As a result of blood loss, a person's pulse increases. Bleeding and blood loss

is an irreversible loss of blood over a short period of time. Occurs due to bleeding from damaged vessels. Affects the condition of all organs and systems. The loss of a significant volume of blood is accompanied by the development hemorrhagic shock posing a threat to the patient's life. Acute blood loss can be caused by trauma and certain diseases. Manifested by pallor, tachycardia, decreased blood pressure, shortness of breath, euphoria or depression of consciousness. Treatment is elimination of the source of bleeding, infusion of blood and blood substitutes.

The greater the volume of blood loss and the faster the blood is shed, the more severe the patient’s condition and the worse the prognosis. In addition, factors such as age, general condition body, intoxication, chronic diseases and even the time of year (in the warm season, blood loss is more difficult to bear). A loss of 500 ml (10% of bcc) in a healthy adult does not lead to significant hemodynamic disturbances and does not require special correction. If a patient suffering from a chronic disease loses a similar volume, it is necessary to replenish the volume of blood volume using blood, blood and plasma substitutes. The hardest thing this state carried by elderly people, children and pregnant women suffering from toxicosis.

Reasons

The most common cause is injury: soft tissue injuries and internal organs, multiple fractures or damage to large bones (eg, severe pelvic fracture). In addition, acute blood loss can occur as a result of blunt trauma with rupture of an organ. Wounds with damage to large vessels, as well as wounds and ruptures are especially dangerous. parenchymal organs. Among the diseases that can cause blood loss are stomach and duodenal ulcers, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, cirrhosis of the liver, accompanied by varicose veins of the esophagus, malignant tumors Gastrointestinal tract and organs chest, lung gangrene, pulmonary infarction and other diseases in which destruction of the vessel wall is possible.

Pathogenesis

For acute blood loss mild degree the receptors of the veins are irritated, resulting in persistent and total venous spasm. There are no significant hemodynamic disturbances. Replenishment of BCC in healthy people occurs within 2-3 days due to the activation of hematopoiesis. With a loss of more than 1 liter, not only venous receptors are irritated, but also alpha receptors in the arteries. This causes stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and stimulates the neurohumoral response - the release of the adrenal cortex large quantity catecholamines. In this case, the amount of adrenaline exceeds the norm by 50-100 times, the amount of norepinephrine – by 5-10 times.

Under the influence of catecholamines, first the capillaries, and then larger vessels, spasm. The contractile function of the myocardium is stimulated, and tachycardia occurs. The liver and spleen contract, throwing out vascular bed blood from the depot. Arteriovenous shunts open in the lungs. All of the above allows you to provide within 2-3 hours required quantity blood is vital important organs, maintain blood pressure and hemoglobin levels. Subsequently, the neuro-reflex mechanisms are depleted, and vasodilation replaces vasodilation. Blood flow in all vessels decreases, and erythrocyte stasis occurs. Exchange processes tissues are further disrupted and metabolic acidosis develops. All of the above forms a picture of hypovolemia and hemorrhagic shock.

The severity of hemorrhagic shock is determined taking into account pulse, blood pressure, diuresis and laboratory parameters (hematocrit and hemoglobin content in the blood). Under the influence of aldosterone, arteriovenous shunts open in the kidneys, as a result of which the blood is “dumped” without passing through the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which leads to sharp decline diuresis up to anuria. Because of hormonal changes plasma does not leave the vessels in interstitial tissue, which, along with the deterioration of microcirculation, further aggravates tissue metabolism disorders, aggravates acidosis and provokes the development of multiple organ failure.

The listed disorders cannot be completely stopped even with immediate replacement of blood loss. After restoration of bcc, the decrease in blood pressure persists for 3-6 hours, disturbances in blood flow in the lungs - for 1-2 hours, disturbances in blood flow in the kidneys - for 3-9 hours. Microcirculation in tissues is restored only on days 4-7, and complete elimination of the consequences takes many weeks.

