with certain symptoms that may suggest liver pathology, the doctor should prescribe a thymol test. Very often it is used as a complement to the analysis of bilirubin and enzymes. This will allow you to determine the condition of the liver, on the health of which many processes in the liver depend. human body.
It is worth noting that the liver is a special organ. It is often possible to diagnose problems in this area only at the stage when the disease reaches high level development, and treatment will be long and problematic. Considering all the difficulties in diagnosing liver diseases, the thymol test is especially highly valued. The thing is that this laboratory test allows you to see the problem even where other tests do not show anything suspicious. That is, standard tests will show the norm, and the thymol test will creep up. This a clear sign what the patient has serious pathology liver.
The thymol test can be very useful in confirming liver disease. But this diagnostic method can be used not only for this organ. For example, the McLagan test is used to determine pathologies of the heart, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. To diagnose the condition of internal organs, the thymol test is very important. It is often used, since this method has a huge number of advantages.
First of all, it is worth highlighting the speed of research. There is no need to wait several days to obtain clear laboratory results of the material provided by the patient. Moreover, the cost of the analysis is quite low, and no special equipment is needed to carry it out. In order to obtain thymol test data, it is necessary to use a magnetic stirrer in a fume hood. Any laboratory, even the most ordinary clinic, has everything necessary to carry out such a test. diagnostic procedure and get a transcript of the results.
A huge advantage of the thymol test is that it shows the presence of a problem even where other methods are wrong. This is very important, since most diseases that can be determined using this analysis require timely treatment. If the pathology is identified at an early stage of development, it can be eliminated without any complications.
Sometimes the thymol test is used to determine the patient’s condition during treatment. This allows you to determine the effectiveness medicines, and, if necessary, replace them with more effective analogues.
Considering the considerable number of advantages of this method, the thymol test is widely used nowadays, despite the fact that the number of new diagnoses is constantly growing. A worthy replacement for the McLagan test has not yet been found.
Aspartate aminotransferase is elevated, what does this mean?
What is the essence of the analysis?
This method allows you to determine the imbalance in the protein ratio in the human body. In some diseases there is a change in physical and chemical properties blood protein. The thymol test makes it possible to detect such deviations even at an early stage of the development of the problem. This type of analysis is considered highly sensitive, therefore it always shows the result with 100% accuracy. If the patient has hepatitis, a laboratory examination will definitely show this. But the thymol test also has one important advantage, which is that this method allows you to determine the problem even in the pre-icteric period. This makes it possible to start treatment on time and eliminate the pathology without complications.
When decoding the indicators, the Shank-Hoaland (S-H) designations and Maclagan units are used, which are simply written on the form like the letter M. The norm is usually from 0 to 4 units, but in some laboratories normal occurrence is also considered 5M.
Representatives different genders There are no significant differences in the indicators. However, the thymol test data may be influenced by some additional factors. For example, representatives of the fair sex who take oral contraceptives often experience elevated thymol levels. This phenomenon cannot be excluded due to the fact that hormonal agents contraception has a strong effect on the liver and some other internal organs, and also changes the protein ratio in the blood. This will definitely affect the performance of the thymol test.
As for the McLagan method for children, the indicators do not change. They will be similar to what is considered normal for adult patients. For children, the thymol test sometimes plays a very important role. When many schoolchildren begin to get sick with hepatitis A, this method will be the most relevant, as it will allow you to see changes in the body in reality. initial stage. That is, long before the appearance visible signs treatment can begin for the disease.
What diseases can cause an increase in the rate?
There are several reasons that can lead to an increase in Maclagan test scores. Taking hormonal drugs is the most harmless factor. Most often, after stopping the pills, the test returns to normal.
But basically, tests of this type are prescribed for suspected certain diseases.The parameters of the thymol test can be changed by:
- infectious and viral hepatitis;
- malignant and benign neoplasms;
- severe intoxication, including alcohol;
- liver cirrhosis and fatty hepatosis.
Such a diagnostic method will be relevant if a specialist needs to determine the degree of alcohol damage to the liver and other organs. A thymol test can be prescribed if intoxication with various poisons, metals and drugs is suspected.
A laboratory test of this type makes it possible to see problems not only in the liver, but this organ is the main one when prescribing the McLagan test. However, in some cases, it is the thymol test that makes it possible to confirm severe kidney damage, such as amyloidosis and pyelonephritis. These diseases are characterized by increased protein levels, so the sample will be increased.
This diagnostic method will also be useful for determining pancreatitis and some other gastrointestinal pathologies, for example, enteritis, which is accompanied by severe diarrhea.
Often, a thymol test is included in a set of tests to determine the nature of the tumor. In addition, this method is used in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid polyarthritis and dermatomyositis. Septic endocarditis, myeloma and malaria also show numbers above normal.
