Hormones and their role in human life. Ways to improve hormonal levels

As you know, hormones play a leading role in all processes that occur in our body. Therefore, let us pay attention to which hormones are responsible for certain processes occurring in our body in order to fully understand their role in our lives.

What are hormones

Hormones are biologically active signaling chemicals that are secreted by endocrine glands directly in the body and have a remote, complex and multifaceted effect on the body as a whole or on certain of its target organs and tissues. Hormones serve as humoral (blood-borne) regulators of certain processes in various organs and systems. Hormones are used in the body to maintain homeostasis and to regulate many functions, such as growth, development, metabolism, and response to changes in environmental conditions. It is also worth noting that hormones not only control all the processes that occur in our body, they are even responsible for our behavior. Apart from this, our feelings such as love, desire for intimacy, affection, altruism, self-sacrifice, romance are also completely dependent on hormones.

Hormones and their purpose

Estrogens are hormones from a subclass of steroid hormones that are produced mainly by the follicular apparatus of the ovaries in women. Estrogens are produced in small quantities by the testes in men and by the adrenal cortex in both sexes. Estrogens are produced in women by the ovaries from the onset of puberty until the onset of menopause. Estrogen accelerates cell renewal, protects blood vessels from cholesterol deposits, increases skin density, promotes skin hydration, and regulates the activity of the sebaceous glands.

Among other things, it maintains bone strength and stimulates the formation of new bone tissue. Excess estrogen in the body often results in fullness of the hips and lower abdomen, and also provokes the development of uterine fibroids; its deficiency leads to increased hair growth on the arms, legs, face, as well as rapid aging. Progesterone is a hormone of the corpus luteum of the ovaries; its chemical structure is a steroid hormone. Progesterone is produced in significant quantities by the ovaries and is also a precursor to a number of neurosteroids in the brain. During pregnancy, a large amount of progesterone is produced by the fetal placenta; the amount of progesterone produced by the placenta progressively increases from the first to third trimester of pregnancy, then drops sharply a few days before birth. Progesterone, preparing the uterus for pregnancy, acts so that it is constantly at rest.

In addition, progesterone can reduce feelings of hunger and thirst, as well as influence the emotional state. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone, androgen. It is secreted by the cells of the testes in men and in small quantities by the ovaries in women, as well as by the adrenal cortex in both sexes. Testosterone is biologically inactive and weakly binds to androgen receptors. Testosterone makes you experience sexual desire, and the more testosterone a woman has, the faster she builds muscle, but with excess testosterone, the character becomes more aggressive, and acne may appear on the skin. Oxytocin is produced by the adrenal glands and enters the bloodstream in large quantities after childbirth. It promotes contraction of the uterus, as well as the emergence of mother-child affection. Insulin is a peptide hormone that has a multifaceted effect on metabolism in almost all tissues.

The main effect of insulin is to reduce the concentration of glucose in the blood, it increases the permeability of plasma membranes for glucose, activates key enzymes of glycolysis, stimulates the formation of glycogen from glucose in the liver and muscles, and enhances the synthesis of fats and proteins. If less insulin is produced than necessary, then excess glucose remains in the body and diabetes develops. Of course, in the human body there are a huge number of different hormones that are responsible for certain functions, but even with these few examples it becomes clear how important they are for us and what damage hormonal imbalance can cause to health.

Hormones- these are compounds of organic composition that are produced by certain glands and are intended to control, regulate and coordinate certain functions of the human body, and in particular, influencing his behavior and character traits.

These substances are produced in specialized.

How do hormones affect our behavior? We don’t even notice how many of our actions, movements, reactions are a reflection of hormonal changes in our body.

The importance of hormones

Thyroid gland produces the hormones triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine or and takes part in the coordination and regulation of the work of all organs, and is responsible for metabolic processes in the body.

with a deficiency or excess of thyroid hormones, a person feels unwell (weakness, tiredness, fatigue), metabolic processes are disrupted, the menstrual cycle in women is disrupted, memory and thinking deteriorate, and the speed of reactions decreases.
In children, hypofunction of this gland leads to mental retardation - cretinism.
with hyperfunction of this gland (Graves' disease), a person's character becomes hot-tempered and irritable, reacting sharply to the simplest situations. (There are also external manifestations - an enlarged “goiter” and “protruding eyes”)

IN adrenal cortex Three groups of hormones are synthesized - norepinephrine and sex hormones.

Adrenalin called stress hormone.

When a person is under stress, the brain sends a signal to the adrenal glands. The production of the hormone adrenaline begins, which accelerates all reactions, instantly analyzes the situation (stimulus) and selects the reaction, the method of action that is most applicable and ensures survival in this case.

There is also a negative effect - adrenaline in large quantities inhibits work (vasoconstriction occurs) and thus ensures rapid wear and tear of the body.

Sex hormones: female and male.

Some scientists believe that a person is unable to control his own behavior, that his relationships with the opposite sex are determined by the hormonal background of the body. How so?

Female hubbub estrogen - the most important one in a woman’s body, and it is reproduced in the ovaries.

estrogen is responsible for a girl’s growing up, for her, it prepares her for sexual life, helps her become a mother;
It is precisely on its quantity, scientists read, that the strength of the maternal instinct, a woman’s desire to preserve and protect her offspring, depends;
estrogen maintains a woman’s youth and beauty; if there are disturbances in the production of this hormone, then the woman may look older, worse, and therefore more often experience a negative attitude towards life. Agree, the influence of estrogen on the behavior and character of women is enormous!
Her fatness also depends on the amount of estrogen in a woman’s body, so thinness is not always an indicator of health.