Classification

There are several systematizations of acute blood loss. Most widely in clinical practice The following classification is used:

Mild degree – loss of up to 1 liter (10-20% of bcc).
Average degree – loss of up to 1.5 liters (20-30% of bcc).
Severe degree – loss of up to 2 liters (40% of bcc).
Massive blood loss – loss of more than 2 liters (more than 40% of the blood volume).

In addition, supermassive or fatal blood loss is distinguished, in which the patient loses more than 50% of the blood volume. With such acute blood loss, even in the case of immediate volume replacement, in the vast majority of cases, irreversible changes homeostasis.

Symptoms of acute blood loss

Symptoms of this condition include sudden weakness, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, pallor, thirst, dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting. In severe cases, shortness of breath may occur, periodic breathing, cold sweat, loss of consciousness and marbled coloration of the skin. At traumatic injury a bleeding wound is detected or signs of severe closed damage skeleton or internal organs.

Diagnostics

Along with clinical signs, there are laboratory indicators that allow you to assess the amount of blood loss. The number of red blood cells decreases below 3x10¹²/l, hematocrit - below 0.35. However, the listed figures only indirectly indicate the degree of acute blood loss, since the test results reflect the real course of events with some “lag”, that is, with massive blood loss in the first hours, the tests may remain normal. This is especially common in children.

Considering the above, as well as the non-specificity of signs of acute blood loss (especially mild or moderate), it is necessary to pay attention to special attention external signs. With external bleeding, establishing the fact of blood loss is not difficult. In case of internal bleeding, take into account indirect signs: hemoptysis due to pulmonary hemorrhage, vomiting “coffee grounds” and/or melena due to pathology of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, tension in the anterior abdominal wall and dullness upon percussion in the sloping parts of the abdomen with damage to parenchymal organs, etc. Examination and anamnesis data are supplemented with the results instrumental studies. If necessary, radiography, MRI, ultrasound, laparoscopy and other studies are performed, consultations with a vascular surgeon, abdominal surgeon, thoracic surgeon and other specialists are prescribed.

Treatment of acute blood loss

The choice of the treating specialist is determined by the nature of the pathology that caused the bleeding. In case of significant blood loss, anesthesiologists and resuscitators are involved in the management of the patient. Treatment tactics depend on the volume of blood lost and the patient’s condition. If a loss of up to 500 ml occurs, no special measures are required; the volume of blood volume is restored independently. With a loss of up to 1 liter, the issue of volume replenishment is resolved differentially. In case of tachycardia not more than 100 beats/min, normal blood pressure and diuresis, infusions are not indicated; in case of violation of these indicators, plasma substitutes are transfused: saline solution, glucose and dextran. Decrease in blood pressure below 90 mm Hg. Art is an indication for drip infusion of colloidal solutions. When blood pressure drops below 70 mm Hg. Art. produce jet transfusions.

At medium degree(up to 1.5 l) transfusion of plasma substitutes is required in a volume that is 2-3 times greater than the amount of bcc loss. Along with this, a transfusion of 500-1000 ml of blood is recommended. In severe cases, blood transfusions and plasma substitutes are required in a volume that is 3-4 times greater than the loss of bcc. In case of massive blood loss, it is necessary to transfuse 2-3 volumes of blood and several volumes of plasma substitutes.

Criteria for adequate recovery of blood volume: pulse no more than 90 beats/min, stable blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg. Art., hemoglobin 110 g/l, central venous pressure 4-6 cm water. Art. and diuresis more than 60 ml/h. At the same time, one of the most important indicators is diuresis. Restoring urine flow within 12 hours from the onset of blood loss is one of the primary tasks, since otherwise renal tubules become necrotic and irreversible renal failure. To normalize diuresis, infusion therapy is used in combination with stimulation with furosemide and aminophylline.

Death from blood loss occurs due to many factors associated with disruption of the integrity of tissues, blood vessels and organs. In many cases, this is caused by various injuries, exacerbations of diseases and injuries.

Blood loss is a process that develops due to heavy bleeding or when donating blood. In other words, this is a decrease in the volume of circulating blood in the body.