But you cannot use the data from the thymol test as the main information when making a diagnosis. In combination with other methods, McLagan’s method will be useful, but its indicators must be confirmed. In some cases, the test may show results above normal even without any disease. Taking hormonal drugs is the most common reason that changes the test results. But these numbers may also be affected by fatty foods. If it is present in the patient's diet in excessive quantities, the level bad cholesterol in the blood increases, and this causes an imbalance in protein balance. This situation should be considered as a signal. The patient must undergo additional examinations, and then work on your diet, since excess cholesterol threatens dangerous atherosclerosis.
Thymol test in children and adults
In order to submit material for further analysis, you must visit the laboratory in the morning. 7-8 hours before donating blood, you should not eat or drink. Before going to the clinic, you should not even drink tea or coffee. Only a glass of water is allowed. It is advisable to follow all the rules, as the result may depend on this. There should not be any serious deviations, but still, for those who want to get the most accurate data, it is worth abstaining from food and water for 8 hours before taking the test.
The same amount of blood is taken from patients of any age. The resulting material is then mixed with necessary solutions and leave for 30 minutes. After this, the laboratory worker determines the degree of turbidity of the liquid. The obtained data is entered into an analysis form and then transferred to the patient or his attending physician.
In men, women and children, up to 5 Maclagan units is considered normal. If this indicator is exceeded, it means that a pathological process is occurring in the patient’s body.
This method makes it possible to identify the disease even at the earliest stage of its development. This is especially important for newborn babies. Often, in the youngest patients, abnormalities in liver function are determined in this way. Functional disorders at work of this body can cause delays in the development of the entire organism, therefore timely treatment in this case it plays very important role.
The thymol test is not prescribed to every newborn. The reason for taking material for further research of the protein may be yellowness skin, vomiting and nausea. In addition, urine will tell you about liver problems dark brown. IN childhood Most often, specialists diagnose hepatitis A and E. These diseases can cause negative impact on further development child, so they need to be treated efficiently. The earlier the diagnosis is made, the higher the likelihood that everything will pass without complications.
The thymol test plays an important role in the diagnosis of many diseases, but greatest benefit it helps with liver diseases.
And a little about secrets...
To assess the producing properties of the liver, a thymol test is prescribed. Using this analysis, you can find out the ratio of all five protein fractions that this organ produces. Considering that the liver is responsible for the processes of hematopoiesis, metabolism, and hormone balance, you should worry if the thymol test is elevated - the reasons for this result lie in the development of various internal diseases.
Causes of elevated thymol test
The abnormality in question in the biochemical blood test is called dysproteinemia. Its causes are considered to be:
- toxic, alcoholic, viral, drug-induced hepatitis;
- fatty infiltration of the liver;
- Bekhterev's disease;
- glomerulonephritis;
- cirrhosis;
- amyloidosis;
- Goodpasture's syndrome;
- genetic disorders of protein metabolism;
- liver cancer;
- cryoglobulinemia;
- periarteritis nodosa;
- pyelonephritis;
- brucellosis;
- malaria;
- hemorrhagic vasculitis;
- leptospirosis;
- Wegener's granulomatosis;
- systemic lupus erythematosus;
- multiple myeloma;
- long-term and uncontrolled use of oral contraceptives, steroid hormones;
- mononucleosis;
- macroglobulinemia;
- dermatomyositis;
- pancreatitis;
- Sjögren's disease;
- rheumatoid polyarthritis;
- obstructive jaundice;
- enteritis with severe diarrhea;
- malignant tumors;
- Horton's disease.
In addition, the reasons for an increased thymol test may be a violation of the diet, namely, the consumption of excess fat. Therefore, to clarify the diagnosis, additional laboratory and x-ray studies should be performed.
Increased thymol test in the blood - causes and treatment of this condition
As can be seen, the factors contributing to 
increasing the described indicator of liver function, very much. Therefore, it is possible to normalize the value of the thymol test only after establishing exact reason violations. Depending on the identified disease, a comprehensive therapeutic regimen is drawn up.
Among the prescriptions common to all pathologies, adherence to a special diet is required. The diet involves strict limitation of fats, both animal and plant origin. It is also necessary to practically abandon the consumption of so-called “fast” carbohydrates, sour fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits and tomatoes, meat and fish soups, broths.
Thymol test norm and diagnostic value
For a number of diseases, sediment samples are used for diagnostic purposes. One of them is the thymol test, proposed in 1944 by McLagan. It is based on changes in the colloidal stability of serum proteins in diseases accompanied by dysproteinemia.
Normally, blood proteins are in a state of high stability. When the ratio of albumin and globulin fractions changes, the colloidal stability of proteins decreases. The lower it is, the more proteins precipitate and precipitate when the thymol reagent is added.
When carrying out the test, an alcohol solution of thymol in veronal buffer or Tris buffer is used as a reagent. The chemistry of the reaction is not completely clear. However, the thymol test clearly correlates with clinical picture diseases occurring with dysproteinemia. It is simple to perform and not labor-intensive, so it continues to be widely used when conducting biochemical blood tests.
