Echinacea purpurea. Echinacea purpurea: healing effects and uses Features of Echinacea purpurea

Botanical characteristics of Echinacea

Echinacea is a perennial low plant with a short rhizome with many thin roots. The stems of the plant are leafy, simple, but highly branched. The stems contain rough, alternately arranged leaves that become smaller towards the top of the stem. At the top of the Echinacea stem there is a flower basket with a ball-shaped receptacle. The flower basket consists of reed flowers, ranging in color from pink to purple. Summer is the period when Echinacea blooms and beautiful bright flowers appear on the stems. In the center of the basket there are tubular flowers - they are the ones that bear fruit.

Echinacea is distributed throughout Russia, the North Caucasus and Ukraine. It prefers to grow in full sun, fertile and at least slightly drained soil.

Echinacea propagation

Echinacea grows well in sunny areas and does not tolerate shade. It is resistant to cold and drought. Echinacea is a plant that is undemanding to soil. However, Echinacea will not grow well in light sandy soil. Echinacea is propagated in two ways: by seeds and by dividing the bush.

When propagating echinacea by seed, the seeds are sown in open and closed ground. First, prepare a box of soil. Seeds are sown in a prepared box and sand is poured on top. Immediately after sowing, water the soil, but carefully. After 14–40 days, friendly plant shoots will appear. The main thing in growing Echination seedlings is to use watering sparingly and not to let the soil dry out. In May, seedlings are transplanted from boxes into open ground. After this, regularly loosen and water the soil.

If Echinacea seeds are sown immediately in open ground, then seedlings will appear in 14–30 days.

Echination is often propagated by dividing the bush. To do this, in the spring they divide the bushes and leave them in a special solution that stimulates root growth. When cuttings are planted in the soil, their root collars should be at soil level.

Now another type of propagation of Echinacea has become widespread - meristematic. Plants propagated in this way are tiny in size. They are planted in pots with fertile soil and watered regularly. After 30–45 days from the date of planting in the pot, the plant is transplanted to a permanent place.

Growing and caring for Echinacea

To grow echinacea, select a bright and fertile area. In the last autumn days, you need to cut off the stems of the plant and mulch the root collar. If you create favorable conditions for Echinacea, it will grow quickly and well. Powerful plants of this species grow in fertile areas. In the spring, namely during the period of active growth, it is necessary to fertilize. When the plant begins to form buds, it is fed a second time - this is where the feeding ends.

In the first year of life, the plant only develops a rosette of leaves. And already in the second year the echinacea will bloom. Flowering lasts no more than three months. If the plant is infected with rot or another disease, then fungicides are used.

Beneficial properties of Echinacea

Echinacea has beneficial properties that help in the treatment of various diseases. With the help of echinacea, they increase immunity. The plant has antiviral properties: it prevents coccal infections, harmful bacteria and viruses from multiplying. Echinacea is used for herpes, flu and intestinal infections. This plant is often used as a remedy that has an anti-inflammatory effect. Echinacea has the ability to heal difficult wounds, ulcers and eczema.

Echinacea is a good anti-cold remedy, which is why it is used for sore throats, acute respiratory viral infections and influenza. The plant contains many medicinal elements and substances, betaine being especially important. It is what prevents the symptoms of a heart attack or stroke.

Uses of Echinacea

To treat various diseases, traditional medicine uses echinacea, which is at least two years old. The medicinal raw materials of the plant are flowers, stems, roots and leaves. It is recommended to use echinacea internally for colds, flu, blood poisoning or bladder diseases. In addition to internal use, Echinacea is also successfully and quite often used externally in the treatment of urticaria, burns, herpes and other skin diseases.

Echinacea is used for exposure to heavy metals and fungicides, liver disease and diabetes. Preparations made from Echinacea have a depressing effect on streptococci, E. coli and influenza virus present in the body.

The plant has shown good results in the treatment of prostatitis, rheumatism, osteomyelitis and diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Echinacea decoction lotions are used for psoriasis, insect bites, and as an antidote to snake bites. Echinacea decoction treats stomach ulcers, normalizes blood pressure and improves the condition of the body as a whole.

Echinacea decoction. Take fresh (dried) leaves of the plant and grind them. Now pour 1 teaspoon of crushed raw materials with a glass of boiling water. Place everything in a water bath for 5-10 minutes. After removing from the water bath, the broth is allowed to brew. Take it 100 ml 3 times a day before meals.

Echinacea tincture for depression. To prepare it, you need to take 10 grams of plant roots and pour 100 ml of 70% alcohol into them. The product is left to infuse for a day. Take tincture 20 (30) drops three times a day.

Echinaceafor headaches. We take all parts of the plant and make powder from them. Mix the finished powder with honey. For 100 grams of echinacea powder you will need 300 grams of honey. Mix all the contents thoroughly and take it with tea three times a day. This remedy helps normalize sleep, calms the nervous system and lowers blood pressure.

Echinacea tea for colds and flu. Take the root of the plant and grind it. Now mix 1 teaspoon of the root and the same amount of echinacea leaves with three flowers of the plant. Pour two glasses of boiling water over the entire mixture and leave for 40 minutes. Tea is taken in the amount of three glasses per day for the treatment of the disease, and as a preventive measure - one glass per day.

Echinacea tincture for constipation or gastritis. Take 20 grams of stems along with leaves and flowers and fill them with 200 ml of vodka. Leave to infuse for 14–20 days in a dark room. During the infusion period, it is necessary to periodically shake the contents. After filtering the finished tincture, it is taken three times a day, 20–30 drops before meals. The course of treatment is 1.5 weeks, after which they take a break for 3 days and again resume the course of treatment, and so on one more time. This tincture can treat diseases of the female genital organs, kidney or bladder diseases, vascular spasms and stomach ulcers.

Echinacea tincture

Alcohol tincture of Echinacea has a powerful effect on the human immune system. Regular use of this drug significantly increases the number of leukocytes, activates the phagocytic response, and can also inhibit the proliferation of pathogenic microbes. During the cold season, taking such a healing tincture will lengthen the periods between episodes of viral infections, since it activates protective immune mechanisms. In addition, the unique components that make up Echinacea will help get rid of inflammatory processes in the bladder, kidneys and ureter. It should also be noted that this wonderful tincture can be used to treat wounds for speedy healing, as well as various boils and skin inflammations. It not only increases the action of histogenic phagocytes, but also promotes tissue restoration.

To strengthen the children's body, modern pediatricians recommend giving children this tincture. It is an excellent anti-cold remedy of natural origin. Side effects with long-term use of Echinacea tincture are very rare. As a rule, these can be various allergic rashes and dizziness. In these cases, taking the tincture should be stopped immediately.

How to take Echinacea? Experts prescribe this remedy before meals (20–30 minutes) at least three times a day. Note that at the very beginning of treatment, the exact dose should not exceed 40 drops for an adult per day. In subsequent days, the maximum dosage is 60 drops. Children over 12 years old can take the tincture diluted with water in a ratio of 1:3, 5-10 drops 2 times a day.

The appropriate duration of treatment is determined by the doctor depending on the specific characteristics of the course of the disease and its severity. If well tolerated, the drug can be used in prescribed doses until a stable therapeutic effect is achieved. However, the maximum duration should not exceed 8 weeks. For external use, it is recommended to prepare a special solution. 40 drops of tincture should be diluted in 100 ml of sodium chloride. This remedy is indicated as compresses, lotions, abdominal tampons and rinses.

Echinacea for immunity

The activity of this drug has been proven many years ago. This immunomodulator stimulates the production of special substances that can make cell membranes resistant to penetration by pathogenic microorganisms. This unique property significantly slows down the spread of microbes throughout the body. Along with this, Echinacea stimulates defense mechanisms that determine the body's resistance to infectious diseases. The unique microelements of this plant enhance the phagocytosis of leukocytes and macrophages. In addition, Echinacea helps produce an antitumor factor, which prevents the appearance of destructive malignant cells.

