S mki rova. Kirov Sergei Mironovich: biography, family, interesting facts

Sergei Mironovich Kirov (1886–1934)- one of the most famous government and party figures of the Soviet era of the 1920–1930s. and closest associates of I.V. Stalin. The personality of Kirov, thanks to his charisma and the circumstances of his biography, became one of the symbols of that time, became one of the symbols of Leningrad.

Sergey Mironovich Kirov(real name Kostrikov) was born March 15 (27), 1886 in the city of Urzhum, Vyatka province (now Kirov region) in a middle-class family. Sergei was four years old when his father left the family. Soon the boy’s mother, Ekaterina Kuzminichna, died. Eight-year-old Seryozha, along with his two sisters, Anna and Elizaveta, remained in the care of his grandmother Melania Avdeevna, who assigned her grandson to the “Care House for Orphans.” In 1901, after graduating from the city school, Sergei received financial support from Urzhum philanthropists and became a student at the Kazan Lower Mechanical and Technical School. In Kazan, he begins to attend underground student and workers' circles.

In 1904, after graduating from college, Sergei Kostrikov moved to Tomsk and entered preparatory courses at the Tomsk Technological Institute. Here he became a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) and began working in an underground printing house, for which he was arrested in 1905, 1906, 1907 and 1911. From 1909 to 1917 CM. Kostrikov lives in Vladikavkaz, where he works as a journalist for the liberal-bourgeois newspaper Terek. There, in the editorial office, he met his future common-law wife Maria Lvovna Marcus (1885 (1882(?) - 1945). At the same time, his pseudonym S. Kirov appeared.

During the February Revolution, Kirov, among a small group of Bolsheviks, became a member of the Vladikavkaz Council of Workers' Deputies. In October 1917, he was elected as a delegate to the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd, as a result of which Soviet power was proclaimed in Russia. According to the official Soviet biography, Kirov's political views before 1917 are clear - he was a convinced Bolshevik-Leninist. Research in recent years disputes this statement - Kirov for a long time could not choose the “platform” of his political preferences, sympathized with the Mensheviks, supported the Provisional Government, and only after the October events of 1917 took the side of the Bolsheviks.

During the Civil War (1918–1922) S.M. Kirov participated in organizing the defense of Astrakhan against the White Guard troops A.I. Denikin and A.V. Kolchak. At that time, he organized the illegal transportation of oil and gasoline to Astrakhan from Baku, occupied by British troops, carried out a number of diplomatic assignments and participated in the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan and Georgia.

Kirov became one of the founders of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (TSFSR) in 1922. As first secretary of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Communist Party (Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bolsheviks) of Azerbaijan, Sergei Mironovich led the restoration and reconstruction of the oil industry of the republic.

In January 1926, Kirov was appointed first secretary of the North-Western Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks; in February 1926, he became the first secretary of the Leningrad Provincial Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Under Kirov, an industrial and local fuel and energy base is being created in Leningrad and the Leningrad region, and the city economy is being reconstructed.

December 1, 1934 S.M. Kirov was shot dead in Smolny L.V. Nikolaev. Urn with the ashes of S.M. Kirov is installed in the Kremlin wall in Moscow.

Kirov's death caused a wide public outcry. On December 1, 1934, signed by the Secretary of the Presidium of the USSR Central Executive Committee A.S. Enukidze published the Resolution “On the procedure for conducting cases related to the preparation or commission of terrorist acts.” According to this document, Kirov became a victim of conspirators - enemies of the USSR. According to the currently dominant official version, the murder of S.M. Kirov was committed by a lone terrorist L.V. Nikolaev for personal reasons and was of a criminal rather than political nature.

In Soviet times, Kirov's activities in Leningrad and his personality were mythologized in the image of a martyr - a faithful follower of V.I. Lenin and I.V. Stalin, who died for the ideals of Bolshevism. Cities, streets, enterprises, institutions and groups were named after Kirov. Soviet artists, sculptors, writers, poets, and filmmakers perpetuated the memory of Kirov. Sergei Mironovich was a man of his time, he led Leningrad during the difficult, cruel and controversial Stalinist era.

Who is Sergey Mironovich Kirov? The biography of this man is full of such events that historically allows him to be placed in a special place among the leaders of the party elite of the Soviet era. Even his death became the reason for the start of serious events that claimed more than a dozen lives of innocent people.

Kirov Sergei Mironovich: biography of a young revolutionary

S. M. Kirov was born in 1886 in Urzhum (a city in a family of simple workers. The boy was only eight years old when he was left without parents: his mother died, his father, having left to work, disappeared without a trace. And if Serezha’s sisters came to him When his grandmother took him, she sent him to a shelter for minors. By the way, at that time the future party leader’s last name was Kostrikov; he became Kirov much later. But first things first.