As a result of acute blood loss, it may develop most dangerous condition, called hemorrhagic shock. This condition can lead to death, as blood circulation in the tissues of the brain and lungs stops. Therefore, to prevent death, it is necessary to quickly take measures to prevent it. It is necessary to stop the bleeding and remove everything that prevents the person from breathing. To stop bleeding, you need to apply a tourniquet, bandage, or compress the wound. The buttons on the victim’s neck should be unfastened and the tie, if any, removed, in order to increase the access of oxygen.

The nature of bleeding is very diverse. And if measures are not taken in time, this can lead to death from blood loss.

Why is blood loss dangerous?

As noted above, blood loss develops as a result of a violation of the integrity of blood vessels, organs and tissues. In this case, the volume of lost blood does not have to be large. It is enough to lose only 300 ml over a short period of time for anemia to develop and weight loss blood pressure. Such sudden changes cause anoxia (great oxygen deficiency), and then death can occur. These signs characterize acute blood loss. With it, the internal organs do not bleed, since its losses occur in small volumes.

When blood loss occurs in large volumes, up to approximately 60%, gradual decline pressure. This lasts for 20-30 minutes or even longer. With such loss, a person’s skin becomes marble-colored. On examination, the internal organs are pale.

Volumes of blood loss

Blood loss is divided into several types, differing in the amount of blood lost.

Small. The loss volume is less than 200 ml. This is how much a person can lose without harm to health. This is the state healthy body tolerates without any consequences. Symptoms do not appear. The pulse is normal, blood pressure does not decrease, but slight fatigue is observed.
Average. Volume 200 - 500 ml. The pressure decreases by about 10%, a slight malfunction is observed heart rate, skin color becomes paler than usual, pulse and breathing become slightly faster. A person experiences dizziness, weakness, inhibited reaction to stimuli, a feeling of dry mouth, and nausea. Sometimes fainting is possible.
Big. Losses are 500 ml - 1 liter. Blood pressure drops to 90 mmHg. Art. Rapid heartbeat up to 120 beats per minute, pulse up to 150 beats. Emotional state- indifference, the person is delirious, there is no consciousness. Veils white or bluish-gray. Cold sweat appears, goosebumps appear on the skin, and convulsions occur.
Deadly. The volume of losses is from two to five liters. Such a large loss of blood is fatal to a person. The pressure drops to below 60 mmHg. sometimes it is not defined at all. The pulse disappears, the skin is white, dry and cold. Convulsions and involuntary bowel movements may occur. The pupils dilate, agony begins, and then death occurs.

Types of bleeding

Depending on the type of bleeding, the amount of blood loss and measures of assistance will be different.

Arterial. Occurs as a result of damage to large vessels. The pulsating jet is a fountain. The color is bright red.
Venous. The stream is sluggish and flows slowly. There's a lot in the blood carbon dioxide, so its color is dark red.
Capillary. This is the least dangerous look bleeding, since the capillaries are located outside, and the blood often stops on its own.
Intracavity. A very dangerous look. Are damaged blood vessels internal organs. In this case, the blood does not come out, but accumulates in the cavities of the body. Main danger The problem is that it is not visually diagnosed, the process occurs hidden from the person, and symptoms do not appear immediately. And how much blood a person lost is difficult to determine in this situation.

Each of these types of bleeding can lead to fatal outcome, if measures are not taken in time and treatment is not started.

Death from blood loss

Untimely treatment of any type of blood loss leads to death. Blood has a lot of functions, and if there is a lack of it in the body, then these functions are either disrupted or not performed at all. When there is blood loss, the heart stops working, since it has nothing to pump, and the work of the lungs is also disrupted: they contain many capillaries, thanks to which the respiratory system works. The work of all internal organs is based on blood exchange. Blood carries oxygen, without which the body cannot fully function. When blood circulation in the brain is disrupted, the supply of oxygen stops, which leads to hypoxia and brain cells begin to die. Similar phenomenon occurs in other organs as well. Therefore, blood loss is very dangerous, and if it is not stopped, the body will not survive. Of course, not all blood loss results in death. Fatal conditions are acute blood loss.