When performing a test, the patient’s serum is added to the saline solution, then the reagent is added. If normally the thymol test is accompanied by a very slight precipitation of protein flakes and a slight clouding of the reaction mixture, then in the case of dysproteinemia the solution becomes significantly cloudy. The degree of turbidity depends on the degree of disruption of the colloidal properties of proteins. The test result increases with a decrease in albumin and an increase in beta and gamma globulins.
The degree of turbidity is measured using a biochemical analyzer or photoelectrocolorimeter. Barium chloride of a certain concentration is used as a standard solution.
Special clinical significance This study is used for hepatitis, collagenosis and other diseases accompanied by disproteinemia - a violation of the ratio of serum proteins. Liver damage due to hepatitis is characterized by an increased thymol test. Its norm is from 0 to 4 units. With hepatitis, it becomes positive a week before jaundice. In some cases, the sample increases to 20 or more units. With such high rates it is necessary to repeat the test with the patient’s serum diluted 1:1 and increase the result by 2 times.
Hemolyzed serum is not suitable for testing. During hemolysis, the destruction of red blood cells, it turns red. In this case, the sample will be overestimated. The analysis must be repeated after a new blood draw from a vein.
The thymol test is overestimated if the serum is lipemic (chylous), cloudy due to the presence of lipids (chylomicrons) in it. A laboratory technician, when conducting a test with such serum, should, instead of monitoring with saline solution, make a control with the patient’s serum diluted with saline solution.
To avoid frailty, blood for biochemical studies must be donated strictly on an empty stomach. It must be delivered to the laboratory no later than 2 hours after blood collection. When stored in the refrigerator, the serum is suitable for testing for no more than 7 days.
What does an elevated thymol test mean? Its interpretation is as follows: if it significantly exceeds the norm, you can think about liver disease (hepatitis or cirrhosis), about kidney disease occurring with nephrotic syndrome, systemic diseases, such as rheumatism, rheumatoid polyarthritis, scleroderma. It is impossible to make a diagnosis based on one indicator. The thymol test should be evaluated in conjunction with other studies. If liver disease is suspected, at least biochemical tests must be done at the same time to determine the level of general and direct bilirubin, transaminases, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, zinc sulfate or sublimate test.
Liver tests: interpretation of the analysis. Normal liver function tests
The liver is one of the most important human organs. It is with its help that toxins and drug residues are broken down and removed. Every day she is exposed to enormous stress, but, nevertheless, she recovers quickly. Unfortunately, this only happens before certain point. Define functionality Liver tests help the liver. Deciphering the analysis will help identify problems in this organ.
Liver tests - what are they?
In order to determine the condition of the liver and bile ducts, modern medicine a number of laboratory research, commonly called liver tests. Material for research is obtained by collecting venous blood, and with its help the following analyzes are done:
- AST, ALT;
- bilirubin;
- alkaline phosphatase;
- total protein;
- albumen.
These laboratory tests allow you to evaluate existing disorders, as well as the ability of the liver to maintain one of its most important functions - the synthesis of enzymes and other substances necessary for normal life.
The endogenous enzymes AST and ALT are an important component in the production of certain amino acids. The norm of AST and ALT differs depending on the gender and age of the patient, as well as on his body weight, temperature and lifestyle. IN healthy body their number is insignificant, and in men it is slightly more than in women.
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
This enzyme is found, as a rule, in liver tissue and partly in the heart and muscles. The norm for women is 10-35 U/l, and for men - from 14 to 20 U/l. An increase in normal values may indicate damage to the organs where it is contained. Depending on how much the norm is exceeded (and this indicator can vary from several units to an increase of five to ten times), the degree of damage is determined. In order to make sure that the pathological process is affecting the liver, complete liver tests are performed. The transcript of the analysis confirms or refutes suspicions with a high degree of probability.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Bilirubin
There are three types of bilirubin - direct (bound), indirect (unbound) and general, while the latter does not exist on its own, but is a combination of the first and second types. This pigment substance is formed due to the breakdown of heme, which, in turn, is part of hemoglobin. The process takes place in the liver cells. If there is any pathological process in hepatocytes or bile ducts There is a change in the level of bilirubin in the blood serum.
Total bilirubin can range from 3.3 µmol/l to 20.5, with direct bilirubin accounting for about 25% of the total, that is, up to 3.3 µmol/l, and indirect - 75% (13.6-17 .1 µmol/l). If liver tests are elevated, various inflammatory processes in the liver can be suspected and gallbladder. Visually, an increase in bilirubin levels is manifested by jaundice.
Alkaline phosphatase
Thymol test
The thymol test is another test included in the liver tests. The interpretation of the analysis in this case shows the liver’s ability to synthesize protein components of the blood. The thymol sample is classified as sedimentary. To carry it out, a saturated solution of thymol is added to the mixture of blood serum and buffer solution, and after half an hour the severity of turbidity of the solution is assessed. Normal indicators of this sample vary from 0 to 5 units. An increase occurs when protein synthesis is impaired and may signal viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and certain diseases connective tissue. How is this blood test useful? Liver tests, and thymol tests in particular, allow early stages, without waiting for clinical manifestations, identify the disease and begin adequate therapy.