Prolactin is being produced.

This hormone ensures the growth and development of the mammary glands during puberty,

and is also responsible for milk production during lactation.

In many ways, the size of a woman’s bust, and therefore a woman’s self-esteem, her attitude towards herself and the world, depends on this. However, every beauty has its connoisseur.

Prolactin is also called a stress hormone, since its production increases during physical activity, psychological trauma, etc.

Progesterone is responsible for the onset and course of pregnancy, and this hormone is reproduced by the corpus luteum, adrenal glands and placenta.

The work of this hormone is so simple, the maternal instinct depends on its production, as many scientists believe: it is not without reason that soft toys, “cute” kittens and, of course, cute, curly and not so, babies so often cause delight and painful feelings in women. It's instinct.

During pregnancy a “hormonal boom” occurs in a woman’s body.

The difficulty of this period is that the mother’s body, in addition to her hormones, is also influenced by the hormones of the fetus. The entire functioning of a woman’s body is dependent on the proper development of the baby. Considering that a woman’s entire body undergoes changes, changes in her hormonal levels, frequent and sometimes unpredictable, are inevitable. And here it is important to monitor the hormonal background of the expectant mother, not only because the functioning of the endocrine glands undergoes some changes during this period, but also because the good health and mental state of a woman is the key to a smooth pregnancy and easy childbirth.

Testosterone is the male hormone.

Another name for this hormone is the aggression hormone. Well, how could it be otherwise, if this is a male hormone, because it is what causes in a man the desire to get food, feed and protect his home, his offspring.

reproduced by the adrenal glands and. As the level of the hormone in the boy's body increases, the boy turns into a man, ready for fertilization.
testosterone affects a man’s ability to orient himself in space (which is why “topographic cretinism” is less common in men), and is responsible for hair growth and a deep voice. By the way, some scientists believe that the lower a man’s voice, the higher the level of progesterone in his body and the higher his sexuality, brutality and attractiveness to the opposite sex. This is of course a controversial point of view, but still. It is as controversial as the point of view that fair-haired women are more attractive to men due to the fact that they have more female hormones in their bodies (which partly determines their fairness). And biologically fertile women are more attractive to men for the purpose of reproduction. By the way, we note (in order to fight for a healthy lifestyle) that if a man smokes and drinks, then the level of testosterone in the blood decreases, which means his attractiveness to a woman as the father of offspring also drops. A decrease in testosterone levels occurs at the age of 60-80, which is when a man becomes a wonderful grandfather who loves to tinker with his grandchildren.

Androgens(general hormones), including testosterone, are also produced in the female body. With hormonal imbalances, the level of this hormone in a woman’s body can increase, which causes increased growth of body hair and a decrease in the timbre of the voice. A woman’s well-being deteriorates, and her self-esteem often decreases.

During menopause in women, estrogen levels decrease and testosterone levels increase. A woman during menopause may become more aggressive, which already increases her susceptibility to stress.

Hormones of happiness in science it has a name - endorphins.

they have an analgesic effect;
are produced during sex, here, of course, scientists have come to the conclusion that sex has a positive effect on the entire body. There is a good mood and a wonderful feeling here. When having sex, adrenaline and cortisone are produced, which stimulate brain function, creative thinking, and increase a person’s attention and memory. Moreover, regular sex increases life expectancy. But you should understand that we are talking about permanent partners - husband or wife, and the key to good sex is the love of both partners.
It is believed that chocolate, sweets in their best manifestations, contribute to the production of the happiness hormone. Chocolate is useful in itself, as a source of energy for the body and brain, and as a guarantee of a good mood. Besides everything else, chocolate is simply delicious.

Let us note that family relationships are also partly regulated by our hormonal levels. Important here proportion of male and female hormone levels in husband and wife: one or another degree of testosterone content in the human body ensures conflict, aggressiveness, the ability to make concessions, assertiveness, i.e. is responsible for the flexibility of the human psyche.

In this article we tried to consider as many hormones of our body as possible.

The influence of hormones on a person’s character and behavior is great and varied: the work of mental processes (memory, attention, thinking, speech, etc.), our feelings and states, mood and reactions to the outside world - all are, to one degree or another, influenced by hormonal hormones. background of the human body.

- biologically active substances. Their production occurs in specialized cells of the endocrine glands.

Translated from ancient Greek, the word “hormones” means “to stimulate” or “to excite.”It is this action that is their main function: when produced in some cells, these substances induce cells of other organs to act, sending them signals.

That is, in the human body, hormones play the role of a unique mechanism that triggers all vital processes that cannot exist separately.

Humans produce hormones throughout their lives. At the moment, science knows more than 100 substances produced by the endocrine glands, which are characterized by hormonal activity and which regulate metabolic processes.

Story

The term “hormone” itself was first used in the works of English physiologists W. Bayliss and E. Starling in 1902, and the active study of endocrine glands and hormones was initiated by the English physician T. Addison in 1855.

Another founder of endocrinology is the French physician C. Bernard, who studied the processes of internal secretion and the corresponding glands of the body - organs that secrete certain substances into the blood.

