What is inherent in independent parts of speech. What are independent parts of speech in Russian?

“The Countess runs across the pond with a changed face” - what’s wrong with the phrase with which Ostap Bender frightened the underground millionaire Koreiko, and the journalist N. Efros reported to the newspaper “Rech” about another drama in the family of Leo Tolstoy? It consists only of independent words: for the sake of economy, prepositions - auxiliary parts of speech - were thrown out. This is a fairly large group, statistically occupying up to 25% of a person’s spoken or written speech; Without prepositions, conjunctions, particles and connectives, it is impossible to construct complex lexical structures.

In the Russian language, the category of independent lexical and grammatical categories includes nouns, adjectives and numerals, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, participles, gerunds and impersonal predicative words.

Particles, conjunctions, prepositions and connectives are classified as auxiliary. We need these words for grammatical and syntactic connections in a sentence, expressing the relationships between independent parts of speech, and giving shades to their meaning.

In addition to independent and auxiliary parts, interjections, modal and onomatopoeic words are divided into separate groups.

Comparison

Independent parts of speech (they are also called significant) perform a nominative or demonstrative function in a sentence. They name an object or phenomenon, its qualities or properties, denote quantity, action and state. This short speech lasted a relatively short time - half an hour. Listening to Pound, Panikovsky was moved. In these sentences, all parts of speech are significant, but it is impossible to always get by with them: we use common and complex lexical structures in both oral and written speech, and grammatical and syntactic connections require prepositions, particles and conjunctions.

It is impossible to construct a sentence from function words - they are used only with significant words. They have no lexical meaning; it is impossible to identify a root or stem for them. The school curriculum usually recommends determining what the difference is between independent and auxiliary parts of speech by asking a question about the lexical unit in question: if this is impossible, then we have a auxiliary word.

The frequency of use of significant parts of speech is much lower than that of function parts, but the list of the latter is very limited (compared to the vocabulary of the language) - only up to 200 units. And if the number of nouns, adjectives and verbs is constantly changing, then the composition of particles, conjunctions and prepositions is practically static, and their use does not depend on the type and genre of the text.

From a morphological point of view, the difference between independent parts of speech and auxiliary parts is the expression of their grammatical meaning through some grammatical indicator. Function words are precisely one of these indicators (in some cases), but they themselves do not change morphologically.

Particles, prepositions and conjunctions are not members of a sentence, while nouns, adjectives, verbs always perform certain roles - subject, predicate, modifiers and others.

Table

The great Russian language is rich in its diversity. And that is why all words are divided into independent and auxiliary parts of speech. This means that some of them can represent something whole separately, while others can only be combined with the first.

Independent and auxiliary parts of speech: characteristics and classification

So, the science of morphology deals with parts of speech. This is one of the sections of grammar that studies words as individual “molecules of language.” Independent parts of speech are words that separately represent semantic connotation and meaning. Such groups include nouns, numerals and adjectives, as well as verbs, pronouns, adverbs and participles along with gerunds. Each of the above parts of speech has its own general morphological features, which include gender/case/number, tense, invariability of the word, person, its conjugation or declension. Independent parts of speech are also called significant. They denote objects, as well as any of their signs and actions.

Detailed description

Now it’s worth talking about each part of speech in more detail. It’s worth noting right away that in the Russian language there is no consensus on the relationship between participles and gerunds to one of the groups of parts of speech. So, a noun is a word that denotes an object or something that performs an action (for example, window, boy, dad, girl). A verb is a word that indicates and defines the action of an object. Accordingly, he answers questions such as “what to do”, “what did you do”, “what did you do” (for example, sawing, singing, will eat, walking). The numeral name speaks for itself - these are words that determine degree and quantity (for example, fifth, six, eight, one and a half). An adjective is a word that denotes a sign of what is performing an action, its qualities (for example, wooden, motherly, strong, smart). The next part of speech from the category of independent ones is an adverb, which answers all sorts of questions like “where”, “how”, “why”, “when” (for example, close, fun, quickly, yesterday). A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a name (for example, he, it, and others). That is, pronouns seem to replace and spatially generalize the object that performs the action. Independent and auxiliary parts of speech have many meanings, so you need to know the characteristics of each group. Participle and gerund are special forms of the verb, only the first indicates the definition of the attribute, and the second indicates the image of the action performed. For example, “dreaming” is a gerund, “dreaming” is a participle.

Functional parts of speech

Functional parts of speech are non-independent words. This group traditionally includes particles, interjections, conjunctions and prepositions. It is worth recalling that these words existing separately cannot be members of a sentence, but they can be part of them. For example, together with a noun. Thus, when analyzing a proposal, do not forget about such subtleties. Independent and auxiliary parts of speech are the basis of literacy. Knowing the features of each group, you can easily make the correct morphological analysis, as well as draw up sentence diagrams.

All words of the Russian language are divided into large groups - parts of speech. They differ in what question the words answer, what they mean, and how they can change.