Several factors influence the outcome of bleeding:

Volume and rate of bleeding. A loss of more than 50% is considered incompatible with life. Although there are unfortunate situations where a person dies from a loss of less than 30%, these are usually small losses, but they last a long time.
Type of bleeding vessel. The risk of death is greater.
General state of human health. Healthy man, not having any chronic diseases, tolerates blood loss more easily. The body can use protective and reserve mechanisms for recovery.
External factors: hypothermia and overheating negatively affect the recovery process.
People who regularly donate donor blood, and women tolerate this condition more easily, but children and the elderly more severely. For an infant, even a few milliliters of blood loss can be fatal.

Treatment of blood loss

In order to take adequate measures to treat blood loss, it is necessary to first determine its magnitude. Eat simple technique its definitions:

by location of injury, pressure level, volume of damaged tissue and general;
according to blood parameters: number of red blood cells, hemoglobin level and density.

The treatment method for this condition comes down to several principles.

It is necessary to replenish the volume of fluid inside the vessels using solutions.
Replenish plasma elements responsible for coagulation.
Increasing the oxygen content in the patient's blood.
Increase in the number of red blood cells.

If the blood loss is acute, then medical intervention must be carried out immediately.

In this case, blood transfusion is used to replenish blood reserves.

This procedure helps to replenish not only its volume, but also make it work more actively. bone marrow. In addition, during transfusion, red blood cells and the element fibrin are introduced. With such blood loss, up to 250 ml of blood is infused. If blood loss continues, then it is infused again, but in a smaller volume. This is approximately 150 ml. When a combat injury occurs and a state of shock occurs, the volume is increased to 500 ml, and in some situations up to 1.5 liters. Before taking necessary measures upon her stop. If there is a lack of fresh blood, canned blood can also be transfused; there is no difference between them.

The occurrence of bleeding of any kind causes the body to launch defense mechanisms. There are only three such mechanisms:

reaction of the walls of blood vessels;
activation of the coagulation system;
reaction cardiovascular system.

Either one seeks to limit blood loss. If there were no such mechanisms, then even a simple scratch would lead to fatal outcome. The body has provided bleeding and its regulation for survival. Spontaneous stopping of bleeding allows you to maintain life during blood loss.

Blood loss called a process whose development occurs as a result bleeding. It is characterized by a set of adaptive and pathological reactions of the body to a decrease in blood volume in the body, as well as a lack of oxygen (), which was caused by a decrease in the transport of this substance in the blood.

The development of acute blood loss is possible in cases where there is damage to a large vessel, which causes a fairly rapid drop in blood pressure, which can drop to almost zero. This condition can also occur when complete break aorta, pulmonary trunk, bottom or superior vein. Even despite insignificant blood loss, a sharp, almost instantaneous drop in pressure occurs, and anoxia(lack of oxygen) myocardium and brain. And this, in turn, leads to death. The big picture blood loss consists of signs acute death, damage large vessel, a small amount of blood in various body cavities and some other signs. For acute blood loss, there is no characteristic bleeding of the internal organs of the body, but with massive blood loss, a gradual leakage of blood from the vessels can be observed. The body loses half of its available blood. In a matter of minutes, the pressure drops, the skin becomes “marbled”, islanded, pale, limited spots appear, appearing later than with other types of death.

The main element in blood loss is the reduction circulating blood volume. The first reaction to this condition is spasm small arterioles and arteries, which occurs in the form reflex in response to irritation of certain areas of blood vessels and increased tone of the autonomic nervous system. Thanks to this, during blood loss, if its course develops slowly, it is possible to further maintain normal blood pressure. Vascular resistance increases in proportion to the severity of blood loss. As a result of a decrease in circulating blood volume, minute volume of blood circulation and venous flow to the heart decrease. To compensate, the force of the heart's contractions increases and the amount of blood in its ventricles decreases. Suffered blood loss leads to changes functional state heart muscle, ECG changes appear, conductivity is disrupted, arteriovenous shunts open, while part of the blood passes through the capillaries and immediately passes into the venules, the supply of blood to the muscles, kidneys and skin deteriorates.

The body tries on its own compensate lack of blood due to blood loss. This is achieved due to the fact that the interstitial fluid, as well as the proteins contained in it, penetrate into bloodstream, as a result of which the original volume can be restored. In cases where the body cannot cope with compensation of the volume of circulating blood, as well as when blood pressure is low for a long time, acute blood loss becomes irreversible condition which can last for hours. This condition is called hemorrhagic shock. In the most severe cases, it can develop thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, which is caused by a combination of increased levels of procoagulants in the blood and slow blood flow. The irreversible condition differs in many ways from acute blood loss and is similar to the terminal stage of traumatic shock.

Symptoms of blood loss

The volume of lost blood is not always associated with the clinical picture of blood loss. With a slow flow of blood, a blurred clinical picture is possible, or may be absent. The severity of blood loss is determined primarily based on clinical picture. If blood loss occurs quickly and in large quantities, compensatory mechanisms may not have time to turn on, or may not be fast enough. Hemodynamics at the same time, the transport of oxygen worsens, the transport of oxygen decreases, due to which the accumulation and consumption of it by tissues decreases, the contractile function of the myocardium is impaired due to oxygen starvation Central nervous system, the minute volume of blood circulation decreases, due to which oxygen transport deteriorates even more. If this circle is not broken, the victim will face inevitable death. Some factors can increase the body's sensitivity to blood loss: concomitant diseases, ionizing radiation, shock, injury, overheating or hypothermia, and some other circumstances. Women are more resilient and tolerate blood loss more easily, while older people, infants and newborns are extremely sensitive to blood loss.

There are blood losses hidden And massive. The former are characterized by a deficiency of and. With massive blood loss, volume deficiency leads to dysfunction of the cardiovascular system; even having lost only a tenth of the total blood volume with massive blood loss, the patient has a great threat to life. Absolutely fatal blood loss is one third of the total blood volume circulating in the body.

Based on the volume of blood lost, blood loss can be divided into:

Minor blood loss– less than 0.5 liters of blood. Minor blood loss is usually tolerated without any symptoms. clinical symptoms and consequences. Pulse and blood pressure remain normal, the patient feels only slight fatigue, has a clear consciousness, and the skin has a normal shade.

For average blood loss typical blood loss is 0.5-1 liter. With it, pronounced tachycardia, blood pressure drops to 90-100 mm. rt. Art., breathing remains normal, nausea, dry mouth, dizziness develop, possible fainting, severe weakness, twitching of individual muscles, sharp decline strength, slow reaction.

At large blood loss blood shortage reaches 1-2 liters. Blood pressure drops to 90-100 mm. rt. Art., a pronounced increase in breathing develops, tachycardia, severe pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, cold sticky sweat is released, the patient’s consciousness is clouded, he is tormented by vomiting and nausea, painful, pathological drowsiness, weakened vision, darkening in the eyes, tremors of the hands.

With massive blood loss There is a shortage of blood in a volume of 2-3.5 liters, which is up to 70% of the total volume of circulating blood. Blood pressure drops sharply and reaches 60 mm, the pulse is threadlike up to 150 beats per minute, at peripheral vessels may not be palpable at all. The patient shows indifference to the surrounding environment, his consciousness is confused or absent, there is deathly pallor of the skin, sometimes with a blue-gray tint, cold sweat is released, convulsions and sunken eyes may occur.

Fatal blood loss occurs when there is a shortage of more than 70% of the body's blood. It is characterized by: blood pressure may not be determined at all, the skin is cold, dry, the pulse disappears, convulsions, dilated pupils, and death occur.

The main goal when treatment hemorrhagic shock is to increase the volume of circulating blood, as well as improve microcirculation. At the first stages of treatment, transfusion of liquids, such as glucose solution and saline solution, which allows for prevention empty heart syndrome.

Instant stoppage of blood loss is possible when the source is accessible without. But in most cases, patients must be prepared for surgery, and various plasma expanders.