Subsequently, another French doctor, C. Brown-Séquard, made his contribution to this branch of science, linking the development of certain diseases with insufficiency of the function of the endocrine glands and showing that extracts of the corresponding glands can be successfully used in the treatment of these diseases.

According to modern research, it has been reliably established that insufficient or excessive synthesis of hormones negatively affects the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of metabolic processes in the body, and this, in turn, contributes to the development of almost all diseases of the endocrine glands.

How hormones work

External or internal stimuli of one kind or another affect the body’s receptors and generate impulses in them, which enter first the central nervous system and then the hypothalamus.

In this part of the brain, primary active substances of remote hormonal action are produced - the so-called releasing factors, which, in turn, are sent to the pituitary gland. Under the influence of releasing factors, the production and release of pituitary tropic hormones either accelerates or slows down.

At the next stage of the process, hormones are delivered through the circulatory system to certain organs or tissues (the so-called “targets”). Moreover, each hormone has its own chemical formula, which determines which organ will become the target. It is worth noting that the target may be not one organ, but several.

They act on target organs through cells equipped with special receptors that can perceive only certain hormones. Their relationship is like a lock with a key, where the receptor cell acts as the lock, which is opened by the hormone key.

By attaching to receptors, hormones penetrate into internal organs, where, using chemical action, they force them to perform certain functions, due to which, in fact, the final effect of the hormone is realized.

Having completed their task, the hormones are either broken down in target cells or in the blood, transported to the liver where they are broken down, or finally eliminated from the body primarily through urine (e.g., adrenaline).

Regardless of the location, there is always a clear structural and spatial correspondence between the receptor and the hormone.

An increase or decrease in the production of hormones, as well as a decrease or increase in the sensitivity of hormonal receptors and disruption of hormonal transport leads to endocrine diseases.

The role of hormones in the human body

Hormones are of great biological importance; with their help, coordination and coordination of the work of all organs and systems is carried out:

Thanks to these substances, each person has a certain height and weight.
Hormones influence a person's emotional state.
Throughout life, hormones stimulate the natural process of cell growth and breakdown.
They participate in the formation of the immune system, stimulating or inhibiting it.
Substances produced by the endocrine glands control metabolic processes in the body.
Under the influence of hormones, the body can more easily tolerate physical activity and stressful situations.
With the assistance of biologically active substances, preparation for a certain life stage occurs, including puberty, childbirth and menopause.
Certain substances control the reproductive cycle.
A person also experiences feelings of hunger and satiety under the influence of hormones.
With normal production of hormones and their function, sexual desire increases, and with a decrease in their concentration in the blood, libido decreases.
Hormones maintain homeostasis.

Basic properties and features of the action of hormones

High biological activity. Hormones regulate metabolism in very low concentrations - in the range from 10-8 to 10-12M.
Distance of action. Hormones are synthesized in the endocrine glands, and have biological effects in other target tissues.
Reversibility of action. It is ensured by dosed release adequate to the situation and subsequent mechanisms of hormone inactivation. The duration of action of hormones varies:

peptide hormones: sec – min;
protein hormones: min – hours;
steroid hormones: hours;
Iodothyronines: 24 hours.

Specificity of biological action(each hormone has a special effect on a specific organ or tissue through a specific receptor cell).
Pleiotropy(variety of) actions. For example, catecholamines have been viewed as short-term stress hormones. Then it was revealed that they are involved in the regulation of matrix synthesis and processes determined by the genome: memory, learning, growth, division, cell differentiation.
Dualism of regulations(duality). Thus, adrenaline both constricts and dilates blood vessels. Iodothyronines in large doses increase protein catabolism, in small doses they stimulate anabolism.

Classification of hormones

Hormones are classified according to chemical structure, biological functions, place of education And mechanism of action.

Classification by chemical structure

According to their chemical structure, hormones are divided into the following groups:

Protein-peptide compounds. These hormones are responsible for carrying out metabolic processes in the body. And the most important component for their production is protein. Peptides include insulin and glucagon, produced by the pancreas, and growth hormone, produced by the pituitary gland. They can contain a wide variety of amino acid residues - from 3 to 250 or more.
Amino acid derivatives. These hormones are produced by several glands, including the adrenal glands and the thyroid gland. And the basis for their production is tyrosine. Representatives of this type are adrenaline, norepinephrine, melatonin, and thyroxine.
Steroids. These hormones are produced in the testicles and ovaries from cholesterol. These substances perform the most important functions that allow a person to develop and acquire the necessary physical form that adorns the body, as well as to reproduce offspring. Steroids include progesterone, androgen, estradiol and dihydrotestosterone.
arachidonic acid derivatives– eicosanoids (have a local effect on cells). These substances act on cells located near those organs that are involved in their production. These hormones include leukotrienes, thromboxanes and prostaglandins.

Peptide (protein)

Corticotropin
Somatotropin
Thyrotropin
Prolactin
Lutropin
Luteinizing hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Melonocyte-stimulating hormone
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Insulin
Glucagon

Amino acid derivatives

Adrenalin
Norepinephrine
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)

Steroids

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens
Estrogens
Progestins
Calcitriol

Cells of some organs that are not related to the endocrine glands (cells of the gastrointestinal tract, kidney cells, endothelium, etc.) also secrete hormone-like substances (eicosanoids), which act at the sites of their formation.