Nouns

To the question Who? or What? These are the words that people use to designate everything that they can see, hear, touch, or even what they can think of as something existing.

The question is what? It can be asked about snowfall, and about the weather, and about thought, and about kindness, beauty or evil. All of this can also be considered objects. These are nouns.

Afanasy Fet used almost only nouns in his poem about spring.

This morning, this joy,

This is the power of both day and light,

This blue vault

This cry and strings,

These flocks, these birds,

This talk of waters.

What? morning, joy, power, (day) of the day, (light) of light, vault, cry, strings, flocks, talk, (water) of water. These are inanimate nouns.

Who? birds. This is an animate noun.

Shouting, talking and other words with the meaning of action answer the questions of the noun and change like the words of this part of speech. That's why they are nouns.

Now the crunch of branches, now the ringing of drops, now the whistling of hard needles.

What? crunching, ringing, whistling - words with the meaning of action, nouns.

What? branches, drops, needles are nouns.

The noun is the most representative part of speech. Almost every second word in our speech is a noun.

Any noun answers the question who? or what?, so we can say about each of them: denotes an object.

Constant features of a noun:

gender (masculine, feminine or neuter) and declension (1, 2 or 3).

Nouns change according to numbers and cases.

Adjectives

The name of the part of speech “adjective” comes from the Latin word. It means “accession, addition.”

To words of which part of speech are adjectives “attached”? Let's watch.

Chamomile has a cheerful soul, like the sun. Bells have a light soul. Pansies have a tender soul. Lilies of the valley have a fresh and loving soul. Clover has a simple and kind soul. But the burdock has a wild, rebellious soul. Grows high. He doesn't bow his head.

The soul (what?) is cheerful, light, affectionate, fresh, in love, simple, kind, wild, rebellious.

Let's find adjectives that can describe rain.

The rain (what?) is blind and pouring,

Rainbow and thunderous.

Lingering, mushroom and fast,

Sleepy, slow and argumentative (i.e. fast).

Adjectives are “attached” to nouns.

They can:

name the characteristics, qualities of objects (their color, shape, size, taste...); convey the assessment of the subject (good, bad, excellent, wonderful...).

These adjectives answer the questions: Which? which? which? which?

But among the adjectives there are also those that show who the object belongs to:

Grandfather's jacket, mother's bag, bird's nest, hare's tracks.

It is better to ask other questions about these adjectives: whose? whose? whose? whose?

All adjectives are subordinate to nouns and, at their command, change according to numbers, gender and cases.

We recognize the gender, number, and case of an adjective by the name of the noun with which it is associated.

Verb

Verbs can name the actions of people and animals.

At morning and evening dawns, all forest inhabitants cast their votes. Black grouse chatter, hazel grouse squeak, jays chatter, blackbirds sing in clear voices. Beetles and grasshoppers squeak. Orioles whistle with a flute. (According to V. Bianchi)

What are they doing? they serve, talk, squeak, crackle, sing, creak, whistle.

A verb is a part of speech that answers questions what to do? what to do? and denotes the action of the object.

Verbs change according to numbers and tenses.

You will learn how verbs change in 4th grade.

When we want to show the movement of objects, verbs are especially important.

Ice drift. The ice is melting.

He is floating along the river.

He's running from the sun

He dives and trembles. (V. Axelrod)

Verbs: what does it do? melts, swims, runs, dives, trembles.

Find a difficult word.

Ice drift - two roots -ice-, -hod-, the letter o is a connecting vowel.

The word he is used instead of the noun ice. This is a pronoun.

Pronouns

There are many pronouns in our language.

Most of them are used instead of a name (noun, adjective or numeral), which is why they got their name: pronoun. Pronouns do not name objects, signs, quantities, but only point to them or ask about them.

The pronoun is placed in place of the noun.

For example, I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.

The pronoun is placed in place of the adjective.

For example, our, yours, mine, yours, this, this.

Read the riddle. Find pronouns in the text.

The palace in the garden is austere in style.

It was built in a short time.

It has a good reserve of strength,

It is elegant in decoration.

That's why it came to us

No modifications at all.

There is a lathe in it,

The king mastered the machine.

It started here at five in the morning

Working day of Tsar Peter. (E. Efimovsky)

Summer Palace of Peter I

The pronoun before us points to people, the pronoun in it points to the Summer Palace of Peter I, but does not name it.

In this riddle there are two more parts of speech that you will become familiar with in 4th grade: an adverb (absolutely, here), a numeral (five).

Numerals and adverbs

How many? and report the quantity of some objects, called quantitative.

How many? five, seven, sixteen.

Numerals that answer the question what number? which? and report the order of objects by counting, called ordinal.

Which? fifth, seventh, sixteenth.

Numerals change according to cases.

Sometimes it is difficult to find adverbs in the text.

Remember: most often they refer to verbs and help name actions more accurately.