Albumen
One of the main plasma proteins is albumin. It is a leading component in maintaining blood oncotic pressure and, as a result, affects the volume of circulating blood. In addition, albumin plays an important role in transport function, binding to bile acids, bilirubin, calcium ions and medicinal substances. Normally, albumin is between 35 and 50 g/l. An increase in indicators is observed with severe dehydration, a decrease is a reason to suspect inflammatory processes in the liver, sepsis, and rheumatic processes. In addition, a decrease in serum albumin is possible with prolonged fasting, use of oral contraceptives, steroids, and smoking.
Total protein
The term “total protein” usually means total concentration globulins and albumin in blood serum. This is the main component of protein metabolism in the human body. It performs many functions: maintains a constant blood pH, participates in clotting processes, immune reactions, transfer of fats, hormones and bilirubin to organs and tissues. Why does a doctor suggest patients take a liver test? Decoding (the norm for this indicator should be from 64 to 86 g/l) will help the specialist understand whether these functions are impaired. Thus, an increase in protein can be observed during acute and chronic inflammatory processes And infectious diseases, as well as for extensive burns. A decrease in indicators may be the result of bleeding, kidney disease, which is accompanied by significant protein losses (glomerulonephritis), and oncological processes.
Liver tests, the interpretation of which is of great importance in the diagnosis of many pathological conditions liver and other organs, are taken in the morning, on an empty stomach (the last meal should be taken at least 8 hours before the test). The day before it is necessary to exclude alcohol and fatty foods.
Thymol test and its significance in the diagnosis of liver pathology
Blood plasma proteins: synthesis, fractions and significance
On molecular level The most important functions in the human body are performed by proteins. They are structural components of membranes, enzymes, hormones and transporters of other chemical compounds, carry out immune and other defensive reactions, form the largest buffer system. Thus, the entire system of blood coagulation and anticoagulation consists of a cascade of enzymatic reactions, which are based on proteins. 
Their concentration is clearly reflected by the thymol test. In general, blood plasma proteins are conventionally divided into 5 fractions: albumin (makes up about 60% of the total protein mass, serves as a universal transporter of hormones, drugs and many metabolites), α1-globulins (catalysts, transporters, blood clotting factors), α2-globulins (carriers of ions and vitamins), β-globulins (immune proteins, transporters of sex hormones, iron ions and vitamin B12) and γ-globulins (main factors humoral immunity, which is why they are called “immunoglobulins”: A, D, E, G and M). Most of the above proteins are synthesized in the liver, as are 13 of the 15 blood clotting factors, due to which it is deservedly called the biochemical laboratory of the macroorganism. In addition, the liver detoxifies dangerous metabolites and medicinal substances, and produces bile - important component digestion of lipids, deposition of glucose in the form of a compact compound of glycogen, and many others. etc. 
Indicators of liver pathology: thymol test
Damage to hepatocytes (the main cells of the liver) manifests itself, first of all, in the disruption of its functions, which is reflected in such laboratory tests, like thymol test. Yes, from dead cells released large number alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, the most important serum enzymes, protein metabolism disorders occur. In particular, the titer of γ-globulins in the blood increases as a reaction of humoral immunity, which is often accompanied by a decrease in albumin in the blood. That is, the synthetic function of the liver suffers first.
Diagnostic value of the sample
The combination of thymol with γ-globulins precipitates and causes turbidity in the serum, so a specific test for the titer of these proteins is the thymol test. The turbidity rate is 0-4.7 units, however, with liver damage or rheumatic diseases this indicator increases significantly. Thus, persistent hypergammaglobulinemia is detected in autoimmune, viral or alcoholic hepatitis and active cirrhosis. The severity of liver damage and the amount of immunoglobulins are directly proportional. This is accompanied by hypoalbuminemia, since the synthetic function of the liver suffers, and the remaining resources are spent on the formation of immune proteins, which is also reflected by the thymol test. As a result, the oncotic pressure of the blood drops, and fluid goes into the intercellular space, causing peripheral edema. With cholestasis or liver damage by metastases, γ-globulins remain unused, but the number of α2-globulins increases. Thymol test, the interpretation of which has not only diagnostic value for liver diseases, can be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment, since as the pathological process subsides, the test results gradually return to normal.
What could a constantly elevated thymol test mean?
5.3 and 5.9 6.1 are approximately the same blood values. What might these blood values indicate?
The thymol test is nonspecific and its result depends on the level of coarse blood proteins - gamma globulins and low-density beta lipoproteins. Worth checking out lipid profile and determine the LDL level, as well as
gammaglobulins, the indicators of the latter change in certain diseases. Increases in cholesterol and LDL remain asymptomatic for the time being, but thymol levels may increase.
Spreo
In general, if the thymol test is elevated, this may indicate the presence of some pathology. These include liver disease, kidney disease, protein metabolism disorders, digestive system diseases and others. The reason for the increase in thymol test may be overuse fatty foods.
As far as I know, the thymol test rate depends on many factors, such as age, weight, etc.
Thank you
Biochemical blood test- This laboratory method blood tests showing functional state of certain internal organs, as well as indicating a lack of various microelements or vitamins in the body. Any, no matter how minor, change biochemical parameters blood, indicates that a certain internal organ does not cope with its functions. Results biochemical analysis blood samples are used by doctors in almost every field of medicine. They help establish the correct clinical diagnosis of the disease, determine the stage of its development, as well as prescribe and adjust treatment.
Preparing for the test
Biochemical analysis requires special preliminary preparation patient. Food intake is carried out at least 6 - 12 hours before the blood test. This is based on the fact that any food product is able to influence blood counts, thereby changing the result of the analysis, which in turn can lead to incorrect diagnosis and treatment. It is also worth limiting your fluid intake. Alcohol, sweet coffee and tea, milk, and fruit juices are contraindicated.Method of analysis or blood sampling
During blood sampling, the patient is in a sitting or lying position. Blood for biochemical analysis is taken from the ulnar vein. To do this, a special tourniquet is applied a little above the elbow, then a needle is inserted directly into the vein and blood is drawn ( approximately 5 ml). After which the blood is placed in a sterile tube, on which the patient’s data must be indicated, and only after that it is sent to a biochemical laboratory.Protein metabolism indicators
Blood counts:Total protein – displays the protein content in the blood serum. Level total protein may increase with various diseases liver A decrease in the amount of protein is observed with insufficient nutrition and exhaustion of the body.
Normally, the level of total protein varies depending on age:
- in newborns it is 48 - 73 g/l
- in children under one year old – 47 - 72 g/l
- from 1 to 4 years – 61 - 75 g/l
- from 5 to 7 years – 52 - 78 g/l
- from 8 to 15 years – 58 - 76 g/l
- in adults – 65 - 85 g/l
Globulin – a simple protein, easily soluble in dilute saline solutions. Globulins in the body increase in the presence of inflammatory processes and infections, and decrease in immunodeficiency. The normal globulin content is 33.2 - 43.5%.
Fibrinogen is a colorless blood plasma protein produced in the liver that plays an important role in hemostasis. The level of fibrinogen in the blood increases during acute inflammatory processes in the body, infectious diseases, burns, surgical interventions, taking oral contraceptives, myocardial infarction, stroke, renal amyloidosis, hypothyroidism, malignant neoplasms. Increased level fibrinogen can be observed during pregnancy, especially in recent months. Fibrinogen levels decrease after consumption fish oil, anabolic hormones, androgens, etc. The normal fibrinogen content is 1.25 - 3 g/l in newborns, 2 - 4 g/l in adults.
Protein fractions:
Alpha-1-globulins. The norm is 3.5 - 6.0%, which is 2.1 - 3.5 g/l.
Alpha 2 globulins. The norm is 6.9 - 10.5%, which is 5.1 - 8.5 g/l.
Beta globulins. The norm is 7.3 - 12.5% (6.0 - 9.4 g/l).
Gamma globulins. Norm 12.8 - 19.0% (8.0 - 13.5 g/l).
Thymol test - a type of sediment test used to study liver function, in which thymol is used as a reagent. The norm is 0 - 6 units. Thymol test values increase with viral infections, hepatitis A, toxic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, malaria.
Sublimate test – sediment test used in functional studies of the liver. The norm is 1.6 - 2.2 ml. The test is positive for some infectious diseases, parenchymal liver diseases, and neoplasms.
Veltman's test – colloid-sedimentary reaction for studying liver functions. The norm is 5 - 7 tube.
Formol test - a method designed to detect imbalance of proteins contained in the blood. Normally the test is negative.
Seromucoid - is integral part protein-carbohydrate complex, participates in protein metabolism. Norm 0.13 - 0.2 units. Increased content seromucoid indicates rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism, tumors, etc.
C-reactive protein – a protein contained in blood plasma is one of the proteins acute phase. Normally absent. The amount of C-reactive protein increases when there are inflammatory processes in the body.
Haptoglobin – a blood plasma protein synthesized in the liver, capable of specifically binding hemoglobin. The normal haptoglobin content is 0.9 - 1.4 g/l. The amount of haptoglobin increases during acute inflammatory processes, the use of corticosteroids, rheumatic carditis, nonspecific polyarthritis, lymphogranulomatosis, myocardial infarction ( macrofocal), collagenosis, nephrotic syndrome, tumors. The amount of haptoglobin decreases in pathologies accompanied by various types hemolysis, liver diseases, enlarged spleen, etc.
Creatinine in blood – is a product of protein metabolism. An indicator showing kidney function. Its content varies greatly depending on age. In children under 1 year of age, the blood contains from 18 to 35 µmol/l of creatinine, in children from 1 to 14 years old - 27 - 62 µmol/l, in adults - 44 - 106 µmol/l. An increased creatinine content is observed with muscle damage and dehydration. Low level characteristic of fasting, vegetarian diet, pregnancy.
Urea – produced in the liver as a result of protein metabolism. An important indicator for determining the functional functioning of the kidneys. The norm is 2.5 – 8.3 mmol/l. An increased urea content indicates a violation of the excretory ability of the kidneys and a violation of the filtration function.
Pigment metabolism indicators
Total bilirubin
– a yellow-red pigment that is formed as a result of the breakdown of hemoglobin. Normally it contains 8.5 - 20.5 µmol/l. Content total bilirubin occurs with any type of jaundice. Direct bilirubin
– The norm is 2.51 µmol/l. An increased content of this fraction of bilirubin is observed in parenchymal and congestive jaundice.
Indirect bilirubin
– The norm is 8.6 µmol/l. An increased content of this fraction of bilirubin is observed in hemolytic jaundice.
Methemoglobin – Norm 9.3 - 37.2 µmol/l (up to 2%).
Sulfhemoglobin – Norm 0 - 0.1% of the total amount.
Indicators of carbohydrate metabolism
Glucose – is the primary source of energy in the body. The norm is 3.38 - 5.55 mmol/l. Increased blood glucose levels ( hyperglycemia) indicates the presence of diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance, chronic diseases liver, pancreas and nervous system. Glucose levels may decrease with increased physical activity, pregnancy, prolonged fasting, some diseases of the gastrointestinal tract associated with impaired glucose absorption.Sialic acids – The norm is 2.0 - 2.33 mmol/l. An increase in their number is associated with diseases such as polyarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis etc.
Protein-bound hexoses – The norm is 5.8 - 6.6 mmol/l.
Seromucoid-related hexoses - The norm is 1.2 - 1.6 mmol/l.
Glycosylated hemoglobin – The norm is 4.5 - 6.1 molar%.
Lactic acid - a breakdown product of glucose. It is a source of energy necessary for the functioning of muscles, the brain and the nervous system. The norm is 0.99 - 1.75 mmol/l.
Lipid metabolism indicators
Total cholesterol – an important organic compound that is a component of lipid metabolism. The normal cholesterol level is 3.9 - 5.2 mmol/l. An increase in its level may accompany the following diseases: obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, chronic pancreatitis, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, some liver and kidney diseases, hypothyroidism, alcoholism, gout.Alpha lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol – lipoproteins high density. The norm is 0.72 -2.28 mmol/l.
Beta lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) – low density lipoproteins. The norm is 1.92 – 4.79 mmol/l.
Triglycerides – organic compounds that provide energy and structural functions. Normal triglyceride levels depend on age and gender.
- up to 10 years 0.34 - 1.24 mmol/l
- 10 – 15 years 0.36 – 1.48 mmol/l
- 15 – 20 years 0.45 – 1.53 mmol/l
- 20 – 25 years 0.41 – 2.27 mmol/l
- 25 – 30 years 0.42 – 2.81 mmol/l
- 30 – 35 years 0.44 – 3.01 mmol/l
- 35 – 40 years 0.45 – 3.62 mmol/l
- 40 – 45 years 0.51 – 3.61 mmol/l
- 45 – 50 years 0.52 – 3.70 mmol/l
- 50 – 55 years 0.59 – 3.61 mmol/l
- 55 – 60 years 0.62 – 3.23 mmol/l
- 60 – 65 years 0.63 – 3.29 mmol/l
- 65 – 70 years 0.62 – 2.94 mmol/l
Who is a Pediatric Ophthalmologist:
A doctor who diagnoses and treats vision in children.
What is the competence of a Pediatric Ophthalmologist:
Ophthalmologists are competent to correct vision in children and cure all eye diseases - myopia (myopia), farsightedness, such serious eye diseases as glaucoma, cataracts, astigmatism, amblyopia and others.
What diseases does the Pediatric Ophthalmologist treat?
What organs does the Pediatric Ophthalmologist deal with:
When to contact a Pediatric Ophthalmologist:
You should consult an ophthalmologist if:
The child was found to have discharge from the eyes, lacrimation, and redness of the eyelids;
- with strabismus;
- by two months the child does not follow moving objects with his eyes (at a distance of 15-25 cm from the face).
Below is short list Symptoms that may occur when vision deteriorates:
Deterioration of distance vision;
- holds the book too close to the eyes;
- experiences headaches during visual stress or afterward;
- often rubs eyes, blinks rapidly;
- gets tired quickly;
- misses words when reading;
- may have poor handwriting, words are far apart.
Myopia (myopia)
Myopia, or myopia, affects every third person on Earth. Myopic people can't see route numbers well public transport, difficult to distinguish road signs and other objects at a distance, but can see well at close range.
Symptoms of myopia
People suffering from myopia often have headaches and experience increased visual fatigue.
If these symptoms bother you, you definitely need to undergo a complete ophthalmological examination and choose glasses, contact lenses or decide on laser correction.
Farsightedness (hypermetropia)
Farsighted people usually have trouble seeing close up, but vision may be blurry when looking at distant objects.
Symptoms of farsightedness
Poor near vision;
- poor distance vision (with high degrees of farsightedness);
- increased eye fatigue when reading;
- eye strain during work (headaches, burning eyes);
- squint and “lazy” eyes in children (amblyopia);
- frequent inflammatory diseases eye (blepharitis, barley, chalazion, conjunctivitis).
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is the most common reason low vision, usually accompanying myopia or farsightedness.
It is caused by an abnormally shaped cornea, which can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.
Symptoms of astigmatism
If the child small degree Astigmatism, he may not notice it or experience only slightly blurry vision.
Sometimes uncorrected astigmatism can cause frequent headaches or increased fatigue eye at visual load.
Cataract
When it comes to cataracts, people often think of a film that grows on the eye and impairs vision. In fact, cataracts do not form on the eye, but inside it.
Cataract of the left eye. In both eyes, the pupils were dilated with medication.
A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens, the part of the eye responsible for focusing light rays and creating clear, crisp images. The lens is located in a special sac called a capsule. As old lens cells die, they accumulate in the capsule and cause opacities, which understandably make the image appear cloudy and blurry. For the most part, cataracts are a natural result of aging.
Cataracts are very frequent illness, being the first cause of vision loss in people over 55 years of age. In addition to age-related cataracts, lens opacities occur as a result of trauma, damage certain types radiation, reception of some medicines, diseases - general, like diabetes, myotonia, and eye diseases, like glaucoma, myopia and others.
Signs of cataracts
Gradual deterioration of vision in one or both eyes in the form of the appearance of a cellophane film or foggy glass in front of the eyes.
- The appearance or increase in the degree of myopia, if the cataract is primarily associated with clouding of the center of the lens - its nucleus.
- Old age or the presence in the past of factors contributing to the appearance of opacities in the lens.
- Lens opacities are detected by the doctor during an eye examination using a slit lamp.
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a disease caused by high intraocular pressure, which without treatment leads to irreversible death. optic nerve. And the death of the optic nerve means irreversible loss of vision. However, earlier detection and treatment can slow down or even stop the progression of the disease.
Signs (symptoms)
Glaucoma is an insidious disease because it rarely causes complaints. It is possible to detect glaucoma in a timely manner only with regular visits to an ophthalmologist.
An acute attack of angle-closure glaucoma is accompanied by
Extremely severe pain in the eye;
- Sharp deterioration vision;
- Headache (half of the head on the side of the affected eye often hurts);
- Nausea and vomiting;
- Photophobia.
Congenital glaucoma
lacrimation;
- Photophobia;
- Increase in the size of the cornea and the entire eye.
Strabismus
Strabismus is a disease caused by malfunction one or more eye muscles, which leads to incorrect position eye. Normally, both eyes focus on one point, but transmit the picture to the brain from their point of view. The brain combines the two images, which gives three-dimensionality to the image presented to consciousness.
Here's a practical explanation. Extend your hand in front of you and look at it, alternately closing one or the other eye. Notice how the hand changes its position. Although the images are slightly different from each other, when seeing with two eyes, the brain interprets them as one.
Each eye has six muscles that work together to move the eyes. The brain controls all 12 muscles to keep both eyes looking in the right direction. In order for the brain to be able to combine two images into one, it is critical that all muscles work in harmony.
In children, strabismus must be detected as early as possible, since children adapt very easily. If strabismus occurs, the child’s brain begins to receive two pictures that he cannot combine into one. The child experiences double vision, to which his brain quickly reacts by suppressing one image in order to work with one. Very short term the brain causes irreparable suppression of vision from the squinting eye, making it “lazy” or amblyopic. Children may also develop a tilt or turn of the head to compensate for the squint and eliminate double vision. In adults with strabismus not acquired in childhood, double vision is almost always present: the adaptability of the adult brain is limited.
Various reasons can lead to strabismus. Strabismus can be congenital, or caused by injury, certain diseases, and sometimes eye surgery.
Signs (symptoms)
With strabismus, adults will begin to complain of double vision, but not children. For children with strabismus, complaints of double vision are not typical due to the good adaptive abilities of the brain described above. Children should have vision screening tests to detect early possible problems. How younger child, when strabismus is detected and treatment is started, the greater the chance of normal vision.
The most common symptoms:
Deviation of the eye(s) towards the temple or nose;
- Tilted or rotated head position;
- Squinting;
- Double vision (in some cases).
When and what tests should be done:
In ophthalmology they are used only instrumental methods research.