Classification of hormones according to biological functions

According to their biological functions, hormones can be divided into several groups:

Table. Classification of hormones according to biological functions.

Regulated processes
Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids	Insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol, thyroxine, somatotropin
Water-salt metabolism	Aldosterone, vasopressin
Calcium and phosphate metabolism	Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcitriol
Reproductive function	Estrogens, androgens, gonadotropic hormones
Synthesis and secretion of endocrine gland hormones	Tropic hormones of the pituitary gland, liberins and statins of the hypothalamus

This classification is arbitrary, since the same hormones can perform different functions. For example, adrenaline is involved in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and, in addition, regulates blood pressure, heart rate, and smooth muscle contraction. Estrogens regulate not only reproductive function, but also influence lipid metabolism and induce the synthesis of blood clotting factors.

Classification by place of education

According to the place of formation, hormones are divided into:

Classification by mechanism of action

According to the mechanism of action, hormones can be divided into 3 groups:

Hormones that do not enter the cell and interacting with membrane receptors (peptide, protein hormones, adrenaline). The signal is transmitted inside the cell using intracellular messengers (second messengers). The main end effect is a change in enzyme activity;
hormones that enter the cell(steroid hormones, thyroid hormones). Their receptors are located inside cells. The main final effect is a change in the amount of enzyme proteins through gene expression;
membrane acting hormones(insulin, thyroid hormones). The hormone is an allosteric effector of membrane transport systems. The binding of a hormone to a membrane receptor leads to a change in the conductivity of membrane ion channels.

Adverse factors affecting the functioning of hormones

The main human hormones ensure the stability of the body throughout life. Under the influence of certain factors, the stability of the process may be disrupted. A sample list of them looks like this:

various diseases;
stressful situations;
changes in climatic conditions;
unfavorable environmental situation;
age-related changes in the body. (In the body of men, the production of hormones is more stable than in women. In the female body, the amount of hormones secreted varies depending on various factors, including the phase of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, childbirth and menopause.

The following signs indicate that a hormonal imbalance may have occurred:

general weakness of the body;
cramps in the limbs;
headache and ringing in the ears;
sweating;
impaired coordination of movements and slow reaction;
memory impairment and lapses;
sudden changes in mood and depression;
unreasonable decrease or increase in body weight;
stretch marks on the skin;
disruption of the digestive system;
hair growth in places where it should not be;
gigantism and nanism, as well as acromegaly;
skin problems, including increased oily hair, acne and dandruff;
menstrual irregularities.

How are hormone levels determined?

If any of these conditions manifest themselves systematically, you should consult an endocrinologist. Only a doctor, based on an analysis, will be able to determine which hormones are produced in insufficient or excessive quantities and prescribe the correct treatment.

How to achieve hormonal balance

For mild hormonal imbalances, lifestyle adjustments are indicated:

Maintaining a daily routine. Full functioning of the body's systems is possible only by creating a balance between work and rest. For example, the production of somatotropin increases 1-3 hours after falling asleep. In this case, it is recommended to go to bed no later than 23 hours, and the duration of sleep should be at least 7 hours.

Physical activity. Physical activity allows you to stimulate the production of biologically active substances. Therefore, 2-3 times a week you need to do dancing, aerobics, or increase your activity in other ways.

Balanced diet with increasing protein intake and decreasing fat intake.

Compliance with drinking regime. During the day you need to drink 2-2.5 liters of water.

If more intensive treatment is required, a table of hormones is studied, and medications that contain their synthetic analogues are used. However, only a specialist has the right to prescribe them.

The human body is a complex system that performs a huge number of operations. Hormones play a significant role in the proper organization of the human body. These are catalysts for biochemical processes that are produced by the endocrine glands. There are different types of hormones, and each of them has a specific function.

Classification of hormones

Depending on the chemical structure, these types of hormones are distinguished. The protein-peptide group combines the secretions of glands such as the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pancreatic and parathyroid hormones. This type also includes calcitonin, which is produced by the thyroid gland. The second group includes derivatives of amino acids (norepinephrine and adrenaline, thyroxine, etc.). There are also steroid types of hormones. They are synthesized mainly in the gonads, as well as the adrenal glands (estrogen, progesterone). The hormones of the first two groups are primarily responsible for metabolic processes in our body. Steroid hormones control physical development and the process of reproduction. Depending on the method of signal transmission from the secretion to the cells, lipophilic and hydrophilic hormones are distinguished. The former easily penetrate the cell membrane into its nucleus. The latter bind to receptors on the surface of the structural element, triggering the synthesis of so-called intermediary molecules. It is typical that hydrophilic hormones are transported through the bloodstream, while lipophilic hormones bind to its proteins and are transported that way.

Human endocrine system

This is the name given to the totality of all glands and organs in the human body that secrete special biologically active elements - hormones. The endocrine system is responsible for many processes, while ensuring the normal development of the body. It controls chemical reactions, generates energy, and affects the psycho-emotional state of a person. The endocrine system includes the thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary and pineal glands, adrenal glands, and hypothalamus. This also includes organs such as testicles and ovaries. All hormones enter directly into the blood or lymph. Any disturbances in the functioning of the human endocrine system can cause serious diseases (diabetes mellitus, tumor processes, obesity, hyper- and hypothyroidism
).