For example, it started (where?) here, it started (how?) slowly, it started (when?) today.

Adverbs answer the questions where? Where? where? When? How? and indicate a sign of action. These are unchangeable words.

What parts of speech are these words?

Two, two, two, double, double, two, double, twice.

Two (how many?, numeral),

deuce (what?, noun),

two (how many?, numeral),

double (which?, adjective),

double (what to do?, verb),

together (how?, adverb),

twofold (which?, adjective),

twice (how many times?, adverb).

Conclusion

Independent- parts of speech that can be used without helper words. These are nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, adverbs, numerals.

Parts of speech are key grammatical groups of words. All parts of speech in the Russian language can be divided into: auxiliary and independent.

Independent parts of speech

Independent or otherwise called significant parts of speech are words that determine the action of an object, the object itself or a property. It is impossible to construct a sentence and phrase in their absence, therefore they are the main structural unit of the prescription. Independent parts of speech can be systematized into:

Noun

A noun, for example: dog, electricity, chair, furniture, door, etc. You can ask questions about cases. It describes the object and is declined in case, number and gender. Since a noun describes an object, it possesses its characteristics.

Verb

Verb: depict, compose, favor, play, do nothing, cover up, tidy up. Questions: what to do? what to do? Determines the action or position of a certain object, can be reflexive and non-reflexive (checked by the presence or absence of a soft sign, in accordance with this it is written - tsya; - tsya at the end), verbs are transitive and non-transitive. Often there is a noun in the accusative case nearby. Verbs change according to numbers and tenses.

Adjective

Adjective: good, sweet, bearish, green. Questions: Which? whose? Nouns and adjectives can change in number, case and gender. It may have an abbreviated form, it means the quality and inherent characteristics of the object.

Numeral

Numeral: eight, fourth. Questions: How many? which? Numeral means the order of objects, number, number. It is divided into four lexical and grammatical categories: collective (three, seven, both) - answers the question how many? fractional (one second, three quarters, one sixth).

Quantitative (ten, four, twenty-five) answer the question how many? how many? how many? Ordinal (first, eighth, thirty-seventh) answer the question which?

Pronoun

Pronoun: she, such, he, they, such. Questions: Who? which? Indicates an object, a characteristic and its quantity, but does not name it. All pronouns are divided into ten types:

• Personal (I, you, he, she, it)
• Possessive (your, yours)
• Returnable(self)
• Indefinite (someone's, somewhere, something, several)
• Demonstratives (that, there, there, here)
• Interrogatives (which, when, who, where)
• Negative (nobody, never, nothing, nowhere, no one)
• Relative (which, how many, who, what)
• Mutual (with each other, with each other, one on one, time after time)
• Determinatives (himself, any, other, other, everywhere, always)

Participles

Participles: working. Question: which one? This is a verb form that means the criterion of an object by its action. Contains the properties of a verb and an adjective. Divided into four types:

• To get the passive participle in the present tense, you need to use an imperfective verb and the suffixes im, eat.
• To obtain a passive participle in the past tense, you must use a perfective verb and the suffixes t, en, enn, n, nn.
• To get a real participle in the present tense, you need to use an imperfective verb and the suffixes аш, яж, юш.
• To get an active participle in the past tense, you need to use a perfective verb and the suffixes w, wsh.

Participles

Participles: working, having worked. Questions: How?(by doing what? by doing what?) The verb form means an auxiliary action for the main action.

Functional parts of speech

Utility parts of speech are words that perform an auxiliary function in a sentence. They do not change and cannot be members of a sentence. They also do not name objects, actions or signs.
Functional parts of speech include:

1. Prepositions: on, about, before, by. Expresses the syntactic dependence of independent parts of speech.
2. Conjunctions: and, or, however. Connects simple sentences together.
3. Particles: yes, yes, yes. Expresses different shades of meaning.
4. Interjections: ah, oh. Expresses emotions and sensations.

Difference between independent parts of speech and auxiliary parts

Independent parts of speech as opposed to service parts:

1. They can answer the question.
2. They have a sign.
3. They vary by gender, time, etc.
4. Are parts of speech
5. They have lexical meaning.
6. They have syntactic meaning.
7. They have morphological characteristics.
8. They represent something that can be seen, described, touched.

Functional parts of speech in their order:

• They cannot answer the question (they depend directly on the independent parts)
• They cannot change by gender or time.
• They are separate members of a sentence.
• They have functions, namely they clarify, complement, connect and make sentences more detailed.
• They have accents.

What they have in common is that they help a person to competently and fully express their written and oral speech.

Morphology – This is a branch of the science of language that studies the word as a part of speech.

Parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent and auxiliary.

Independent parts of speech name objects, characteristics, quantity, actions of objects and are independent members of the sentence.

Functional parts of speech do not name objects, characteristics, quantities, actions of objects, serve to connect words in a sentence and are not independent members of the sentence.

Independent parts of speech:

Functional parts of speech: