Removal of hyperplasia of the lingual tonsil. Symptoms of Hypertrophy of pharyngeal lymphoid tissue

Enlargement of the tonsils of the oropharynx indicates the presence of a chronic source of infection or frequent attacks of microbes. The protective ring is formed from the tonsils, which consist of lymphoid tissue. Every day they fight millions of pathogenic microorganisms that try to enter the body.

Occurs due to the need to constantly maintain the body’s defenses.

Normally, the tonsils can enlarge during the acute phase of an infectious disease, but after defeating the microbes, the lymphoid tissue returns to its previous size.

The lingual tonsil hypertrophies in parallel with other lymphoid formations, since they are in direct contact and perform a protective function.

Causes of hypertrophy

Changes in the structure of the tonsil can occur in several ways:

• vascular-glandular, which is observed in the case of local changes in the form of proliferation and plethora of blood vessels, while the volume of tissue decreases;
• lymphoid, when lymphoid hyperplasia occurs due to prolonged inflammation and the presence of infectious intoxication.

An increase in lymphoid formation occurs for the following reasons:

1. chronic inflammation of the tonsils (pharyngeal or palatine) - with adenoids and tonsillitis, when microbes persist in the folds of the mucous membrane and maintain inflammation;
2. (glossitis) when it is injured;
3. burdened heredity. If the parents had adenoids or had tonsils removed, the child may also have problems with the tonsils;
4. negative effects of dry, dusty air, industrial hazards;
5. smoking;
6. oncological diseases of the pharynx;
7. previous operations to remove adenoids or tonsils, when the remaining tonsils take on the function of the removed lymphoid formations, which leads to their hyperplasia;
8. occupational hazards when the vocal apparatus has a heavy load (singers, speakers, announcers).

In children, the pathology is extremely rare, but for mature men and women in the premenopausal period, hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil is not uncommon. Most cases occur during puberty.

Manifestations of the disease

You can suspect the proliferation of lymphoid tissue in the tongue area based on the following clinical signs:

1. discomfort when swallowing;
2. presence of a foreign element;
3. sudden attack of dry cough;
4. slight hyperemia of the pharynx;
5. hoarseness of voice;
6. nasality;
7. apnea, which is fraught with hypoxia due to insufficient oxygen supply to internal organs;
8. severe snoring at night;

If the tonsil is very enlarged, it can be seen, although normally it is not visible.

The appearance of apnea is a serious complication of the disease that requires medical intervention.

Diagnostic procedures

It is difficult to independently diagnose hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil, since the symptoms are nonspecific and may indicate various pathologies. After consulting a doctor, diagnosis begins with a survey of the complaints that bother the person and the characteristics of their occurrence. Next, the doctor studies the life history, finding out what the patient was and is suffering from.

To examine the oral cavity, pharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy are performed, the result of which can determine the degree of proliferation of lymphoid tissue and assess the damage to the tonsils. In addition, the tongue is examined, or rather its root, where the tonsil is located.

To diagnose between an infectious disease and non-inflammatory hypertrophy, smears are taken from the mucous membrane of the pharynx and examined using microscopy or a culture method.

Hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil should be distinguished from:

Treatment areas

Therapeutic tactics are determined by the doctor based on the results of instrumental and laboratory diagnostics.

The task of diagnosis is not only to confirm the diagnosis, but also to identify the cause of the disease. Treatment is also aimed at eliminating the cause and reducing the severity of clinical symptoms.

If the cause of lymphoid hypertrophy is chronic inflammation or infection, it is advisable to prescribe:

• local anti-inflammatory therapy (gargling with Givalex, Chlorphyllipt, irrigation of the tonsils - Tantum Verde, Yox);
• antibacterial agents of systemic or local action (Augmentin, Bioparox spray, Miramistin in solution form);
• antifungal drugs (Fluconazole, Intraconazole, Ketoconazole);
• antihistamines (Suprastin, Claritin, Tavegil).

Antibacterial drugs are prescribed taking into account the results of an antibiogram during bacterial culture.

The patient needs to be patient a little and limit his diet to spicy, hot, solid foods and pickles. In addition, you need to take time to relax, avoid stress, visit the sauna and reduce physical activity. Don’t forget about boosting immunity, hardening, vitamin therapy and walks in the fresh air.

To help traditional treatment, you can use folk recipes. Decoctions of herbs (chamomile, oak bark, calendula) and essential oils can also be used for rinsing the oropharynx and inhalation.

If there is no effect from conservative therapy, the doctor decides on surgical intervention. Surgery to remove the tonsil is rarely performed. In the postoperative period, bleeding and a temporary decrease in immune defense are possible. Removal can be performed by coagulation or cryofreezing. The procedures are repeated several times, ultimately a good result can be achieved.

Prevention

Despite modern approaches to treatment that can achieve a positive effect, it is still better for the body not to get sick at all. To do this, you need to follow simple recommendations:

1. harden children from an early age;
2. treat chronic diseases in a timely manner;
3. visit the dentist regularly to sanitize pockets of infection in the oral cavity;
4. have a good rest;
5. avoid stress and heavy physical activity;
6. take vitamins;
7. do morning exercises and sports activities.

The child should sleep in a clean, ventilated room. Living in a room with dry, dusty air, especially if there is mold, is not allowed. Even in winter, ventilation is required, but not with a draft!

The easiest way to strengthen your immune system is on vacation at sea. Sunlight, healthy eating and water procedures not only strengthen the immune system, but also improve the mood of children and parents.

Are there age restrictions for the occurrence of tonsil hypertrophy? Although an increase in the size of these lymphoid formations is more often detected in childhood, the possibility of the development of hypertrophic processes in adult patients cannot be excluded. There are many reasons why tonsil hypertrophy occurs; it is not always associated with the presence of inflammation and is more often considered as an adaptive-compensatory phenomenon. Should enlarged tonsils in adulthood be considered a pathology and how dangerous is it? What treatment methods can be offered to the patient?

Before talking about why the tonsils can enlarge and how this process objectively manifests itself, you need to imagine where these anatomical formations are located and what functional system of the body they belong to. The Pirogov-Waldeyer lymphadenoid ring, localized in the oropharynx, is an immune barrier at the entrance to the respiratory and digestive tract. It is formed by several tonsils:

• paired palatine, or tonsils, localized between the palatine arches;
• paired tubal, located at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube;
• unpaired nasopharyngeal (pharyngeal), located in the vault of the nasopharynx;
• unpaired lingual in the mucous membrane of the root of the tongue.

Tonsils consist of lymphoid tissue, like peripheral organs of the immune system, they are formed at the stage of intrauterine development and remain throughout life. Moreover, some of them (pharyngeal, lingual, tubal) may undergo age-related involution, expressed in a decrease in size and functional activity. Involution, in essence, means reverse development, transformation of an organ. This is of great importance for considering the reasons that explain the enlargement of the tonsils in an adult, since age-related functional hypertrophy is characteristic of children, and age-related involution occurs at the age of 13-15 years.

Hypertrophy, that is, an increase in the size of the amygdala, can be caused by various reasons. Why do tonsils and other lymphoid formations enlarge? This leads to:

1. Congenital developmental anomalies.
2. Absence of age-related involution.
3. Constant trauma to the tonsil tissue (for example, rough food).
4. Tonsillectomy (removal of the tonsils).
5. Frequent infectious diseases, immunodeficiency.
6. The presence of foci of chronic infection in the oropharynx.
7. Endocrine disorders.
8. Women taking hormonal contraceptives.

When the tonsils are enlarged, they interfere with adequate breathing and contribute to the formation of pathological changes. If in childhood hypertrophy tactics can be wait-and-see, in the treatment of adult patients it is necessary to take measures immediately after the diagnosis is established.

Thus, any of the tonsils can hypertrophy; The process in adults is irreversible and requires treatment.