Tissue hormones, their types and functions

This type of hormone is produced in the tissues of the body and their effect is usually local. Sometimes such hormones can enter the blood. Histamine is a substance that plays a large role in the occurrence of allergic reactions. In the active state, it causes dilation of blood vessels and increases their permeability. Histamine also promotes contractions of the intestinal muscles and can cause spasms in the bronchi. Serotonin has the following effect: blood vessels narrow, their permeability decreases. It is also called the hormone of happiness. If its production is normal, a person is in a good mood, he feels a surge of strength. Both histamine and serotonin are actively involved in the transmission of impulses to the brain. Kinins are another tissue hormone. Their types and functions are as follows. Nanopeptide, kallidin, T-kinin, bradykinin (reduces blood pressure) - all of them, when entering the blood, cause symptoms of the inflammatory process. These hormones are involved in Another category of biologically active tissue secretions - prostaglandins. They affect the smooth muscles of organs and reduce the secretion of gastric juice. Substances such as kelons control cell division. Another type of tissue hormones is gastrin, secretin.

Thyroid gland. Types of hormones and their functions

This organ has the shape of a butterfly and is located in the neck (front). Its weight is relatively small - about 20 grams. Regulation of the functions of the reproductive (reproductive) system, digestive systems, metabolic processes, maintaining a normal psycho-emotional state - all this is controlled by thyroid hormones. Their types are as follows. Thyroxine, triiodothyronine are extremely important secrets for human health. In order for them to form, a sufficient intake of iodine into the body is necessary. The action of these hormones is similar, but triiodothyronine is more active. First of all, these substances take part in energy metabolic processes. They also affect the functioning of the heart muscle, intestines, and central nervous system. Also, these types of hormones take part in the development of the entire organism and the maturation of the reproductive system. Calcitonin is responsible for the level of calcium in the blood and also takes part in water and electrolyte metabolism. Insufficient production leads to rapid human fatigue, lethargy, and all metabolic processes slow down. If they are produced in excess, then excessive activity and excitability can be observed.

Analysis of hormones produced by the thyroid gland

If a person experiences changes such as weight fluctuations (sudden weight gain or loss), problems with sexual desire, cessation of menstruation, developmental delay (psychological) in children, then a blood test is required to determine the hormones produced by the thyroid gland. To pass it, you must prepare in a special way. It is best to limit any physical activity the night before the test. It is also worth eliminating alcohol, coffee, tobacco (at least 24 hours before). Blood sampling occurs in the morning, on an empty stomach. Thyroid hormones can be either bound or free. Therefore, during the studies, the amount of free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, thyrotropin, as well as the level of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin are determined. Typically, the study takes one day. Depending on the results obtained, we can talk about one or another disease.

and her secrets

On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland there are small glands, which are also called parathyroid glands. They are directly involved in the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Depending on the characteristics of the person, the gland can be of a reticular type, alveolar, or in the form of a solid mass. It synthesizes parathyroid hormone, which, like calcitonin, takes part in calcium metabolism. It also affects the skeletal system, intestines, and kidneys. If the production of parathyroid hormone is impaired, then mental disorders, bone problems, calcification of internal organs and blood vessels are possible. With hypoparateriosis, muscle cramps appear, the heart rate increases, and headaches may occur. If these signs are present, a blood test for parathyroid hormones may be needed. Their high content increases the level of calcium in the blood, and as a result, causes fragility of bone tissue.

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands

The adrenal glands are paired organs that are located on top of the kidneys. These types of hormones and their functions are as follows. The cortical layer of the glands produces substances that regulate the exchange of nutrients and minerals. Hormones of this type also control glucose levels. The adrenal medulla synthesizes adrenaline and norepinephrine. They are often produced during strong emotional outbursts (fear, danger). When these hormones enter the blood, blood pressure rises, heart rate increases, and the excitability of the receptors in the organs of vision and hearing increases. Thus, the body prepares for the need to endure a stressful situation. The adrenal glands produce glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol), which regulate carbohydrate metabolism. Their concentration depends on the time of day: the maximum amount of cortisol is observed at approximately 6 am. Mineralocorticoid hormones (aldosterone) regulate salt metabolism. Thanks to them, fluid is retained in the body. The adrenal glands also secrete androgens such as androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). They regulate the functioning of the sebaceous glands and form libido. A blood test for adrenal hormones examines the level of DHEA. Its high content may indicate the presence of gland tumors. In addition, an excess of this hormone leads to serious consequences during pregnancy (miscarriage, malnutrition of the child, problems with the placenta). If there are complaints about increased hair growth, early puberty, menstrual irregularities, muscle weakness, a blood test for cortisol may be needed.

Pancreas. Types of hormones and their functions

In addition to taking an active part in the digestive process, it also produces hormones that are essential for the normal functioning of the body. All of them enter directly into the human blood. This organ produces the following types of hormones: insulin, c-peptide, glucagon. The main function of insulin is to regulate sugar levels. If the processes of its synthesis are disrupted, diabetes mellitus may develop. Insulin also affects the production of active substances in the gastrointestinal tract and the synthesis of estrogen. It can be found in the body in free and bound form. If the amount of insulin is insufficient, the process of converting glucose into fat and glycogen is disrupted. At the same time, toxins (for example, acetone) can accumulate in the body. Glucagon is also an extremely necessary element for our body. It activates the process of fat breakdown and helps increase blood glucose levels. It also helps reduce the level of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. The types of action of pancreatic hormones are closely interrelated. Thanks to their combined influence, optimal glucose levels are ensured.