Infusion therapy, which is aimed at restoring blood volume, is carried out under the control of venous and arterial pressure, hourly, peripheral resistance and cardiac output. At replacement therapy Canned blood products, plasma substitutes, and their combinations are used.

If a person has lost up to 10% of blood, this is acceptable; the body will be able to cope with its restoration itself. Acute blood loss is observed in situations where this percentage is higher. This condition is life-threatening and measures should be taken immediately to restore the required blood volume. How to make up for the loss, read further in the article.

Symptoms of acute blood loss

The bleeding clinic consists of local ones (caused by the outflow of blood during external environment or inside tissues and organs) and common features blood loss. It's unifying clinical sign for all types of bleeding. The severity of these symptoms and the body's response to blood loss depend on many factors. Blood loss is considered fatal when a person loses half of all circulating blood. But this is not an absolute statement.

Second important factor, which determines the body's response to blood loss is its rate, i.e., the speed at which a person loses blood. When bleeding from a large truncus arteriosus death can occur with smaller amounts of blood loss. This is due to the fact that the body’s compensatory reactions do not have time to operate at the proper level, for example, with chronic blood loss in volume.

General clinical symptoms are the same for all bleeding:

There are complaints of dizziness, weakness, thirst, spots flashing before the eyes, and drowsiness.

The skin is pale, and if the bleeding rate is high, cold sweat may occur.

Not uncommon orthostatic collapse, development fainting states.

At objective research tachycardia, decreased blood pressure, and low-fill pulse are detected.

With the development of hemorrhagic shock, a decrease in diuresis occurs.

Red blood tests show a decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell count. But changes in these indicators are observed only with the development of hemodilution and in the first hours after blood loss are not very informative.

The severity of clinical symptoms of blood loss depends on the rate of bleeding.

Signs of blood loss due to anemia

We also need to say a few words about anemia. This word is translated as “without blood.” What symptoms accompany this disease? This:

general weakness from lack of strength,

sometimes dizziness

low blood pressure but high heart rate.

Women are more affected by anemia. In general, anemia is not even a disease, but a symptom that not everything is in order in the body. If the human body does not receive sufficient quantity iron, which is necessary for the formation of hemoglobin, its energy capabilities are reduced. During menstruation, women experience iron deficiency. Pregnant women also suffer from iron loss in the blood as they share their body's iron intake with their growing baby.

Degrees of blood loss and their manifestations

There are several degrees of severity of acute blood loss.

With a deficit of circulating blood volume (CBV) of 5–10%. The general condition is relatively satisfactory, there is an increase in pulse rate, but it is sufficiently full. Blood pressure (BP) is normal. When examining blood, hemoglobin is more than 80 g/l. On capillaroscopy, the state of microcirculation is satisfactory: on a pink background there is rapid blood flow, at least 3-4 loops.

With a BCC deficit of up to 15%. The general condition is moderate. Tachycardia up to 110 per minute is noted. Systolic blood pressure decreases to 80 mm Hg. Art. Red blood tests show a decrease in hemoglobin from 80 to 60 g/l. Capillaroscopy reveals rapid blood flow, but against a pale background.

With a BCC deficit of up to 30%. General serious condition patient. The pulse is thread-like, with a frequency of 120 per minute. Blood pressure drops to 60 mm Hg. Art. Capillaroscopy shows a pale background, slow blood flow, 1–2 loops.

When the BCC deficit is more than 30%. A patient with symptoms of blood loss of this degree is in a very serious, often agonal state. Pulse and blood pressure on peripheral arteries are missing.

How to replenish blood loss using traditional methods?

This is done in a hospital. A person is given plasma or direct transfusion blood. In urgent emergency situations to replenish blood loss, is administered intravenously various drugs, for example, saline solution, Glucose solution, etc. If the blood loss is small, medical intervention is not required.

How to cure anemia with home remedies? As you know, blood consists of plasma (98% water) and blood cells. The cells, in turn, contain protein and iron. In addition, folic acid and vitamin B12 are involved in the process of hematopoiesis. This means that in order to quickly replenish blood loss, you need to saturate the body:

liquid;

vitamin B12;

folic acid.