Echinacea for children

Healing echinacea is considered one of the mandatory drugs in the complex treatment of acute respiratory diseases in children. Moreover, it can also be prescribed as an effective prophylactic agent, allowing, due to its unique properties, to stimulate the body’s own defenses. This wonderful plant is effective against macrophages and neutrophils. Thanks to this effect, prescribing echinacea at the first signs of a viral infection can significantly shorten the period of illness. It should be noted that in almost all children this plant does not cause allergic reactions.

Echinacea extract

Echinacea extract has a powerful tonic effect on the entire nervous system. It gives a feeling of vigor and also perfectly restores performance. The amazing adaptogenic properties of the plant make the body immune to adverse environmental factors. In addition, regular use of this remedy perfectly relieves stress and is an excellent preventive drug against acute respiratory infections. The immunostimulating effect will help reduce the number of colds. As an external remedy, Echinacea extract is indicated for relieving pain and healing various wounds.

The dosage of the drug for adults is no more than 8 drops, for children - from 3 to 5 drops, depending on age. For kids, you can dissolve echinacea in a small amount of water or tea.

It should be borne in mind that in case of chronic hypertension and overexcitation, such a drug is strictly contraindicated.

Echinacea syrup

The healing syrup of this plant helps strengthen the defense mechanisms of the immune system. Echinacea also boasts its antioxidant properties. Echinacea syrup is prescribed for various oncological manifestations. In addition, such a drug increases the resistance of healthy cells to the effects of harmful microorganisms. It should also be noted that Echinacea syrup normalizes the functioning of the thyroid gland and metabolism.

Contraindications to the use of Echinacea

Children under two years of age should not use echination in any form. Pregnant women, nursing mothers and people with multiple sclerosis should also be wary of preparations from this plant. If a person has an acute sore throat, then Echinacea tincture is contraindicated for him. In any case, you should not take Echinacea for more than one month.

Russian name

Echinacea

The Latin name of the substance is Echinacea

Echinacea ( genus. Echinaceae)

Pharmacological group of the substance Echinacea

Nosological classification (ICD-10)

Characteristics of the substance Echinacea

Echinacea ( Echinacea Moench) is a perennial herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae (Asteraceae) family - Asteraceae (Compositae).

Echinacea purpurea ( Echinacea purpurea(L.) Moench.) and Echinacea pallidum ( Echinacea pallida Nutt.) - herbaceous plants with a height of 50-100 and 60-90 cm, respectively. Echinacea angustifolia ( Echinacea angustifolia DC) has a lower stem, up to 60 cm high.

Herbs, rhizomes and roots of Echinacea in fresh or dried form are used as medicinal raw materials.

Echinacea purpurea herb contains polysaccharides (heteroxylans, arabinoramnogalactans), essential oils (0.15-0.50%), flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic (chicoric, ferulic, coumaric, caffeic) acids, tannins, saponins, polyamines, echinacin (polyunsaturated acid amide ), echinolone (unsaturated keto alcohol), echinacoside (glycoside containing caffeic acid and pyrocatechol), organic acids, resins, phytosterols; rhizomes and roots - inulin (up to 6%), glucose (7%), essential and fatty oils, phenol carbonic acids, betaine, resins. All parts of the plant contain enzymes, macro- (potassium, calcium) and microelements (selenium, cobalt, silver, molybdenum, zinc, manganese, etc.).

In medical practice, tinctures, decoctions and extracts of Echinacea are used. On an industrial scale, mainly medicinal preparations are produced based on the juice or extract of the Echinacea purpurea herb.

Pharmacology

pharmachologic effect- anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating.

Promotes the activation of nonspecific body defense factors and cellular immunity, improves metabolic processes. Stimulates bone marrow hematopoiesis, increases the number of leukocytes and cells of the reticuloendothelial system of the spleen. Increases the phagocytic activity of macrophages and chemotaxis of granulocytes, promotes the release of cytokines, increases the production of interleukin-1 by macrophages, accelerates the transformation of B-lymphocytes into plasma cells, enhances antibody formation and T-helper activity.

Application of the substance Echinacea

Immunodeficiencies caused by acute infectious diseases (prevention and treatment): colds, flu, infectious and inflammatory diseases of the nasopharynx and oral cavity. Recurrent infections of the respiratory and urinary tract (as part of complex therapy); as an auxiliary drug during long-term treatment with antibiotics: chronic infectious and inflammatory diseases (polyarthritis, prostatitis, gynecological diseases).

Local treatment: long-term non-healing wounds.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity (including to plants of the Asteraceae family), progressive systemic and autoimmune diseases, incl. tuberculosis, leukemia, collagenosis, HIV infection or AIDS, multiple sclerosis, widespread atherosclerosis.

Restrictions on use

Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Use with caution during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Side effects of Echinacea

Allergic reactions (hyperemia, skin rash, facial swelling, shortness of breath, decreased blood pressure).

Interaction

There may be a decrease in effectiveness with simultaneous use of Echinacea and immunosuppressive drugs. Clinically significant interactions have been observed with simultaneous use with cephalosporin derivatives (cefamandole, cefotetan, cefmenoxime, cefoperazone, moxalactam) and alcohol (even in small quantities). The patient's reaction was characterized by facial hyperemia, nausea, sweating, headache, and tachycardia. You should not take Echinacea within 3 days after completing the course of treatment with the above cephalosporin derivatives.

Overdose

Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, bowel dysfunction, insomnia, increased excitability.

Treatment: symptomatic.

Echinacea- a genus of perennial plants from the family Asteraceae, or Compositae, Echinacea purpurea, native to North America. This plant lives up to its name. It blooms with beautiful purple flowers. There are other types of this plant: well known: pale purple coneflower and angustifolia. However, Echinacea purpurea is the most commonly used.

Echinacea is cultivated in the CIS countries. It is used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. The leaves and roots of the flowers are used for medicinal purposes.

Composition and beneficial properties of Echinacea

Echinacea contains many biologically active substances. This is the reason for its immunomodulatory properties. These are essential oils, saponins, polysaccharides, glycosides, resins, organic acids, tannins, alkaloids, phytosterols, phenolic acids, which have antiseptic properties, as well as polyene substances, which destroy various fungi.

The roots and rhizome of the plant contain glucose, inulin, betaine, essential and fatty oils. The plant also contains phenolcarboxylic acids, which strengthen the immune system and have diuretic properties. All parts of the plant contain many minerals. These are selenium, calcium, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, silver, cobalt, chlorine, iron, aluminum, barium, magnesium, beryllium, vanadium, nickel.

Echinacea is known for its anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antiallergic, antirheumatic and immunomodulatory properties.

Treatment with Echinacea

Echinacea preparations are prescribed even to children - from 2-3 years of age. It is used for flu, colds, bladder diseases, blood infections, liver diseases, ear infections, chronic inflammatory processes, mononucleosis, diabetes; consequences of exposure to pesticides, insecticides, fungicides and heavy metals. And also after treatment with antibiotics, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

The plant is considered a natural antibiotic because it can not only strengthen the immune system, but also destroy viruses and many bacteria and echinacea extracts inhibit the proliferation of stomatitis and herpes viruses, influenza, staphylococci, streptococci and E. coli. Echinacea preparations have a good effect in the treatment of female diseases, diseases of the upper respiratory tract, prostatitis, osteomyelitis, and polyarthritis.

Polysaccharides contained in the plant provide the body's cells with protection from infection. They surround cells and prevent viruses and bacteria from entering. In addition, polysaccharides accelerate tissue regeneration.

Caffeic acid glycosides, which are contained in echinacea, promote recovery from viral and infectious diseases. Caffeic acid has not only an antioxidant, but also an anticarcinogenic effect, and even delays the development of metastases; helps destroy fungi and mold; reduces toxin levels.

The hydroxycinnamic acids contained in it work as independent active substances in Echinacea. They have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, help the functioning of the kidneys and liver. Echinacea protects hyaluronic acid from destruction, which blocks the spread of bacteria and viruses by filling the space between cells.

When should you use Echinacea?

Echinacea is used as an auxiliary and prophylactic agent in treatment and to improve the general condition of the body. Echinacea is known as a powerful herbal immunomodulator. The plant promotes the activity of leukocytes in the blood, helps restore cells, and strengthens the immune system. Preparations containing echinacea are effective for blood diseases. Echinacea with honey helps strengthen the nervous system, improves sleep, relieves headaches, improves memory and vision.

In folk medicine, the antimicrobial properties of echinacea are valued. It is capable of creating microflora that is unsuitable for the reproduction of pathogenic viruses and microbes. The herb tincture is used as a tonic.

Echinacea can also be used together with other chemicals. The juice of the plant's flowers helps accelerate blood clotting. When applied topically, it is used to heal wounds and burns. Lotions and compresses made from this herb are effective for bedsores and boils, psoriasis, and eczema.

Echinacea is used for:

• inflammatory processes of the respiratory system,
• flu
• liver diseases
• diseases of the genitourinary system,
• arthritis and rheumatic pain
• after chemotherapy and radiotherapy
• in the treatment of cancer and AIDS
• eczema
• herpes
• boils
• hives
• wounds
• abscesses
• burns
• insect bites
• for snake bites
• psoriasis
• streptococcal infections

Application in cosmetology

With the help of the flowers of the plant and its leaves, you can get rid of freckles and age spots, as well as cure acne, purulent formations, warts and lichens. Echinacea helps maintain the youth and beauty of the skin and does not cause allergies or irritation. It is also used to make salads and brew tea.

Traditional medicine recipes

Echinacea infusion

Pour 1 tbsp dry echinacea into 0.5 l. boiling water, leave overnight in a thermos, pre-insulating. Drink 100-150 ml 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals. The course of treatment is 10 days. Take a five-day break and repeat the intake 2 more times for 10 days. If necessary, repeat the treatment 3 more times.

Echinacea decoction

Echinacea decoction treats stomach ulcers, joint pain, swelling, improves vision and mood 1 tsp. dry echinacea leaves pour 1 tbsp. boiling water and leave for 15-20 minutes in a water bath, strain and drink 1/3 cup 3 times a day for 20 minutes. before meals for 10 days. Then take a five-day break and drink the decoction for another 10 days. If necessary, repeat the course of treatment at least 2-3 times.

Contraindications

When using echinacea, do not exceed the permissible dose. It is necessary to take breaks in treatment. The plant should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. It is not recommended to give to small children under 2 years of age.

The use of the plant is contraindicated for diabetes, tuberculosis, blood leukemia and kidney disease. Before using this medication, you should consult your doctor. It is also necessary to check for individual intolerance to the drug. Then you can expect high efficiency from this miracle plant.

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Echinacea purpurea is a plant that is widely used for both the treatment and daily prevention of colds.

basic information

Echinacea is an herbal supplement that is commonly used either at the first sign of illness (in an attempt to speed up the rate of recovery) or daily as a preventative supplement for people who get sick frequently (in hopes of reducing the incidence of illness). The term "echinacea" refers to a species of plant, and several species in this family, including E. purpurea and E. angustifolia, are of great value due to their alkylamide content (when considered as active ingredients). In general, echinacea is effective in preventing illness and speeding up recovery from illness, but both of these claims may be disputed. There are studies that confirm remarkable recovery rates, and there are studies that do not suggest any benefits of this herb. If you look at meta-analyses, there is a positive immune effect of echinacea on the incidence of illness (in those who are often sick) and in accelerating the rate of recovery; the effect, however, is small. When looking at illness severity or cold symptoms, Echinacea does not have any significant effect (unlike Andrographis paniculata). The mechanisms are due to either stimulation of the macrophage (although alkylamides can stimulate macrophages via cannabinoid receptors, lipopolysaccharide/LPS in supplements is the main stimulator) or the production of more antigen-specific immunoglobulins. This inaccuracy is likely due to the alkylamide mixture, where the term "alkylamide" refers to over 20 similar structured compounds that have different ratios in different batches of echinacea (usually due to growing conditions). Overall, echinacea may be considered effective, but the reliability of the data is questionable. Other names: Browneria purpurea, Echinacea intermedia, Rudbeckia purpurea, Echinacea purpurea herb, Rudbeckia, red sunflower.

Once processed, Echinacea's bioactive compounds may be sensitive to light and heat. Therefore, it is best to store echinacea in a cool (5°C or below) and dark place.

Is an immune stimulant.

Attention! It is possible to develop an allergy to echinacea, as it is a plant containing pollen!

Echinacea: instructions for use

For the manufacture of dry powders (including capsulated echinacea), the species typically used is purple echinacea, and oral doses are taken in excess of 300 mg three times daily (900 mg daily) and 500 mg three times daily (1,500 mg daily). Tinctures from an ethanol extract of plant parts (leaves and stems) are used in a concentration of 2.5 ml three times a day or up to 10 ml per day. There is currently no evidence as to whether these doses are optimal, and studies vary widely due to a lack of standardization.

Sources and composition

Sources

Echinacea is the term used for purple rudbeckia (belonging to the Asteraceae family) and has 9 known varieties, the most common of which is E. purpurea. Two other commonly used species are E. angustifolia and E. pallidum. Echinacea is very pungent in taste and has historically been used in North American medicine (to relieve pain and heal snakebites, burns, coughs, sore throats, and toothaches. Echinacea is most often used as an herbal immune stimulant and to combat respiratory illnesses and flu symptoms, and is one of the most popular supplements used in the USA, Australia, and is becoming increasingly popular in North Africa, South America and China in general (data obtained from conference presentations. It is used for such purposes , as a general disease prevention, sometimes used in cancer patients along with chemotherapy or after remission, and sometimes by athletes, both to improve lung health and to strengthen immunity weakened by exercise.The German Monograph issued by the E Commission recommends alcoholic extracts from the root of Echinacea pallidum or the juices squeezed from the leaves and stems.Echinacea is a very popular "immune stimulant" taken for colds, and the term "Echinacea" refers to a species of plant that has several varieties (purple, angustifolia, and pale).

Compound

Echinacea (purple unless otherwise noted) typically contains:

dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10Z-tetric acid and dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10E-tetric acid (a pair of structurally related isomers totaling 1.44 +/- 1.00 mg/g dry weight, as well as dodeca- 2E, 4E, 8Z-trienoic acid (0.10 +/- 0.11 mg/g) and dodeci-2E, 4E-dienoic acid (0.06 +/- 0.05 mg/g), the most famous of which are three alkylamide

undeki-2E, 4E-diene-8,10-diene isobutylamide acid (purple and dark red, as well as its isomer undeci-2E, 4Z-diene-8,10-diene isobutylamide acid (0.21+ /-0.15 mg/g dry weight)

undequi-2Z, 4E-diene-8,10-diene 2-methylbutylamide acid (purple 0.07 +/- 0.05 mg/g dry weight) and undeci-2Z, 4E-diene-8,10-diene isobutylamide acid ( 0.57 +/- 0.26 mg/g dry weight)

dodeci-2E, 4Z, 10Z-trien-8-yne isobutylamide acid (purple and angustifolia)

dodeci-2Z, 4E, 10Z-trien-8-yne isobutylamide acid (purple and angustifolia)