Functions of pituitary hormones

The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that consists of an anterior and posterior lobe, as well as a small area between them. This organ weighs only 0.5 grams, but performs quite important functions. The pituitary gland synthesizes the following types of human hormones. Adrenocorticotropic hubbub stimulates the adrenal cortex. It also affects the formation of melanin. affects the proper functioning of the reproductive system. Thanks to it, ovulation is stimulated and androgens are produced. Thyroid-stimulating hormone coordinates the secretion of biologically active substances of the thyroid gland. Somatotropin takes an active part in body growth and protein synthesis. It can also affect glucose levels and lipid breakdown. This hormone is responsible for the normal physical development of the human body. Increasing its level leads to gigantism. If somatotropin is below normal (in children), then short stature is observed. By the way, different types of growth hormone (synthetic) are used in the fight against dwarfism and to increase weight in athletes. Prolactin is the main hormone responsible for milk production in women. Also, thanks to its production during breastfeeding, another pregnancy does not occur. Melanotropin is produced in the middle lobe. The posterior lobe produces types of human hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin. The first promotes contraction of the uterus, colostrum is produced. Vasopressin stimulates the muscles of organs such as the intestines, uterus, and blood vessels.

Sex glands

The ovaries and testes produce sex hormones. Their types are as follows. First of all, they are divided into women's and men's. However, they can also be present in small quantities in the opposite sex. Types of testosterone, androsterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenediol. All of them ensure the development of both primary and secondary sexual characteristics. It should be noted that their level does not tolerate such fluctuations in comparison with women's secretions. Thanks to testosterone, seminal fluid is produced and attraction to the opposite sex is stimulated. The muscles and skeleton also develop in a special way, and a characteristic male timbre of voice appears. Other types of steroid hormones (in particular, dihydrotestosterone) provide male behavior, as well as a characteristic appearance: hair growth in certain areas, body structure. The types of female hormones are: progesterone, estrogen, prolactin (produced by the pituitary gland).
Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum. This gland is formed after ovulation. Performs the following functions: promotes the growth of the uterus, provides the opportunity for the egg (fertilized) to attach to its cavity. Progesterone prepares a woman for pregnancy and also contributes to bearing a child. If the amount of hormone is insufficient, the menstrual cycle will be disrupted and bleeding may occur. Low levels of progesterone also affect the emotional state: as a rule, a woman suffers from sudden mood swings. An increased level of the hormone may indicate either pregnancy or a tumor process. Estrogens are special types of hormones in women. These include estradiol, estrone, estriol. These substances are responsible for the formation of a female figure type, increase skin tone and elasticity. In addition, hormones of this type contribute to the normal course of menstruation. They also protect blood vessels from the accumulation of lipid plaques, promote the growth of bone tissue, and retain calcium and phosphorus in it. If the level of estrogen is insufficient, a male type of hair growth is observed, the skin ages earlier, excess weight accumulates in the abdomen, hips, and bones become more fragile.

Blood test for sex hormones

Types of hormone tests include blood testing to determine whether it contains sexual secretions. It is prescribed if the following disorders occur: problems with the menstrual cycle, inability to conceive a child, miscarriage, etc. For men, such an analysis is indicated in cases of suspected tumor processes or infertility. Blood must be donated in the morning; you cannot eat beforehand. The day before, you should give up tobacco, alcohol, and heavy physical activity. A woman needs to choose the right time to take the test, since hormone levels depend on the day of the menstrual cycle. Several indicators are examined simultaneously. The content in the maximum number indicates the onset of ovulation. In men, this hormone promotes the growth of the seminiferous tubules and affects the concentration of testosterone. When diagnosing infertility, special attention is paid to luteinizing hormone. In women, it is responsible for follicle maturation, ovulation, and the formation of a gland such as the corpus luteum. If it is impossible to get pregnant, the indicators of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone in combination are examined. A blood test is also performed to determine the presence of a certain amount of prolactin. If there are deviations from the norm, the onset of ovulation becomes more difficult. The blood is also tested for testosterone. It is present in the body of both sexes. If its levels are lower than normal in men, then the quality of sperm deteriorates. It also negatively affects potency. In women, excess testosterone can cause miscarriage.

There are special substances in the human body - hormones, which participate in various chemical processes of a harmonious system and are a kind of impetus for the activity of certain organs. Why is the role of hormones so important for both women and men? What can an imbalance in hormone secretion lead to? To answer these questions, you need to understand what hormones are?

General information about hormones

Reference materials presented on Wikipedia characterize human hormones as “biologically active substances of organic nature produced in the cells of the endocrine glands.” After production in a particular gland, hormones enter the bloodstream and in a free flow or, by binding to proteins, reach the target, more precisely, the cells in a specific organ.

The entry of hormones into target cells serves as an impetus for a certain chemical reaction, for example, sex hormones form sexual characteristics in adolescence, or prepare the female body for conception and gestation.

The body produces not one specific type of hormone, but a large variety of hormones that have a specific function.

Hormones are not a definite constant, because the concentration of hormones is constantly changing under the influence of internal and external processes.

The gland secretes a specific hormone and releases it into the blood. The hormone reaches the desired point, performs its function and is eliminated from the body through various channels. If a malfunction occurs in the endocrine gland or in another part of the body, the concentration of the hormone is also disrupted, which cannot but affect the overall functioning of the entire body. Hence, mood swings, weakness, nervousness, metabolic disorders, weakened potency, memory loss and much more.