Which foods have the most iron? In the liver, in lean meat, apples, walnuts, eggs. When treating acute blood loss, you can still use pharmaceutical Hematogen. It is also believed that red-colored foods contain a lot of iron - liver, beets, carrots, apples, tomatoes. You should drink at least 2.2 liters of liquid. This is ordinary water, various natural juices. In addition, doctors advise drinking red wine, preferably Cahors, a glass a day.

You need to remember that foods rich in calcium reduce the absorption of iron. If you urgently need to replenish blood loss, you will have to give up dairy products for a while. If for some reason you cannot do this, then at least do not take foods containing calcium and iron together. Iron absorption is also reduced bakery products, coffee, tea. To replenish blood loss, you need to eat foods that contain vitamin C - tomato and orange juices, citrus fruits, onions, sweet pepper, greens. It's good to drink freshly squeezed pomegranate juice.

How to replenish blood loss during anemia?

To improve your well-being, do not drink coffee or tea immediately after meals. There is no need to wash out iron supplements. It is better to drink after lunch, which includes products with a large number iron, glass of natural orange juice. After all, vitamin C helps iron be better absorbed.

Very good home remedy for blood loss:

raisin;
walnuts;
dried apricots;
lemons.

1 glass of all products, 2 lemons. We use lemons whole, along with peel and zest. All products need to be ground in a meat grinder, mixed with honey and refrigerated. You can take the product several times a day if desired. Tasty and very useful in treating anemia.

Causes of acute blood loss and its danger

Blood loss may be caused for various reasons. These are various injuries surgery, diseases of internal organs, heavy periods in women, etc.

It is extremely important to replenish blood loss in a timely manner since it performs a number of functions in the body important functions, which mainly boil down to maintaining homeostasis. Thanks to transport function blood in the body, a constant exchange of gases, plastic and energy materials becomes possible, hormonal regulation etc. The buffer function of blood is to maintain acid-base balance, electrolyte and osmotic balances. Immune function also aimed at maintaining homeostasis. Finally, the delicate balance between the coagulation and anticoagulation systems of the blood maintains its fluid state.

Blood loss: types, definition, acceptable values, hemorrhagic shock and its stages, therapy

What is blood loss is best known in surgery and obstetrics, since they most often occur with similar problem, which is complicated by the fact that there has not been a single tactic in the treatment of these conditions. Every patient requires individual selection optimal combinations medicinal products, because blood transfusion therapy is based on the transfusion of donor blood components that are compatible with the patient’s blood. Sometimes it can be very difficult to restore homeostasis, since the body reacts to acute blood loss with disturbances. rheological properties blood, hypoxia and coagulopathy. These disorders can lead to uncontrollable reactions that can be fatal.

Blood loss, acute and chronic

The amount of blood in an adult is approximately 7% of his body weight, in newborns and infants this figure is twice as high (14-15%). It increases quite significantly (on average by 30-35%) during pregnancy. Approximately 80-82% takes part in blood circulation and is called circulating blood volume(BCC), and 18-20% is in reserve in the depositing authorities. The volume of circulating blood is noticeably higher in people with developed muscles and not burdened overweight. In obese people, oddly enough, this figure decreases, so the dependence of BCC on weight can be considered conditional. BCC also decreases with age (after 60 years) by 1-2% per year, during menstruation in women and, of course, during childbirth, but these changes are considered physiological and, in general, do not affect the general condition of a person. Another question is if the volume of circulating blood decreases as a result of pathological processes:

Acute blood loss caused by traumatic impact and damage to a vessel of large diameter (or several with a smaller lumen);
Acute gastrointestinal bleeding, associated with existing diseases of ulcerative etiology in a person and being their complication;
Blood loss during operations (even planned ones), resulting from a surgeon’s error;
Bleeding during childbirth, leading to massive blood loss, is one of the most severe complications in obstetrics, leading to maternal mortality;
Gynecological bleeding (uterine rupture, ectopic pregnancy etc.).