What are the main types of diagnostics usually performed by a pediatric ophthalmologist:
Eye diagnostics include precise definition visual acuity and refraction of the patient, measurement intraocular pressure, examining the eye under a microscope (biomicroscopy), pachymetry (measuring the thickness of the cornea), echobiometry (determining the length of the eye), ultrasound examination eyes (B-scan), computer keratotopography and a thorough examination of the retina (fundus of the eye) with a wide pupil, determination of the level of tear production, detailed research patient's field of view. If necessary, the scope of the examination can be expanded.
Eye tests
A lot of things are checked using tests. various functions eyes. The tests measure your ability to see details at close and far distances, check for gaps or defects in your field of vision, and evaluate your ability to distinguish colors.
Visual acuity tests are the most general tests, used to evaluate your vision. They measure the eye's ability to see details at close and far distances. The tests usually involve testing letters, reading, or identifying symbols of various sizes on an eye chart. Typically, each eye is tested individually, and then both eyes are tested together or without corrective lenses (if you wear them).
Several different visual acuity tests may be used:
Refraction is a test that measures the eye's need for corrective lenses (refractive error). This is usually done after a visual acuity test. Refractive errors such as nearsightedness or farsightedness occur when light rays entering the eye are not focused accurately on the nerve layer (retina) behind the eye. This causes blurred vision. The refraction test is done as component An eye exam for people who already wear glasses or contact lenses, but it will also be done if the results of other visual acuity tests show that your vision is below normal and can be corrected with glasses.
Visual field tests are used to test your vision around you - your peripheral vision. Your full field of view is the entire area you can see when your gaze directed in one direction. The full visual field is covered by both eyes at the same time; it also includes a central visual field, in which all the most basic details are focused, and a peripheral visual field.
Color difference tests will test your ability to distinguish colors. These tests are used to determine color blindness in patients with suspected retinal or optical nerve disease or in cases where there is a family history of color blindness.
The color vision test is also used for jobs in fields where color vision is fundamental, such as the military, driving, or electronics.
The color vision test only reveals this problem; further testing is needed to determine what is causing this problem.
Now developed various techniques on the prevention and treatment of vision, which you can do independently at home or school, in between lessons.
Here are five golden rules of prevention.
1. Give your eyes a rest often. If the child good eyesight, he must take a break from studying every 40 minutes. If myopia is already weak - every 30.
10-15 minutes of rest is not sitting in front of the TV, rest is when you run, jump, look out the window, do gymnastics for your eyes. For gymnastics, you need to make a mark with a diameter of 3 mm on the window glass at eye level with a felt-tip pen. Move 30 cm away from the window and look at the mark for 5 seconds, and at the view outside the window for 5 seconds. And so on for 3-5 minutes. For those who are prescribed glasses, the child does this gymnastics wearing glasses. This is a workout for the eye muscle.
Draw a circle with a diameter of 50 cm on a large sheet of paper.
Hang the circle on the wall. Move to a comfortable distance. Move your gaze from the central point, first to the left, then to the right horizontally, top to end, down, from the bottom point, circular movements to the right to the end, left to the end, a figure eight in one direction, in the other (in the direction of the arrows). This is one movement. On the first day, do this movement 2 times. Add one movement every day. Bring gymnastics to 6-8 movements in a row. You cannot turn your head during gymnastics. Do it for a month, take a break for two weeks, and so on throughout your life.
As sad as it may be for a schoolchild, he can only watch TV on weekends when he does not have classes. Straining your eyes for five hours at school (we don’t count physical education and singing lessons), and two or three hours at home is a load that a growing eye cannot withstand. And myopia develops especially quickly from 7 to 9 years and from 12 to 14 years - in adolescence.
A student can spend no more than 15-20 minutes a day at the computer. If the work is not completed within this time, it must be broken into parts, and every 15 minutes a break should be taken for the eyes.
2. Keep a book or notebook at a distance of 40 cm from your eyes. At this distance it deforms the least eyeball. Measure this distance and show your child how he should sit.
3. Temper your child so that he gets sick as little as possible. Let him play sports - run, swim, play tennis, etc. All sports that do not involve head injuries are good for the eyes. And head injuries can worsen existing nearsightedness.
4. Feed foods that are healthy for the eyes: cottage cheese, kefir, boiled fish, beef and beef tongue, turkey, rabbit meat, carrots and cabbage. Give him blueberries, lingonberries, cranberries. And definitely greens - parsley, dill.
Multivitamins with microelements and calcium supplements - calcium with vitamin D, with phosphorus - are useful for the eyes.
If you haven’t saved the eyes of your elder, put some straw on your younger children: don’t teach them to read before the age of 5, don’t send them to school at the age of 6 - the ciliary muscle, which ensures good vision, is finally formed by the age of 7-8 (among those who went to first grade at 6 years old, there are 3 times more myopia than among schoolchildren who went to first grade at 7 years old), do not sit children in front of the TV before 3 years old - only by the age of three children’s vision becomes normal, equal to “one”, do not let play on the computer before 8 years of age.