The term itself "hormones", translated from Greek, has a literal translation of “to excite or motivate,” that is, to be the main mechanism for launching vital systems that cannot be active on their own. The influence of hormones can be compared to an impulse transmitted in the nervous system from one neuron to another. Only the hormonal signal goes through the blood.

The main generators of hormones are the following glands of the human body:

Pituitary - an appendage of the brain, a gland that is small in size, but has a large impact on the processes of growth, metabolism and the formation of the reproductive system. It is here that hormones are produced that stimulate these processes. The gland is the center of the endocrine system, which includes glands that secrete other important hormones.
Hypothalamus - medulla, a gland that regulates the formation of most hormones in the body.
Thyroid gland - one of the components of the endocrine system glands. Despite its small weight and size, it occupies one of the main positions in the smooth functioning of the entire body and the secretion of important hormones.
Adrenal glands - a paired gland that is part of the body’s endocrine system and produces both female and male hormones.
Pancreas produces hormones that stimulate the gastrointestinal tract and participate in various metabolic processes in the body, for example, hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.
Male testicles and female ovaries - two types of endocrine glands that produce hormones that affect sexual and reproductive functions in the body.

In addition to the endocrine glands, the kidneys, liver, placenta during pregnancy, the thymus and pineal glands take part in the formation of hormones.

There are many hormones produced in the body, and not all types of hormones and their participation in chemical processes have yet been studied. Scientists continue to study the relationship between various diseases and psychological manifestations with instability of hormone levels.

Classification of hormones

To systematize the hormones discovered and studied by specialists, it was decided to introduce a classification of hormones according to their chemical formula, place of secretion and purpose. The sources of hormone formation in the human body are the glands listed in the first chapter.

Now we need to consider the groups of hormones according to their chemical composition:

Type of hormone	Secretion site	Role in the body
Peptide ( insulin, glucagon, growth hormone)	Pancreas, pituitary gland	Helps in various metabolic processes, where protein serves as the main component of moving active substances through the blood to the desired cell and organ.
Steroid (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, androgen, progesterone)	Male gonads (testicles) and women (ovaries).	Puberty, preparation for conception and pregnancy, body structure, determination of human gender. The starting component for the formation of steroids is cholesterol.
Amino acid derivatives (adrenaline, norepinephrine, melatonin, thyroxine, serotonin, aldosterone).	Adrenal glands and thyroid gland, pituitary gland.	The basis for the secretion of this group of hormones is the substance tyrosine. They regulate the emotional state and the body’s reaction in stressful situations and external influences.
Fatty acid derivatives or eicosanoids (leukotriene, prostaglandin, thromboxane).	They are formed by organs that are not part of the endocrine system of hormonal glands. Affects the cells of those organs that synthesize the active substance (in the kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract).	Local impact on cells in order to activate chemical processes in a specific organ. They are not considered pure hormones, but their semblance.

Having considered the classification hormones by chemical composition and place of their secretion, the biological functions of hormones in the body, which are confirmed by scientific research, should be studied.

The table allows you to systematize the data for clarity:

Hormone function	Detailed description of purpose, list of hormones
Regulation	Muscle contraction, maintaining muscle tone - adrenaline, oxytocin. The ability of the body’s glands to secrete secretions (activation or blocking of secretions) - ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), statins. Formation of behavioral reactions of the body - a group of thyroid, sex hormones, adrenaline. Regulate the growth of the body - thyroids, somatropin. Control of water-salt balance - Aldosterone, vasopressin. Control of the balance of phosphates and calcium in the body - parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcitriol.
Execution of a natural program	Puberty and continuation of the human race (conception, pregnancy, childbirth, lactation) - the entire list of hormones formed by the glands of the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, and sex glands.
Maintaining the activity of other hormones	Intensification of sex hormones and body growth - the substance thyroxine.

In addition to the listed functions, many hormones are universal and perform different roles. For example:

The main function of the hormone adrenaline - is the regulation of muscle contraction. In addition, the hormone is involved in stabilizing blood pressure and carbohydrate metabolism.
The main role of estrogen (female hormone) - control reproductive function. In addition, this substance is involved in lipid metabolism and blood clotting.

But the entire list of functions of hormones in the human body has not yet been fully studied and the table presented can be expanded with new items over time.

What are the different groups of hormones responsible for in the human body?

Having studied in detail what hormones are and which glands generate their secretion, you need to understand which processes work smoothly if the level of active substances is normal:

From the moment of conception hormones control body growth and weight gain. The division of each cell, breakdown and disposal is under the strict control of certain hormones of the endocrine system.
Strength or weakness of the immune system- this is the influence of certain hormones. For example, a failure in the secretion of the parathyroid gland, which forms parathyroid hormones, leads to weakening of muscles, disturbances in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, and the cardiovascular system. This, in turn, creates favorable conditions for the attack of viruses or bacteria, which are difficult for a weakened body to fight.
Any metabolic processes are carried out due to the sufficient content of certain hormones in the body (insulin regulates the conversion of glucose into energy).
Endocrine glands with sufficient hormone production stabilize a person’s psycho-emotional state. When hormones are imbalanced, mental and emotional stability disorders occur. This is clearly expressed in women, especially with changes in hormonal levels during the menstrual cycle or menopause.
Physical activity and stress do not lead to negative consequences if hormonal levels are within normal limits. Sometimes a person himself does not understand how he coped with some extreme situation, and this is when the reserves of hormones were activated, which the endocrine glands released into the blood in sufficient quantities.
Sleep and the ability to relax also depend on the production of a certain secretion by the glands. Hormone melatonin is responsible for sleep quality. It is also considered the hormone of youth if a person follows a sleep schedule and there is no reason for insomnia. If the level of cortisol (stress and panic hormone) in the body is increased, then the quality of sleep is disrupted, which leads to serious pathologies.
The feeling of hunger or satiety is the work of special hormones, an imbalance of which can lead to obesity or anorexia.
The interest of a man and a woman in each other is also controlled by hormones secreted endocrine glands.