Blood loss by the body can be divided into two types: acute And chronic, and chronic is tolerated better by patients and does not pose such a danger to human life.

Chronic (hidden) blood loss is usually caused by constant, but minor bleeding (tumors, hemorrhoids), in which compensatory mechanisms that protect the body have time to turn on, which does not happen during acute blood loss. With hidden regular blood loss, as a rule, the bcc does not suffer, but the number of blood cells and hemoglobin level drops noticeably. This is due to the fact that replenishing blood volume is not so difficult; it is enough to drink a certain amount of liquid, but to produce new ones shaped elements and the body does not have time to synthesize hemoglobin.

Physiology and not so much

Blood loss associated with menstruation is a physiological process for a woman, negative impact does not have an effect on the body and does not affect health if it does not exceed permissible values. The average blood loss during menstruation ranges from 50-80 ml, but can reach 100-110 ml, which is also considered normal. If a woman loses more blood than this, then you should think about it, because a monthly blood loss of approximately 150 ml is considered abundant and one way or another will lead to and in general can be a sign of many gynecological diseases.

Childbirth is a natural process and physiological loss of blood will necessarily take place, where acceptable norm values around 400 ml are considered. However, anything can happen in obstetrics and it should be said that obstetric bleeding is quite complex and can very quickly become uncontrollable.

At this stage, all the classic signs of hemorrhagic shock clearly and clearly appear:

Coldness of the extremities;
Paleness of the skin;
Acrocyanosis;
Dyspnea;
Muffled heart sounds (insufficient diastolic filling of the heart chambers and worsening contractile function myocardium);
Development of acute renal failure;
Acidosis.

It is difficult to distinguish decompensated hemorrhagic shock from irreversible shock, since they are very similar. Irreversibility is a matter of time, and if decompensation, despite treatment, continues for more than half a day, then the prognosis is very unfavorable. Progressive organ failure, when the function of the main organs (liver, heart, kidneys, lungs) suffers, leads to irreversible shock.

What is infusion therapy?

Infusion therapy does not mean replacing lost blood with donor blood. The slogan “a drop for a drop”, which provided for complete replacement, and sometimes even with interest, has long gone into oblivion. – a serious operation involving the transplantation of foreign tissue, which the patient’s body may not accept. Transfusion reactions and complications are even more difficult to deal with than acute blood loss, which is why whole blood is not transfused. In modern transfusiology, the issue of infusion therapy is resolved differently: blood components are transfused, mainly fresh frozen plasma and its preparations (albumin). The rest of the treatment is supplemented by the addition of colloidal plasma expanders and crystalloids.

The goal of infusion therapy for acute blood loss:

Restoring normal circulating blood volume;
Replenishing the number of red blood cells, as they carry oxygen;
Maintaining the level of coagulation factors, since the hemostatic system has already responded to acute blood loss.

It makes no sense for us to dwell on what a doctor’s tactics should be, since this requires certain knowledge and qualifications. However, in conclusion, I would also like to note that infusion therapy provides various ways its implementation. Puncture catheterization requires special care for the patient, so you need to be very attentive to the slightest complaints of the patient, since here, too, complications may occur.

Acute blood loss. What to do?

As a rule, first aid in case of bleeding caused by injuries is provided by people who are nearby at that moment. Sometimes they are just passers-by. And sometimes a person has to do this himself if trouble strikes him far from home: while fishing or hunting, for example. The very first thing to do is try using available means or pressing the vessel with your fingers. However, when using a tourniquet, you should remember that it should not be applied for more than 2 hours, so a note is placed under it indicating the time of application.

In addition to stopping bleeding, first aid consists also of carrying out transport immobilization, if there are fractures, and make sure that the patient falls into the hands of professionals as soon as possible, that is, it is necessary to call a medical team and wait for its arrival.

Emergency assistance is provided medical workers, and it is to:

Stop bleeding;
Assess the degree of hemorrhagic shock, if it occurs;
Replace the volume of circulating blood by infusing blood substitutes and colloidal solutions;
Carry out resuscitation measures in case of cardiac and respiratory arrest;