Hypertrophy of the tonsils is a process that is classified not only according to the type of enlarged lymphoid formation. The severity of clinical manifestations is directly related to the severity of changes in size, therefore it is customary to divide the enlargement of the tonsils and pharyngeal tonsil into three degrees. In relation to the remaining components of the lymphadenoid ring, only the fact of hypertrophy is considered.

A synonym for hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil is the term “adenoids”, “adenoid growths” - contrary to ideas about this pathology, it can occur not only in children, but also in adults. The degree of hypertrophy (1, 2 and 3, respectively) is compared with the covering of the vomer, a bone plate located in the nasal cavity, by lymphoid tissue:

• covering the upper third;
• covering the upper two thirds;
• covering the entire opener.

When the tonsils are enlarged, anatomical landmarks are used to determine the progress of the pathological process: the edge of the anterior arch and the tongue, which is located in the midline of the pharynx. If the tonsil fills 1/3 of the distance between them, they speak of 1st degree hypertrophy, if 2/3 - they speak of 2nd degree enlargement of the tonsils. It is possible to conclude that the patient has grade 3 hypertrophy if the tonsil reaches the uvula.

How does enlarged tonsils manifest? Symptoms are determined by the anatomical location of the lymphoid formation and the degree of its hypertrophy.

Enlargement of the tonsils in adults occurs quite rarely, and is not always a reason for complaints. Hypertrophied tonsils can be discovered accidentally - for example, during a routine examination. At the same time, with a significant increase, violations are formed:

1. Nasal breathing.
2. Vote.

Improper nasal breathing leads to a cascade of pathological changes: an increased risk of infection, swelling and nasal congestion (vasomotor rhinitis), concomitant damage to the pharyngeal tonsil, auditory tube, and middle ear.

Since the patient is forced to breathe through the mouth (which can also be difficult if the tonsils are enlarged), the mucous membrane of the oropharynx dries out, and his throat may hurt. During sleep, snoring and temporary cessation of breathing occur - the patient wakes up lethargic, tired, experiences frequent headaches, and is irritated. The voice becomes nasal, the patient has difficulty swallowing food.

The patient may complain:

• for a constant runny nose;
• for headaches, dizziness;
• for snoring during sleep;
• for coughing attacks.

Possible symptoms also include absent-mindedness, impaired ability to concentrate, and persistent fatigue that does not go away even after a long sleep. The patient may be pale, have a nasal voice, and have his mouth slightly open to facilitate breathing. Frequent rhinitis, sinusitis and otitis are noted. Some patients experience urinary incontinence, migraines, and nightmares with sudden awakening.

The increase manifests itself:

• bouts of unproductive cough;
• discomfort in the throat;
• swallowing disorders;
• voice change;
• loud snoring.

If, along with an increase in the volume of lymphoid tissue, there is a proliferation of venous plexuses in the area of ​​the root of the tongue, a strong paroxysmal cough can lead to a violation of the integrity of the vessels and bleeding.

Cough occurs as a result of pressure on the epiglottis and irritation of the superior laryngeal nerve.

The key complaint is impaired hearing acuity. Conductive hearing loss occurs - it is associated with difficulty transmitting sound waves. Such hearing loss is persistent and difficult to treat. Enlarged tonsils in adults are growing lymphoid tissue, which causes a progressive decrease in hearing acuity and a gradual increase in changes.

Unilateral enlargement is accompanied by pathological changes on the right or left - for example, if the right tonsil is enlarged, the right auditory tube suffers and, accordingly, the middle ear cavity on the right. The prerequisite for the occurrence of hypertrophy of tubal lymphoid formations is often adenoids and chronic adenoiditis.

Hypertrophy of any of the tonsils does not mean the simultaneous presence of inflammation.

The throat does not change with hypertrophy of the tonsils unless there are concomitant infectious and inflammatory changes. If it is red, there are deposits on the mucous membrane, and the patient is worried about pain when swallowing, fever - you need to think about infection.

Treatment for hypertrophy is mandatory if clinical symptoms occur. How to treat enlarged tonsils in adults? A combination of surgical and conservative methods is used, with surgery being the main method; other methods allow you to consolidate the result, prevent relapses (repeated episodes) and complications.

If the patient does not experience difficulty breathing, does not complain of poor sleep, snoring, or does not indicate other characteristic signs, hypertrophy is not dangerous for him. However, regular observation is mandatory - and it is advisable that the same attending physician examine the throat. This makes it easier to compare changes in dynamics.

If we are talking about paired lymphoid formations, but one tonsil is enlarged, before starting treatment, a differential diagnosis is carried out - chronic inflammatory processes, the presence of a cold abscess, and the presence of a neoplasm are excluded.

How to treat enlarged tonsils? For this purpose, methods of mechanical and physical influence are used:

1. Tonsillotomy.

This is the cutting off of part of the tonsil surgically - during the operation, tissue is removed within the anterior palatine arches. The issue of tonsillotomy is considered for grade 3 hypertrophy.

1. Diathermocoagulation.

Heating of tissues using high frequency current - this causes irreversible coagulation of proteins. The method is also called therapeutic cauterization. Can be shown at 2 degrees of magnification.

Severe hypertrophy of the tonsils in adults is an indication for surgical intervention.

Adenoids in an adult patient must be removed because they cannot undergo involution and provoke irreversible changes in the nasal cavity. Adenotomy is carried out using a special instrument - an adenotomy. Laser removal is also currently practiced.

For hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil, surgical excision is not used, as this can increase the risk of bleeding. Preference is given to safer methods - cryosurgical treatment or diathermocoagulation. Radiation therapy is also used.

If we are talking about hypertrophy of tubal lymphoid formations, the left tonsil and/or the right tonsil are enlarged, curettage (curettage) of the growths, and radiation therapy are performed. At the same time, measures are taken to restore the patency of the auditory tube, and the throat and nasal cavity are sanitized, and foci of chronic infection in the teeth and gums are eliminated.

Conservative therapy is carried out mainly in the postoperative period and may include the prescription of drugs:

• antibacterial;
• antiseptic;
• vasoconstrictors;
• anti-inflammatory, etc.

The list of medicines is determined in accordance with the assessment of indications and contraindications and is individual in each specific case. The drugs can be used systemically (tablets, injections), locally (lozenges, sprays, drops). During the treatment process, it is necessary to periodically examine the throat.

Tonsil hypertrophy in adults is treated by an otolaryngologist (ENT doctor). Timely seeking medical help will allow you to choose the most gentle methods of treatment and avoid the formation of irreversible changes associated with enlargement of the tonsils and other lymphoid formations.

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Contents of the material

• Hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils: degree of disease
• Development of hypertrophy. Main symptom of the disease
• Disease of enlarged palatine tonsils: diagnosis

The tonsils are located between the human tongue and the soft palate. The size of this part of the oral cavity can vary, but sometimes, looking into the throat, you can see protruding edges. In this case, a qualified doctor will say that hypertrophy of the tonsils has occurred. This disease is considered a pathological process.

Enlarged palatine tonsils: cause

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Hypertrophy of the palatine glands is characterized by an increase in size in a chronic form. On the one hand, this leads to nasal congestion, difficulties with normal inhalation and exhalation and a number of other unpleasant symptoms, on the other hand, it threatens serious complications. Diagnosed in adults, but more often occurs in young children.

Both glands are formed by a collection of lymphoid tissue, the purpose of which is to trap bacteria and viruses. Act as part of the lymphatic system and help protect the body from infections. The tonsils are located in the back of the throat and are visible through the mouth. The function is to prevent bacteria and viruses from penetrating deeper into the throat, producing antibodies to attack pathogenic microorganisms. Enlarged palatal lymph glands in adults and children are associated with frequent infections and inflammation in the throat.

Hypertrophy of the tonsils in rare cases occurs without severe symptoms. Classic signs that determine enlarged glands:

1. Voice changes. As a result of tissue growth near the vocal cords, the timbre changes slightly.
2. Difficulty swallowing. Enlargement of the tonsils becomes the reason for this.
3. Loss of appetite. Swallowing is painful, making eating difficult. This symptom affects children to a greater extent.
4. Halitosis. The infection promotes the proliferation of microbes, causing bad breath.
5. Snore. Hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils affects free exhalation and inhalation, which is why air exchange in the lungs is difficult in adults and children during sleep, and characteristic noisy sounds are present.
6. Obstructive apnea (stopping breathing). A condition that develops in severe cases. Occurs during breaks in breathing during sleep. A serious and dangerous phenomenon, potentially leading to pulmonary hypertension and hypertrophy of the right side of the heart.
7. Frequent ear infections. Enlarged tonsils often lead to blockage of the Eustachian tubes and impede drainage. Fluid accumulates behind the eardrum, increasing the risk of infection. The process is either one-sided or affects both ears.
8. Chronic sinusitis, rhinitis. Hypertrophy of the nasopharyngeal tonsil and adjacent tissue complicates the outflow of fluid from the sinuses. Blockage threatens the development of infection. Symptoms of nasal congestion, bloating and heaviness appear. The tissue growth is nothing more than adenoids. Its inflammation is adenoiditis. It is possible in childhood and adolescence. Degrees are assigned based on the size of the growth.
9. Headache, decreased performance due to insufficient oxygen supply.

At birth, the tonsils are immature; as they grow older, they undergo a number of changes and their functions improve. Under the influence of harmful substances in the air, tobacco smoke, dust, viruses and microbes, the tonsils are forced to “react”, causing them to change size and gradually grow. Not all patients are affected by this. According to doctors, heredity, the frequency of inflammation and infections, fetal asphyxia during childbirth, etc. play a role. It is difficult to name the exact reasons why pathology develops.

It has been noticed that hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils most often threatens people with diseases of the upper respiratory tract and endocrine disorders. Environmental conditions, lack of variety in the diet and lack of vitamins influence.

Hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils is classified depending on the size of the tonsils. There are 3 degrees:

1st degree

it is characterized by a slight increase. The tissue of the organ grows to a third of the height between the palatine arch and the pharynx;

2nd degree

the tonsil should occupy two-thirds of the height;

3rd degree

diagnosed if the tonsils completely block the lumen in the throat and close together.

I, II, III degrees of hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils

Stages 2 and 3 are characterized by symptoms of difficulty breathing through the mouth and nose, difficulty swallowing and a nasal voice. The change in timbre is accompanied by hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil. In adolescence, under the influence of hormones and the rapid growth of the body, the reverse process is possible, the tonsils become smaller and take on normal sizes. It is not always worth removing enlarged glands in childhood; there are good reasons for this.

As the glands enlarge, their structure, color and density do not change. The color is pink, the lacunae are clean, there is no plaque. Hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils is characterized only by an increase in size.

Hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil is diagnosed in adults when tubercles grow and enlarge on the root of the tongue. A similar process is observed in children with adenoiditis at the same time. As a rule, hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil is treated without special treatment; the symptoms disappear during puberty and it decreases again.

If this does not happen, upon examination in adults, an enlarged gland is noted at the back wall of the pharynx and the root of the tongue. Patients come for examination and complain of a “lump in the throat,” rawness, “something is bothering the throat.” This is nothing more than hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil. Decoctions of burdock, milkweed, and milk thistle oil are recommended for treatment.

There are 2 types of hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil:

If the tonsil is enlarged on only one side, a serious illness is suspected. The reason for this may be a tumor, lung disease, sexually transmitted infections (syphilis), or other microbial infections.

An examination by an oncologist is required to rule out the growth of cancer cells. Treatment, if the diagnosis is confirmed, involves cutting off the inflamed gland on one side and carrying out anti-cancer treatment.

An enlarged gland on one side is a reason to seek help from a venereologist or pulmonologist, although in some cases this is an individual feature of the body.

There are 4 main types of tonsils, which are classified by location and pairing. The paired ones include the palatine or retropharyngeal tonsils (located in the recess between the palate and the tongue) and tubular (localized in the area of ​​the opening of the auditory tube).

The unpaired ones include the nasopharyngeal tonsil (Lushka's tonsil, pharyngeal), which is the arch of the wall of the larynx and pharynx, and the lingual tonsil, located hidden in the sublingual region. The pharyngeal tonsil is an indicator of human health in case of infection of the body of a bacterial or viral nature.

Anatomical location and structure

The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the upper part of the larynx, where its arch and transition to the nasal cavity are formed. The tonsils are located behind the palate, framed on the sides by the pharyngeal openings, which are part of the Eustachian tubes. The auditory tube joins the middle ear cavity, covering the eardrums and auditory ossicles.

The eardrum stabilizes the pressure inside the ear relative to the outside, providing full hearing. When the tonsils become inflamed, the function of maintaining optimal pressure and hearing is impaired.

The nasopharyngeal tonsils are normally small in size and look like a small elevation above the surface of the mucous epithelium. During the inflammatory process, the size of the tonsils increases significantly, and respiratory function is impaired. In young children, symptoms of respiratory failure increase rapidly.

Functional Features

Adenoids are a kind of gateway for the penetration of pathogenic microflora into the body. Considering that most infectious diseases are transmitted by airborne droplets, the mucous membranes of the throat and larynx are the first to suffer.

If previously the tonsils were simply removed during inflammation, today clinicians are not so categorical about radically eliminating the problem. The pharyngeal tonsil, when it grows pathologically, is called adenoid vegetation, but this is not an organ that can be removed without consequences for the body.

The main function of the pharyngeal tonsil is to stimulate general and local immunity. Thus, after removal, patients become vulnerable to various infectious diseases, and acute processes quickly transform into chronic forms.

In some cases, the tonsils still have to be removed. When infected, they themselves often become a source of infection, and their excessive growth can cause serious harm to the body.

Hypertrophic processes

Normally, the expression of the body's immune forces is significantly limited, therefore, after stopping the infectious process, lymphocytic division in the pharyngeal tonsil is noticeably reduced. But with constant disturbances of immune activity, prolonged course of diseases, inadequate treatment of infectious processes, the system of protective functions of the body gets out of control. All these disorders lead to hypertrophic changes in the lymphoid tissue, the functionality of the tonsils decreases and they become sources of infection.

Hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsil is classified according to several criteria. There are three main degrees of tonsil enlargement:

• I degree, when part of the unpaired facial bone that forms the nasal septum (vomer) is covered;
• II degree, when the tonsils cover the surface of the vomer by 2/3;
• III degree, when the adenoids completely block the vomer.

The latest degrees of hypertrophy can significantly worsen the patient's nasal breathing, forcing him to breathe through his mouth. To make an accurate diagnosis, it is not enough to determine the degree of vomer overlap, since the clinical picture does not always correspond to the degree of the pathological process.

The hypertrophic process can occur in two main forms:

• vascular-glandular form, when there is an abnormal proliferation of blood vessels and their capillaries, an increased number of glands (found in public people: singers, speakers, lecturers);
• lymphoid, occurs when chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx is involved or against the background of removal of the tonsils as a compensatory reaction of the body.

The pharyngeal ring with lymphadenoid tissue completes its formation by the child’s 12 months and changes somewhat by adolescence (age 11-15 years). Typically, inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil is associated with persistent colds, acute respiratory viral infections, and chronic diseases of internal organs and systems. The risk group includes patients with tuberculosis, immunodeficiency conditions, unfavorable living conditions (poor nutrition, stressful environment, bad habits), a history of allergies, and dental infectious diseases.

Inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsils is often associated with the patient’s hereditary predisposition, as well as with abnormal development of the human lymphatic system as a whole. A timely response to frequent attacks of colds, runny nose, and other infectious diseases eliminates the need for a surgical solution to the problem.

Useful video about adenoids

A) Clinical picture. Hyperplasia of the palatine tonsils is usually combined with adenoid hypertrophy. In addition, there is difficulty swallowing and eating due to obstruction of the isthmus of the pharynx. Obstruction, causing significant breathing impairment, is also possible with tonsil hyperplasia alone.

b) Diagnostics. See the previous article on the website "". Local symptoms are obvious.

V) Differential diagnosis. Hyperplasia of the palatine tonsils is differentiated from the same diseases as adenoid hypertrophy. It is important to find out whether there is only tonsil hyperplasia or whether it is combined with adenoid hypertrophy.

P.S. In case of unilateral tonsil hyperplasia in adults, a malignant tumor should always be excluded. Rapid hyperplasia of Waldeyer's lymphoid pharyngeal ring indicates a systemic disease of the entire lymphatic system.

G) Treatment. Currently, tosillotomy is performed for tonsil hyperplasia. This can be done using various types of lasers, radiofrequency resection or ultrasonic harmonic scalpel. Patients with recurrent or chronic inflammation in the palatine tonsils undergo tonsillectomy.

P.S. In children, when the tonsils or adenoids are enlarged, their removal is not always indicated. To achieve this, there must be significant hyperplasia with obvious mechanical obstruction of the nasopharynx or oropharynx and corresponding clinical symptoms.

:
1 - roof of the nasopharynx; 2 - the mouth of the auditory tube; 3 - soft palate;
4 - palatine tonsil; 5 - fossa of the epiglottis; 6 - epiglottis;
7 - hyoid bone; 8 - laryngopharynx; 9 - floor of the mouth.

d) Course and prognosis of enlarged palatine tonsils. Symptoms of mechanical obstruction usually resolve quickly after removal of the enlarged tonsils. The child usually quickly returns to normal physical activity, mental state and intelligence are normalized. The prognosis is good. Recurrence after correctly performed adenoidectomy is rare.

Complications after surgery mainly include bleeding and aspiration of discharge from the wound. These complications can only be feared if hemostasis during the operation was unreliable or the regime was disrupted or residual tissue was left behind.

P.S. To avoid missing a patient's tendency to bleed, the following should be considered before performing an adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy:
1. A detailed family history (bleeding and bleeding disorders in relatives) is an important part of the preoperative examination to avoid abnormal bleeding.
2. If anamnestic data indicate the possibility of bleeding, determine the bleeding time.
3. Other tests include determination of partial thromboplastin time and quantity.
4. If anamnestic data indicate a possible blood coagulation disorder, and tests show abnormalities in the blood coagulation system, determine the content of individual coagulation factors and platelet function. In addition, analgesics such as salicylates should be discontinued at least 10 days before surgery as these drugs suppress platelet function.

Adenoidectomy And tonsillectomy patients with bleeding disorders, however, can be performed if there are compelling reasons for this. However, surgery in such cases should be performed after replacement therapy in a specialized department.

To others postoperative complications refers to a change in voice that is usually transient, although persistent rhinolalia may sometimes occur. Rare complications include adhesions in the nasopharynx, damage to the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, and very rarely, damage to the cervical spinal cord.

To relative contraindications include cleft palate (both after and before correction). Before deciding to have surgery, you should consult a speech therapist.

Hyperplasia of the lingual tonsil in children It is rare and can also occur in adults. Its clinical manifestations include a feeling of pressure in the throat, especially when swallowing, and sometimes recurrent inflammation of the root of the tongue. If necessary, lymphoepithelial tissue can be partially removed. This is especially convenient to do using a cryoprobe or laser.

Video of the anatomy and composition of the Pirogov-Waldeyer lymphoepithelial ring (lymphoid ring of the pharynx)

If you have problems watching, download the video from the page

Peripheral organ of the human immune system. It is represented by lymphoid tissue, where mature lymphocytes multiply, protecting the body from infections. Pathological processes within it can cause frequent sore throats, snoring, tonsil hyperplasia and chronic tonsillitis. To check the condition and monitor the pharyngeal tonsil, contact an ENT specialist, as well as an immunologist.

The amygdala is an important peripheral organ of the human immune system.

Location

This gland is unpaired and is located in the mucous membrane of the pharynx and nasal sinuses. It is on the periphery of the digestive and respiratory system that the greatest accumulation of harmful microorganisms that enter with air or food is noted. Therefore, this, together with the palatine tonsils, helps the body cope quite effectively with germs and viruses. It happens that the tonsil increases slightly in size due to various reasons, which leads to difficult airway patency and rhinolalia.

Structure

The pharyngeal tonsil has a porous surface and consists of several fragments of the mucosa, transversely located and enveloped in multilayered epithelium. It has peculiar cavities (lacunae) in the amount of 10-20 pieces, which are designed to filter microorganisms that get inside. The deepest lacuna is called the “pharyngeal bursa” (Lyushka).

But under the influence of certain factors, pathogenic microorganisms can begin to multiply in the area of ​​lacunae, which leads to the occurrence of chronic tonsillitis. On the entire surface of the gland there are follicles that produce lymphocytes. They enter the circulatory system thanks to a dense network of capillaries passing at the base of the lacunae.

Hyperplasia of the nasopharyngeal tonsil

Hyperplasia (increase in size) of the gland is called adenoiditis. This is one of the most common abnormalities in children. The proliferation of adenoids occurs in early preschool age and up to 15 years, but cases of the disease occur in both adults and one-year-old children.

Adenoids can be either single or represented by a branched conglomerate. They are located at the base of the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and nasal sinuses. They are an oval, soft to palpation, of irregular shape and pink color with longitudinal slits dividing each fragment into 2-3 parts.

They are clearly expressed and presented in the form of snoring, difficulty in nasal breathing, constant discharge from the nasal cavity, hearing impairment and frequent inflammatory processes in the nasopharynx. Another symptom is chronic rhinitis.

Congestive hyperemia in the mucous membrane of the gland and in the surrounding soft tissues leads to chronic hypoxia and oxygen starvation of the brain, which can even lead to a delay in the development of the child. Patients suffering from this kind of illness often suffer from viral and bacterial infections, since the overgrown gland can no longer cope with its function normally and, instead of protecting itself, it becomes a permanent source of infection.

Inflammation of the nasopharyngeal tonsil

Inflammation of the tonsil (nasopharyngeal sore throat or acute adenoiditis) is provoked by a viral or microbial infection and begins with a rise in temperature, which can range from 37.5-39.5 °, and a feeling of dryness and soreness in the throat.

The symptoms are similar to purulent and catarrhal tonsillitis, in which a whitish coating is noted on the surface of the tonsils, only pain and inflammation are localized behind the soft palate. In such cases, the patient will feel an accumulation of secretions behind the walls of the palate, which is difficult to cough up. In acute adenoiditis, inflamed lymphoid tissue can block the passages of the pharyngotympanic tube, which can lead to inflammation of the middle ear. There is a sharp deterioration in nasal breathing in a vertical position and its virtual absence in a horizontal position of the body.

At the onset of the disease, there is a runny nose, paroxysmal cough, mainly at night, and a feeling of stuffiness in the ears. Quite often, such inflammation becomes the cause of stenosing laryngitis. With proper treatment, the disease lasts about 5 days. Young children often experience digestive system disorders in the form of vomiting and loose stools.

The gland has many nerve endings, so its inflammation is often painful for the patient. It is supplied with arterial blood from branches of the carotid artery and transmits lymphocytes to the body. In case of pathology of the nasopharyngeal tonsil in the form of purulent tonsillitis, the danger is the breakthrough of abscesses with the possible development of sepsis or meningitis caused by streptococcus.