The concentration of certain hormones changes throughout a person’s life. If there are no factors that reduce or increase the level of important hormones relative to the norm, then all processes in the body go uninterrupted, the person feels strength, energy and is capable of much.

Disturbances in the secretion of even one type of hormone destabilize the functioning of the body and gradually lead to a number of serious diseases, the source of which is sometimes difficult to get to the bottom of.

Gland	Type of hormone	Role in the body	Pathologies when hormone levels deviate from normal
Thyroid	Iodine-containing T3 and T4.	absorption of proteins, activation of energy metabolism, regulation of pressure, stimulates the functioning of the central nervous system and heart.	decreased activity of the intellect, malfunction of the genital organs, metabolic disorders, heart rate slows down, sweating increases, irritability
Parathyroid	PTH (parathyroid hormone)	Controls the absorption of calcium into the blood and reduces its amount in the kidneys. Helps increase the production of vitamin D3.	Heart disease, seizures, sleep disturbances, temperature changes (fever/chills), changes in bone structure, loss of healthy teeth, growth retardation in children, frequent urination, kidney stones.
Pituitary gland, hypothalamus	Follitropin, lutropin, thyrotropin, somatropin, prolactin, oxytocin, vasopressin, melanotropin.	Development of the reproductive system in women and men, milk production during lactation, stimulation of metabolic processes, salt and water retention, influence on the birth process and uterine contraction, prevention of bleeding, affects skin pigmentation, improves memory.	Delayed puberty, problems with conception, miscarriage, excess weight, bleeding during childbirth and much more.
Pancreas	Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, gastrin, pancreatic peptide	Regulating blood sugar levels, converting glycogen into glucose, and the latter into energy. A conductor for amino acids and minerals to cells, control over the secretion of enzymes in the digestive system.	Diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, seizures, disorders of the kidneys, heart, gastrointestinal tract, neoplasms in the pancreas, the appearance of gastritis, ulcers.
Adrenal glands, testes, ovaries.	Glucocorticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone), adrenaline, norepinephrine.	Protection from stress, external threats, mobilization of the body. Formation of sexual function, activation of potency, libido. Stimulates the central nervous system, heart, increases endurance. Regulation of water-alkaline, salt, carbohydrate balance in the body. Development of gender characteristics.	Disorders of the reproductive system in both women and men. Nervousness, depression, impotence. Problems with reproductive function, metabolic disorders.

The role of hormones and the performance of the glands that produce these substances are of great importance for the stable functioning of the body and human sensations.

If internal dissonance arises, it immediately affects the quality of life. You need to pay attention to your feelings so as not to miss hormonal surges.

Hormones need to be kept under control

In men, the production of hormones by the endocrine glands is more stable than in women. This is provided by nature and psychological stability.

Women are more impulsive, more changes occur inside, because internal organs and glands must perform the main function - reproductive.

Female hormones affect mood, especially during menstruation or menopause. Appearance also largely depends on the stability of the endocrine glands, which are responsible for the production of hormones of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and placenta.

If the following symptoms appear that indicate a hormonal imbalance or pathology of one of the hormonal glands, you should contact the clinic for a comprehensive examination:

Weakness in the body, apathy towards life.
Disruptions in the menstrual cycle may indicate problems in the thyroid gland and the production of sex hormones. The problem can develop into cancer.
Cramps or numbness in the legs and arms.
Headaches, extraneous sounds in the ears.
Pressure and temperature surges.
A feeling of dullness, forgetfulness, disorientation in space and time can signal problems in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, which are glands that secrete important hormones.
Hair growth in unexpected places, for example, women develop facial hair, which may be the cause of a malfunction in the secretion of female and male hormones, or pathology in the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, testes or ovaries.
Mood swings, depression.
Increased sweating, tremors of extremities.

The list of disorders that arise due to an imbalance in the secretion of hormones by one or another gland can be listed for a long time. But I would like to draw your attention to the fact that with any symptoms of instability in the functioning of the body, you need to pay attention to yourself and find the cause. A deficiency or excess of a hormone can be compensated for by special therapy or diet, if there are no serious disturbances in the functioning of the glands responsible for the stability of the balance of hormones.

There is a different list of laboratory tests to determine the level of a specific hormone in the body. The performance of the thyroid gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands and other glands that are part of the secretion system of important hormones can be analyzed by hardware examination. Hormones of the thyroid gland, the main organ of the endocrine system, can be analyzed in any laboratory.

Self-medication if you suspect a hormonal imbalance or a pathology in the endocrine glands is dangerous, because time will be lost and the situation will become critical.