dodeca-2E, 4E-diene-8,10-diene isobutylamide acid (purple and Achilles), its isomer dodeca-2E, 4Z-diene-8,10-diene isobutylamide acid (0.42 +/- 0.19 mg / g dry weight), dodeca-2Z, 4E-diene-8,10-diene isobutylamide acid (0.16 +/- 0.09 mg/g dry weight)

dodeci-2E, 4E-diene-8,10-diene 2-methylbutylamide acid (0.25 +/- 0.12 mg/g dry weight), dodeci-2Z, 4E-diene-8,10-dienoic 2-methylbutylamide acid ( immeasurably low), and dodeca-2E, 4Z-diene-8,10-dienoic 2-methylbutylamide acid (0.04 +/- 0.03 mg/g dry weight)

pentadeca-8Z-en-11,13-diene-2-one (0.64 +/- 0.34 mg/g dry weight), pentadeca-2E, 9Z-diene-12,14-diene isobutylamide acid (1.04 + /- 0.67 mg/g dry weight) and pentadeca-8Z, 13Z-dien-11-yn-2-one (4.77 +/- 2.08 mg/g dry weight) only in pale

mixtures of pentadeca-8Z, 11Z, 13E-trien-2-one and pentadeca-8Z, 11E, 13Z-triene-2 ​​isomers - total 1.18 +/- 0.67 mg/g (pale only)

Other phytochemicals that make up Echinacea:

caffeic acid

echinacosides (6.9 mcg/g of echinacea extract), triglycaeusides (glucose bound to two molecules of rhamnose) with two molecules of caffeic acid, which are found at 0.88 +/- 0.54 mg/g in purple and 0.71 +/- 0.73 mg/g g pale echinacea

chicoric acid, tartaric acid molecules with two linked caffeic acid molecules (313.8 mcg/g echinacea extract with 2.87 +/- 0.96 mg/g dry weight of purple and 0.27 +/- 0.17 mg/g pallidum, increased to 13, 6 +/- 3.9mg/g in 80% ethanol extract of Echinacea purpurea)

Cynarine (quinic acid bound to two molecules of caffeic acid)

chlorogenic acid (40.2 µg/g echinacea extract) by 0.06 +/- 0.05 mg/g in purple, not found in pale

caftaric acid (264.4 µg/g echinacea extract) at 0.15 +/- 0.06 in purple and 0.04 +/- 0.02 in pale

9,9"-disovaleroxy nitidanine (neolignan)

2,3-di-O-isoferuloyltartaric acid

2-O-caffeyl-3-O-isoferuloyltartaric acid

1β-hydroxy-4(15), 5E, 10(14)-germacratriene (sequesterpene)

quercetin, 3-O-rhamnosul-(1→6)galactoside glycosides, and rutin

kaempferol as 3-O-rhamnosul-(1→6) galactosides

hypoxanthine

The other molecules in Echinacea are mainly associated with caffeic acid (small phenolic molecules known in the plant kingdom) or a structure consisting of caffeic acid or sugar or other small phenolic compounds (tartaric and quinic acids). They are not responsible for the effects of echinacea, although they are present in supplements. Most of these molecules are oleophilic, they are present in large quantities in 50-80% alcoholic extracts relative to aqueous extracts. Like most plants, Echinacea's bioactive content varies depending on the season and growing conditions. Echinacea also contains a carbohydrate (polysaccharide) moiety that acts as an immunostimulant in vitro and in some animal models, but has less effect than astragalus membranaceus (25-50 μg/ml) but comparable to lyceum and kelp (Laminaria japonica). ). Polysaccharides show immunostimulating potential in animal experiments. When comparing Echinacea species, Echinacea pallidum appears to contain lower amounts of alkylamides than Echinacea purpurea, although the latter is comparable to Echinacea angustifolia. The ketoalkene and ketoalkyne structures appear to have relatively higher contents of Echinacea pallidum than the alkylamides, which is more related to cancer cytotoxicity than immunity. Echinacoside (a glycoside of caffeic acid) is sometimes found in large quantities in Echinacea pallidum, but not in Echinacea purpurea (sometimes, but not always, it has no inherent immune-stimulating properties), so it is a kind of chemical species indicator, along with chicoric acid (high in in purple coneflower), although angustifolia and purple coneflower are somewhat interchangeable, pale coneflower is excluded in this case. It also contains lipoproteins (also spirulina), which exhibit immunostimulating properties to a greater extent (85-98%); lipopolysaccharides (LPS) destroy the monocyte-stimulating effect of Echinacea (via NF-KB). It should be noted that some alkylamides are also active in this regard, and although the presence of LPS impurities may be significant, they do not play a major role (Echinacea endotoxins are also involved in immunostimulation).

Stability and features

Basic drying of Echinacea (during post-harvest processing) is associated with the loss of bioactive molecules and chicoric acid, which is the most sensitive to processing; alkylamides are also destroyed during drying, but not completely (sometimes retained). It was also noted that chicoric acid in the dried root is destroyed under storage conditions of +40°C, and also in the form of a powder the main alkylamide of the isomeric pair turns out to be unstable; although after heating processes (since a fresh plant does not lose alkylamides at a storage temperature of +20°C), both chicoric acid and the alkylamide isomeric pair are preserved at -20°C and +5°C if stored in dark places. Pasteurization of Echinacea at high pressure to remove bacteria (Escherichia coli (Escherichia coli) and Listeria) does not significantly affect the content of phenolic compounds (chicoric, caftaric and chlorogenic acids) and the content of alkylamides is also preserved. This is thought to be due to the retention of hydrogen bonds, which are usually broken during heating or drying processes. It is wisest to store processed Echinacea products in cool, dark places to avoid loss of alkylamides and phenolic compounds (Note: the inside of the tablet packages is already dark, just need to ensure temperature).

Brand name of products

Echinacea extract is a hydroalcoholic extract of Echinacea purpurea, consisting of herb and roots in a ratio of 95:5. One study determined that caffeic acid, cynarine, and polysaccharide were not found in echinacea extract. The extract appears to be free of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). Despite the low concentration of endotoxins such as LPS (which are closely associated with macrophage stimulation from echinacea products), the extract has been found to relieve cold symptoms at least once. Echinacea extract is a standardized echinacea product with high concentrations of certain alkylamides and undetected cinerine or caffeic acid, and lacks endotoxin impurities (LPS). However, there is not enough evidence to conclude that this remedy is effective. Echinaguard and Echinacin are common brand names that are not significantly different from mainstream herbal extracts (unbranded) as found in a meta-analysis.

Pharmacology

Assimilation

Some colon epithelial cancer cells lack sufficient absorption of caffeic acid derivatives of Echinacea (caftaric acid, echinacoside, chicoric acid), and absorption of alkylamides depends on the time of consumption; the degree of absorption varies depending on the alkylamide over 90 minutes and ranges between 100% ((2E,4Z)-N-isobutylundec-2,4-diene-8,10-diynamide) and 20% ((2E,9Z) -N-(2-methylbutyl)pentadeca-2,9-diene-12,14-diinamide). Overall, more than 50% of the total alkylamides are absorbed within 90 minutes, and the main echinacea alkylamide ((2E, 4E, 8Z, 10Z)-N-isobutyldodeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenamide) is absorbed up to 74+/ - 22%.

Serum

Following oral administration of Echinacea, the circulating concentration of the major alkylamide isomer pair (dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide) was found to be 10.88 ng/mL after ingestion of 2.5 mL of Echinacea tincture (60% ethanolic extract from Echinacea angustifolia; oral dosage of alkylamides is unknown, but concentrations of 77:1 have been reported) over a maximum period of time (within 10-30 minutes). Other alkylamides in serum were detected over a similar time period, including undeca-2E/Z-ene-8,10-diinoic acid isomeric pair of isobutylamides (1.87ng/ml), dodeca-2E, 4Z-diene-8,10-diinoic acid acid-isobutylamide (1.54ng/ml), dodeca-2E-en-8,10-diynic acid-isobutylamide (0.96ng/ml) and dodeca-2E,4E,8Z-trienoic acid-isobutylamide (2.1ng/ml), while dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid-isobutylamide was not detected (limit 3pg/ml). A comparison of tablets with tinctures found that they had faster absorption and higher mean maximum concentrations than tinctures (0.40 ng/ml at 30 minutes) compared to capsules (0.12 ng/ml at 45 minutes), although this study also did not note any significant differences in the measured immune parameters. Another study of the tablets showed slower pharmacokinetic parameters with a time to maximum concentration of 2 and a half hours, and serum total alkylamide levels showed 336 +/- 131 ng/ml after acute administration of 625 mg of Echinacea purpurea and 600 mg of Echinacea angustifolia. Studies that assess inter-individual variability have shown a high degree of variability, with three individuals being studied with varying mean maximum concentrations ranging from 0.012 to 0.181ng/ml (the major isomer pair after 20 drops of echinacea tincture). Alkylamides can be detected in serum after oral administration of Echinacea and absorption is quite rapid. Circulating blood levels of alkylamide are in the low nanomolar range. Both tinctures, as well as capsules, increase serum levels, although tinctures are absorbed more quickly, possibly due to buccal absorption (through the mouth into the blood).

Enzymatic interactions

Echinacea purpurea 1600 mg (four separate doses of 400 mg), tested in humans, appears to slightly slow CYP2C9 (tolbutamide purity reduced by an average of 11%, 2/12 people - 25% concentration), which slows the aromatase enzyme ( CYP1A2), as plasma caffeine levels increased by 27-30% and induced CYP3A4, as serum midazolam was 42% pure relative to control. Strangely, CYP3A4 seemed to be inhibited in the intestine, although oral bioaccumulation of midazolam was increased. A 28-day study using Echinacea purpurea 1600 mg did not note any interaction with CYP3A4, CYP2E1 or CYP2D6 (a previous study did not note a strong effect on CYP2D6, and a standardized supplementation of 801 mg echinacea and 6.6 mg isobutylamides also failed), in while a minor inhibitory effect of echinacea on CYP1A2 was observed. Echinacea purpurea 1500 mg taken daily for 14 days in combination with retroviral therapy (for HIV; protease inhibitor and ritonavir combination therapy) did not significantly inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme, but this study is somewhat skewed because ritonavir itself is an inhibitor CYP3A4 and could displace echinacea. A slight decrease in serum darunavir following exposure to echinacea after 14 days shows upregulation of CYP3A4, although another study in healthy subjects who were given darunavir/ritonavir for 14 days in parallel with the same dose of echinacea, after 2 weeks of pretreatment with a very higher dose of echinacea (5100 mg, with 23 mg alkylamides), noted a small but significant increase in serum concentrations of (S)-warfarin (9%, 95% CI 1-18%). This is indicative of the inhibition of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. Regarding the important interaction of P450 enzymes with herbal drugs, there appears to be a slight inhibition of aromatase (CYP1A2) and some possible corresponding interactions with CYP3A4 (sharp inhibition and excitation, after a long period of time, appears to increase enzyme activity) and CYP2C9 ( slight slowdown); CYP2D6 does not appear to be affected. One study using 801 mg of Echinacea purpurea (6.6 mg isobutylamides) for 14 days showed no significant effect on P-glycoprotein, although some alkylamides showed inhibition in vitro. Both Echinacea pallida and Echinacea sanguinea slowed P-glycoprotein. No significant effects on P-glycoprotein occurred after receiving a standard echinacea supplement, although some possible interactions were noted in vitro and with other species.

Neuralgia

Cannabinoid

Concentrations of Echinacea at a dose of 10-25 μg/ml stimulate the production of TNF-alpha in vitro with macrophages and monocytes (25 μg, leading to an 11-fold induction of TNF-alpha protein content and an 8-fold induction of mRNA); Echinacea did not have added liposaccharide (which is a TNF-alpha stimulant by nature) and became a TNF-alpha mediator through cAMP-sensitive and CB2-dependent mechanisms (signaling through CB2-dependent NF-kB, JNK/ATF-2 and CREB -1). Activity was in the nanomolar concentration range (1 µM active, EC50 values ​​not determined), with the isomeric pair dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10E-tetranoic acid(s) and dodeca-2E, 4E-dinoic being the most active, and hydroxycinnamic acid - inactive. There appears to be more affinity for CB2 relative to CB1 bound to echinacea alkylamides, and CB2 receptors are more expressed on immunocytes (whereas CB1 receptors are located only on neurons). One study suggested that intracellular Ca2+ increases are marked by alkylamides through activation of the CB2 receptor (HL60 cells), although a later study noted that this may be due to a CB-independent mechanism (increase seen in HEK293, which do not express CB2 receptors) . Binding and activation of the CB2 receptor (a cannabinoid receptor mainly expressed on immunocytes) has been noted with alkylamides in Echinacea, while there appears to be a degree of binding to the CB1 receptor, although it is comparatively lesser. According to studies that report EC50 values, they are highly variable, depending on whether the alkylamide is tested alone or a mixture of both, and range from 60 nM to 2-20 µM (30-fold difference in activity). The isomer mixture (dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10E-tetranoic acid) shows an additional hostile effect on 9% of receptor capacity (the corresponding agonist, arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide, activated 47% of receptor capacity), and the neolignan 9,9′-diisovaleroxy Nitidanine also activates cannabinoid receptors. However, many compounds in Echinacea have weak inverse agonist properties. Due to different alkylamides having different effects on cannabinoid receptors (agonistic, antagonistic, or inverse agonic) and relative ineffectiveness in general, it is unlikely that echinacea-derived alkylamides have nervous system effects like .

Anxiety

Although echinacea may reduce anxiety (how CB1 receptor activation reduces anxiety, while echinacea inhibits fatty acid (fatty acid amide hydrolase) that degrades anandamide, an endogenously produced cannabinoid), and when it was tested on 22 healthy adults, in a questionnaire “Conditions and properties of anxiety” it was noted that 40 mg of Echinacea angustifolia was able to significantly reduce anxiety (20 mg dose was ineffective, higher doses were not tested), which, according to the average scores of the questionnaire, decreased from 120 to 100. Study on rats , conducted prior to human testing, noted that a dose of 4-5mg/kg produced the best tranquilizer effect (human equivalent 0.64-0.8mg/kg). One study noted a significant reduction in anxiety associated with very low doses of echinacea tablets. Because this study showed a bell curve, it is unclear whether higher doses would have a similar effect; A replication of this study would be appropriate.

Cardiovascular Health

Blood pressure

A study evaluating a larger dose of 350 mg of echinacea found no evidence of changes in blood pressure due to echinacea intake. There is currently no known effect on blood pressure.

Inflammation and immunology

Macrophages

Alkylamides in Echinacea are known to activate cannabinoid receptors due to greater affinity for CB2 than CB1, with the same extreme expression on immunocytes, and a solution of alkylamides can activate CB2 on monocytes and macrophages with an EC50 of less than 1 µM (overall EC50 - something variable between 60 nm and 20 µM, which is possible due to different alkylamide ratios and testing conditions). Secondary to activation of the second cannabinoid receptor subset (CB2), some alkylamides can induce the release of TNF-alpha in macrophages and monocytes. TNF-alpha release is secondary to NF-κB activation, with JNK/ATF-2 and CREB-1 as intermediates, and is additionally cAMP-dependent. There is some potential for an immunostimulatory effect of Echinacea, not due to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but secondary to alkylamides, from activation of cannabinoid receptors, which increases TNF-alpha levels, the concentration of which may be biologically relevant. The appearance of TNF-alpha was noted at low concentrations when alkylamides were given to rats at a dose of 12 µg/kg, and is achieved in isolated macrophages through TLR4 dependent and independent mechanisms. Macrophage activation from echinacea alkylamides is sometimes seen as a modifying effect, although overall NF-kB activation in macrophages exposed to both LPS and echinacea is less than with LPS alone. One study, using endotoxin-free Echinacea purpurea, noted a 24% reduction in TNF-alpha release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from people taking Echinacea (4 ml Echinaforce (Echinacea purpurea extract tablets) for 3 days , then 10 ml for 3 days). This may be due to the overall bacterial load, which is closely related to TNF-alpha induction. A common endotoxin contaminant known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an anti-inflammatory labeled molecule that causes macrophage activation through the TLR4 receptor. When evaluating TNF-alpha induction in vitro, it appears that Echinacea purpurea is significantly superior to Echinacea pallidum, although this study noted the inability of both E. purpurea and E. angustifolia to induce TNF-alpha in PBMCs. While alkylamides in echinacea either activate or inhibit macrophage activation, while LPS contamination induces macrophage activity via TLR4 (the classical activation pathway), the practical effect of orally administered echinacea on macrophages is unclear. Full impact can only occur when there is a stimulatory effect on macrophages without LPS contamination and controlled stimulation with co-cultured Echinacea and LPS (a similar simulating effect was seen with Ganoderma lacquerus).

Interleukins

The induction of interleukin 8, as well as interleukin 6, appears to be constant when the leukocyte dose is varied in vitro. Echinacea without endotoxins has been noted to reduce the release of interleukin 1 beta from PBMCs, increasing interleukin 10 by approximately 13%, with weak induction of interferon gamma and interleukin 8 (cells taken from people taking 4 ml echinacea tincture for 3 days and 10 ml for another 3 days). Interleukin10 induction appears to be comparatively higher with Echinacea pallida and laevigata compared to Echinacea purpurea when tested in isolated PBMCs.

T cells

In the presence of a mitogen (common bean hemagglutinin), Echinacea stimulates a response to a rapid increase in lymphocytes in mice, which may be common, as has been noted with all Echinacea species in response to sheep red blood cells (in mice); A rapid increase in lymphocytes was observed in vitro with alkylamides at a dose of 50 μg/ml, in the body with a significant increase in CD4+ lymphocytes, and in vitro with stimulated interferon gamma production in the studied anti-CD3 rat T-cell cultures. Despite this, supplementation with Echinacea (leaf) juice appears to slightly suppress T cell levels (6%) and, in addition to suppressing T cell release of interleukin 2, TNF alpha and interleukin 1 beta, T cell uptake might be reduced antigen from dendritic cells. Mixed effects are observed regarding T lymphocytes. Although some stimulatory effects have been noted, in practical situations there is very little suppression of T cells without significant subpopulation changes.

Dendritic cells

Dendritic cells are antigen-carrying cells that mediate innate and adaptive immunity and play a role in presenting antigens to T cells for recognition. Their activation and rapid growth, together with increased T cell activity, lead to greater antigen recognition and the production of immunity (as a response to disease). The main root extract (polysaccharides, mainly glucitol acetate and mannitol acetate) can increase CD86 and CD54 positive cells in a concentration-dependent manner, increasing from 10% to 25% and 27% (CD86) and from 12% to 30% and 32% (CD54). The leaf extract was found to actually decrease the content of CD86, CD54 and MHC II, respectively, due to the large induction of CD11c+ BMDCs. The appearance of CD54 has been noted elsewhere with ethanol root extract, along with an overall stimulatory effect. The leaf extract (more commonly used) is known to increase CD11c+ BMDCs in a concentration-dependent manner from 75% under control to 94% (50µg/ml) and 100% (150µg/ml), while the root extract was less effective; due to the reduction of other positive cells (CD86, CD54, MHC II), the relative expression was approximately doubled. A reduction in CD86 has been noted with leaf extract elsewhere. Excellent effects were also observed on CD83+ cells stimulated with butanol extract (both roots and stems) and suppressed with the ethyl acetate fraction. When assessing antigen uptake by dendritic cells, both root and leaf extracts significantly reduced antigen uptake and acted to slow interactions between dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells. The authors hypothesized (suppression was noted with both root and leaf extracts, however roots stimulated dendritic cell activity), which may be due to T cell suppression (noted in another study). Although the evidence is a little unclear, it appears that the polysaccharide moiety can induce dendritic cell activity, while alkylamides (in the leaf extract and more commonly added) can inhibit dendritic cell activity; both appear to reduce dendritic cell–T cell interactions that may occur due to the effects seen on T cells.

Inflammation

Mechanistically, Cynarin is known to be an immunosuppressive drug (although the low concentration in Echinacea may eliminate any effectiveness of this component), and Echinacea extracts appear to model NF-kB activity in dendritic cells. The leaf extract is known to reduce the appearance of COX2, with doses of 2-8µg/ml extract (but not the root) reducing the appearance of COX2, depending on the concentration, in the range of 28-85%; COX1 was not affected. Echinacea purpurea essential oil was found to have anti-inflammatory effects in the body, as revealed by granulation test (28.52%), hand swelling (48.51%), and ear swelling (44.79% reduction). Echinacea extracts have an anti-inflammatory effect when taken orally, but the potency does not appear to be very strong.

Acquired immunity

Increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins M and G was noted in rats after taking Echinacea (angufolia) with a large increase in immunoglobulin G, 34.6% greater than the control group (measured on day 20, the first time results were consistently statistically significant) . Echinacea can increase the amount of antigen in the body, which is a possible mechanism for defeating a strong disease.

Use against colds

A systematic review (evaluating several meta-studies) noted that although the studies were fairly well structured (average Jadad score of 3.5), the standardization of the product tested was not very good (the studies were most likely not to use Echinacea purpurea, and more likely not to have used above-ground parts of the plant, but the data do not reflect frequency). Despite these potential problems, previous meta-studies found a 58% reduced risk of developing cold symptoms (odds ratio 0.42; 95% confidence interval 0.25-0.71) and cold duration was 1.4 days shorter than the average; the placebo effect was associated with a 55% risk of illness, relative to echinacea (OR 1.55 and 95% OR 1.02–2.36), but a Cochrane analysis of randomized, blinded trials noted that there was large heterogeneity among studies. A separate meta-analysis, which noted a 58% (95% CI of 29-75%) reduction in the odds of developing cold symptoms and a 1.4-day reduction in mean illness duration, also noted that while all but one study observed little values ​​in the positive range (indicative of fewer colds occurring), many studies in isolation crossed the zero point and were statistically insignificant, reaching significance only after pooling. Another meta-analysis with more stringent inclusion criteria attempted the same thing and failed to find a significant benefit for echinacea over placebo. In general, although there is a benefit associated with taking echinacea for cold prevention, it appears to be very variable. Meta-analysis of trials is somewhat limited due to the large variations seen in trials of echinacea using different doses, product formulations, and time periods. In isolated studies using echinacea tinctures, 2.5 ml three times a day daily (7.5 ml daily, Echinaguard) for one week before and 5 days after a cold vaccine (rhinovirus 39), noted that development rates colds occurred in 82% of placebo use and only 58% of echinacea use; this trial model was used with Echinacea capsules (300 mg three times daily) without similar results, although this study used Echinacea angustifolia. There are two studies that tested 8 ml of tincture for 28 days or 8 weeks in healthy people, and which noted an increase in immunity and no effect on the occurrence of colds, respectively. When echinacea was used as a prophylactic daily for 4 months, it was more effective than placebo, even at a dose of 0.9 ml three times daily (using Echinaforce). When tested on children who already had a cold (7.5-10 ml daily for 10 days), no benefit was found from adding echinacea, while adults were recommended to take 5 ml twice daily for 10 days at the first symptoms of a cold. , and some protective effects associated with echinacea supplementation have been noted. One of the studies was not published online as stated in the meta-analysis. It was noted that (Braunig and Knick, 1993) the meta-analysis was biased by the effect size, where the reduction in cold duration reached 3.80 days (95% OR of a reduction of 3.08–4.52 days), when most other studies noted approximately one day reduction. Looking solely at the tincture using research, the effects appear to be somewhat similar to those of echinacea capsules (still as variable as with echinacea). Several studies evaluating echinacea include propolis and vitamin C, thyme and mint, lemongrass and mint, or vitamin C with rosemary and fennel (not posted online, assessed via meta-analysis); these studies were excluded from the above analysis due to invalid data.

Echinacea in sports

Exercise-induced immunosuppression

Echinacea is widely used by athletes to prevent exercise from weakening the immune system, although some critics point to a lack of evidence to support its use. At least one study noted a low incidence of illness in athletes taking echinacea, and another study noted that echinacea caused a significant decrease in salivary secretory immunoglobulin (considered an indicator of immune suppression due to exercise after recovery), and although there were no significant differences in disease frequency, in a 4-week study of echinacea, it was found to shorten the duration of illness. There is insufficient evidence to support the role of echinacea in preventing exercise-induced immunosuppression.

Red blood cells

In animal studies, an increase in oxygen carrying capacity in the blood was noted to stimulate erythroid growth factors such as the hormone erythropoietin, and after taking 8,000 mg of Echinacea purpurea daily for 28 days, an increase in erythropoietin levels was observed (ranging from 77-94% increases from 1 to 3 week, decreasing in the 4th week) without a significant effect on the content of red blood cells. This study was duplicated in the Medline medical database. Echinacea increases erythropoietin levels after oral administration, but this is not associated with any significant increase in hemoglobin levels or red blood cell counts.

Aerobic capacity

It was noted that supplementation of echinacea at the equivalent of 3,200 mg daily for 30 days (the study assessed Eleutherococcus senticosus and used echinacea as a comparator) increased maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) in untrained individuals (5%), but this increase was not significant. and a later study using higher doses (8,000 mg; 2,000 mg four times daily) for 4 weeks in recreationally active men noted an increase in maximal oxygen uptake and a decrease in oxygen requirement after exercise, without affecting heart rate. It was thought that echinacea could increase the number of red blood cells and thereby increase oxygen carrying capacity and physical performance, although a study that was supposed to show improved physical performance found no such increase in red blood cells (only an increase in erythropoietin). High doses may facilitate cardio training and are secondary to increasing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. More evidence is needed to support this position.

Interaction with hormones

Prolactin

Echinacea purpurea can reduce prolactin levels for 15 days in male rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg, but is ineffective at 30 mg/kg.

Effect on oxidation

Mechanisms

Compared to other herbs, on a dry weight basis, Echinacea is inferior and essentially has little effect. The antioxidant potential of chicoric acid (2R, 3R-tartaric acid dicapheol) is comparable to rosmarinic acid (caffeic acid bound to 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid) by weight, along with the alkylamide, which is weaker, and 24µM, which is as effective as 1 µM rosmarinic acid; Chicoric acid increased antioxidant effects when combined with either alkylamides or polysaccharides from echinacea, and the combination of all three was superior to any combination of the two.

Interaction with the organ system

Lungs and airways

In an ex vivo lung model (3D organotypic model) infected with the common cold, echinacea was noted to reduce mucus production and prevent the increase in interleukin 6 and interleukin 8, which are affected by rhinovirus, without affecting lung structure or histology. Oral administration of echinacea in mice has been observed to dose-dependently increase macrophage activity in lung tissue, most significantly at alkylamide and polysaccharide doses of 80 μg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Oral administration of echinacea failed to influence viral concentrations in the lung tissue of animals with influenza, although it reduced inflammatory cytokines (interferon gamma and interleukin 10) and alleviated symptoms in mice. Positive effects of echinacea on the lungs and respiratory tract have been noted, although the practical significance of these animal findings is unknown for humans.

Nutrient interactions

In Echinacea itself

When the alkylamide is incubated with oxidized LDL (relatively weak antioxidant actions), there is synergism in antioxidant actions when incubated with either free caffeic acid or a source of caffeic acid (chicoric acid or echinacoside). This synergism is observed in previous studies in which more antioxidant activities were noted with chicoric acid and alkylamides, and the synergy with alkylamides is also considered to be the combination of chicoric acid and polysaccharides from Echinacea. Taking multiple alkylamides also has the potential to increase the bioavailability of others (via P450 metabolism), which theoretically increases the absorption of echinacea alkylamides when consumed in combination in relative isolation.

Comparison of nutritional components

Because of its popularity, echinacea is sometimes used as a reference drug when evaluating the activity of other drugs. For example, a study might use a true control group (no drug) and a reference drug group (Echinacea) to improve the test "new" drug (Drug X). If a test drug is superior to a control or placebo, it is effective, but it may not be effective enough to displace the standard reference drug. If it is superior to the reference drug, then it is more noteworthy.

Panax ginseng

In a rat study, administration of mRNA for TNF-alpha, interleukin10, and transforming growth factor beta was comparable to echinacea (0.75 g/kg) and panax ginseng (0.50 mg/kg), although some differences were not seen after 20 days and not appeared on day 40.

Ashwagandha

A study feeding rats 1% of their diet with Echinacea (purpurea) or Ashwagandha (Ashwagandha at 3.6% withanoid and 1.1% alkaloid) for 4 weeks noted that there were no significant differences in serum immunoglobulins (A, G, M , or E), although both groups increased immunoglobulin relative to the control. Echinacea secreted more interferon gamma and interleukin 2 than ashwagandha and less TNF-alpha, and this trend persisted after LPS and mitogen stimulation.

Bacopa Monnieri

A study feeding rats 1% of their diet with echinacea (purple) or bacopa monnieri (12.8% saponins) for 4 weeks noted that bacopa was able to increase serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G to a greater extent than echinacea (by 32% and 102% more), but they similarly increased serum levels of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin E. In response to concavalin A and LPS, bacopa secreted more interleukin 6 compared with echinacea, and there were no differences in interferon gamma and interleukin 2.

Kang Chan

Kan Chan capsules are a traditional Chinese medicine consisting of Andrographis paniculata and Eleutherococcus (Eleutherococcus senticosus). Compared with Immunal (containing 20% ​​ethanolic extract of Echinacea purpurea) in children (4-11 years) with uncomplicated respiratory illnesses, Kang Chan was superior to Echinacea in reducing symptoms associated with upper respiratory tract infection over 10 days. treatment. Kang Chan Combination Tablets have been noted to be superior to Echinacea in reducing symptoms associated with upper respiratory tract infections, although it should be noted that Echinacea is not actually very effective in reducing symptoms (it is more due to reducing the risk of symptoms).

Safety and toxicity

General

Overall, there have been no clinically significant side effects associated with echinacea that would be related to an allergic reaction or rash. One study of echinacea supplements found that the drug may cause dry eyes. Echinacea allergy appears to be closely related to pollen allergy, which can be used as an indicator of possible negative effects of echinacea. Overall, no significant side effects of echinacea have been identified, other than possible allergies to the plant species.

Clinical observation

Taking 5 ml of a 40% ethanol tincture (bioequivalent to 3825 mg Echinacea angustifolia and 150 mg Echinacea purpurea) may cause immediate flushing, burning throat, hives and diarrhea, which is thought to be due to an allergic reaction to the herb.

The medicinal properties and contraindications of echinacea were first described by North American shamans. The Indians called this herb "golden flower" and "evening sun." It saved from many diseases: it was used to treat colds, headaches, wounds, burns, ulcers, venereal diseases, and was used as an antidote for the bites of poisonous insects and snakes. They were taken in the form of decoctions and mixed with other herbs. Echinacea came to Europe in the 17th century. At first it was used only as an ornamental plant, but later it began to be used in medicine.

Features of Echinacea purpurea

Translated from Greek, "echinos" means "hedgehog". Perhaps the plant received this name due to its internal pointed flowers. When they dry out, they look like hedgehog thorns. What is the herb Echinacea purpurea famous for?

Distribution area

This plant is native to the eastern part of North America. Here, Echinacea grows wild, found on sandy river banks, rocky soils, and loves arid areas. In Europe, the grass has taken root as an agricultural crop, which is often grown in personal plots, parks, and gardens as an ornamental and medicinal plant.

Botanical description

Echinacea purpurea. Botanical illustration by Sydenham Edwards from The Botanical Magazine, vol. 1., no. 2, 1792.

There are 11 species of this plant in the genus. The most famous of them are Echinacea white, purple, and angustifolia. They are used in folk medicine. But few people have heard about Echinacea paradoxical, simulating, bloody, Tennessee - all these are ornamental plant species that decorate our flower beds and front gardens. In folk medicine, Echinacea purpurea is most often used. What does this plant look like?

• It can reach a height of 1–1.5 m.
• The leaves are narrow, oval-shaped, with pubescence and small teeth.
• The straight, rough stem splits upward.
• Inflorescences in the form of baskets form on the split stem.
• The diameter of the baskets can reach 15 cm.
• The inner tubular flowers are pointed, dark red or brownish.
• Reed marginal flowers are pink and purple.

Echinacea blooms for a long time, starting from the end of June and ending with the first frosts in Central Russia. Sometimes you can find another name for this type of grass - rudbeckia purpurea. This is an erroneous synonym. In modern botanical catalogs these are two different genera.

Healing effect

What are the medicinal properties of Echinacea? Thanks to what beneficial substances is it popular in traditional and folk medicine?

• Chemical composition. There are many microelements in the grass. Among them are reserves of zinc, selenium, iron, manganese, silicon, calcium, cobalt, silver, potassium and other trace elements. The flower is rich in vitamins, valuable essential oils, tannins, organic acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, glycosides, and resins. It contains enzymes, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins. Healing substances are found in the flowers, stems, stem, basal leaves and rhizomes of Echinacea.
• Immunomodulator. Such well-known plants as ginseng, lemongrass, and eleutherococcus are stimulants of the immune system, that is, they invigorate the body and restore impaired immunity. Echinacea has a different principle of influence: it pushes the immune system to work independently, to use an internal resource. It has been clinically proven that the herb can be used as an antiviral agent for the treatment and prevention of ARVI and influenza.
• Antioxidant. Thanks to selenium, a group of vitamins B and C, echinacea is able to bind free radicals and remove them from the body, which prevents cancer and premature aging of the body.
• Antiseptic and antibiotic. The anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of the herb were well known to the North American Indian tribes. Today, preparations based on echinacea are used externally for antiseptic treatment of the skin, but they are also taken orally for viral (including herpes), fungal and bacterial infections. Clinical trials have been conducted in which it has been proven that Echinacea is active against staphylococci and streptococci.

Indications for use

• Colds, acute respiratory viral infections, flu (treatment and prevention).
• Inflammatory processes on the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and throat.
• Respiratory diseases.
• Stomach ulcer.
• Urinary tract infections.
• Externally: dermatitis, trophic ulcers, burns, wounds, boils, eczema, insect bites, psoriasis.

The drug is also prescribed for rehabilitation after long-term illnesses, radiotherapy for cancer diagnoses, and for removing toxins from the body in case of poisoning with chemicals and heavy metals.

Contraindications

What are the contraindications for Echinacea purpurea?

• Autoimmune diseases.
• AIDS.
• Tuberculosis.
• Multiple sclerosis.
• Leukemia and leukemia.
• Individual sensitivity to grass.
• Pregnancy and lactation period.
• Elderly people take in limited doses.
• Children under 12 years old.

Echinacea may pose the greatest danger to people with diseases of the immune system. The drug can lead to unpredictable immune changes that will pose a danger to health and life. However, some restrictions (for example, pregnancy, lactation, age) are introduced due to the lack of clinical trials. The harm of Echinacea has not been proven in this case, but the benefits have not been clinically confirmed.

No toxic components have been found in Echinacea. In rare cases, side effects occur in the form of an allergic reaction to the grass. Sometimes tingling and numbness of the tongue is felt after oral administration, which is explained by the action of unsaturated acids. But this symptom quickly passes. In case of overdose, the following manifestations are possible: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, chills, nervous agitation. In this case, the drug should be discontinued immediately and seek medical help.

How is echinacea used in pharmacology and folk medicine?

The most valuable thing about Echinacea is its juice. To preserve its beneficial properties, alcohol, citric acid, sugar are used as preservatives in pharmacology, and vodka and honey in folk medicine. Tinctures are made from the juice, but dry herb extract (flowers, leaves, stems, roots) is also used.

Release forms in pharmacology

Pharmaceutical preparations of Echinacea are available in different dosage forms. The herb extract is also added to other drugs that activate the immune system.

• Tincture. Produced from fresh crushed Echinacea purpurea (roots and rhizomes) and 50% ethyl alcohol. For preventive purposes, take 5–10 drops 2 times a day. In the acute period of infection and at the initial stage of the disease, increased doses are recommended: the tincture can be taken 15 drops 6 times a day. Read more about using Echinacea tincture.
• Syrup. It contains not only echinacea, but also extracts of rose hips, rowan fruits, and green tea. The syrup can be taken one tablespoon once a day to prevent seasonal viral infections. You can take the medicine for 3 weeks. Then they take a break from treatment for a month, and, on the doctor’s recommendation, repeat the course.
• Pills . Dry extract is obtained from Echinacea purpurea and angustifolia. Adults are allowed to take 1 tablet 3-4 times a day. The tablets are not swallowed, but dissolved until completely dissolved in the mouth. The therapeutic effect is observed a week after the start of treatment. The course of treatment should not exceed 2 months. Tablets are prohibited for children under 12 years of age. Shelf life - 3 years. The most famous commercial names of echinacea tablets are “Immunal”, “Immunorm”. The dietary supplement “Neoline Echinacea” is also offered in the form of effervescent tablets with the addition of ascorbic acid and zinc.

How to prepare medicine at home

Echinacea has found wide use in folk medicine. Healers with extensive experience prefer to grow this valuable plant themselves and give advice on preparing Echinacea potions.

Making Echinacea Tea

1. Pour 0.5 liters of boiling water.
2. Leave for 30 minutes.

You can take 1 glass of tea a day for prevention. At the onset of flu, colds, ARVI, you can drink a loading dose - 3 glasses a day, with the addition of honey.

Preparing a mixture with honey

1. Grind the dry parts of the plant into powder.
2. Take 100 g of powder.
3. Put 300 g of honey in it.
4. Mix thoroughly.

This mixture can be taken 3 times a day, a tablespoon with tea. It is recommended as a prophylactic for acute respiratory viral infections, fatigue, and headaches.

Preparation of alcohol tincture

1. Take 20 g of dry echinacea.
2. Pour in 200 g of vodka.
3. Leave for 14 days, shaking occasionally.

In therapeutic doses, the tincture is taken 30 drops 3 times a day, it can be diluted with water.

Preparing the decoction

1. Take 1 teaspoon of dry echinacea herb.
2. Pour a glass of boiling water.
3. Keep in a water bath for 15 minutes.
4. Leave for 1 hour.

Take the decoction 3 times a day, ½ cup. Instead of dry grass, you can use fresh leaves and flowers.