Sergei grew up as a smart and hardworking child; school did not create any special problems for him. Having successfully graduated from first a parish and then a city school in his native Urzhum, the boy, having secured the recommendations of his teachers, went to Kazan, where he entered a mechanical and technical torture school and graduated brilliantly in 1904, becoming one of the five best graduates.

In the same year, Kostrikov moved to Tomsk and got a job as a draftsman in the city government, while simultaneously taking preparatory courses at the Technological Institute. But the planned peaceful future was not destined to come true.

Sergei, having been imbued with revolutionary ideas in Tomsk, at the first opportunity became an active member of the RSDLP under the party pseudonym Serge. In 1905, he was arrested for participating in a demonstration, but he did not remain in prison for long. After his release, at the next party conference he was elected to the committee of the Tomsk RSDLP. He becomes the organizer of anti-government demonstrations and rallies, and forms military squads. As a result, in 1906, Sergei Kostrikov was arrested again. This time he is sent to prison for a year and a half.

Defeated but not broken

In June 1908, S. M. Kostrikov was released from prison, which was supposed to change his views on the revolutionary movement. However, this did not happen. After leaving prison, he goes to Irkutsk, where, after restoring the party organization, which was almost completely destroyed by the police, he again begins to actively work in the revolutionary direction both in the city itself and in Novonikolaevsk (now Novosibirsk). In May 1909, Serge, escaping police pursuit, was forced to leave for the south of the country.

Work in the North Caucasus

In Vladikavkaz, he works closely with the local cadet newspaper Terek, publishing articles about the impressions received while climbing Elbrus and Kazbek, and leaves reviews of theatrical performances taking place in the city. Here he met his future second common-law wife Maria Lvovna Marcus.

At the end of the summer of 1911, Kostrikov was arrested again on an old case opened in Tomsk. He was accused of organizing an underground printing house, but his guilt was never proven. Kostrikov continues to work at Terek, but in order not to attract attention to himself once again, he takes the pseudonym Kirov, which is believed to have been formed on behalf of the King of Persia, Cyrus. From this moment on, the biography of Sergei Mironovich Kirov does not represent anything outstanding. Although the articles written by him, which often expose the existing regime, are highly popular among the opposition-minded population.

Party career and civil war

Until the revolution itself (1917), S. M. Kirov did not show much of himself, and during the coup he was not among those who seriously influenced what was happening in the country. The party biography of Sergei Mironovich Kirov made the next leap only in 1919: he was appointed head of the Astrakhan Revolutionary Committee. From this moment his rather rapid ascent up the career ladder begins.

After the counter-revolutionary rebellion in Astrakhan was brutally suppressed under his direct leadership, the religious procession was shot, and Metropolitan Mitrofan and Bishop Leonty were killed, Kirov became a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eleventh Red Army. From the very beginning of 1919, Sergei Mironovich, together with S. Ordzhonikidze, led the offensive of his units in the North and South Caucasus: Vladikavkaz was taken on March 30, and Baku a month later (May 1).

At the end of May 1920, Kirov was appointed plenipotentiary representative in Georgia, where power still belonged to the Mensheviks. At the beginning of October of the same year, Sergei Mironovich, at the head of the Soviet delegation, travels to Riga to sign a peace treaty with the Poles, after which he returns to the North Caucasus, where he joins the ranks of the Caucasian RCP (b). In March 1921, as a delegate to the tenth congress of the RCP (b), Kirov was approved as a candidate member of the party's central committee.

In April 1921, Sergei Mironovich chaired the congress of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (now North Ossetia). And already in July of the same year he was elected secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan. And soon he became one of the founders of the Transcaucasian SFSR (December 1922). In April 1923, delegates to the Twelfth Congress of the RCP (b) accepted Kirov into the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (b). The head of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, S. M. Kirov, was sympathetic to Stalin, despite the fact that, in fact, he remained a minor figure in the party hierarchy. He was not considered an upstart, did not strive to occupy high positions, and at the same time had a real gift of persuasion, excellent business acumen, and was also known as an excellent manager and a loyal ally.

Kirov in Leningrad

Stalin's good attitude towards Kirov soon resulted in his appointment as head of the Leningrad party organization. His main task was to reduce to zero the influence of the former leader of the city party, Grigory Zinoviev, Stalin’s sworn enemy, on the Leningrad communists. And Kirov succeeded, despite the fact that they even tried to use his cooperation with the cadet newspaper against him. Sergei Mironovich not only achieved complete control over the city’s party organization, but also became practically the master of Leningrad, controlling literally everything and solving even housing and everyday issues. Successes in governing the city eventually made him a major political figure.

However, there is an interesting fact - Sergei Mironovich Kirov, although he could lay claim to the highest levels of power in the country, especially after he became a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party (Bolsheviks), did not take advantage of this, but focused entirely only on the affairs of Leningrad. This suggests that Kirov’s first priority was selfless work, and not building a career. At the same time, he fully supported the policies pursued by Stalin, which, of course, suited him. For Joseph Vissarionovich, he was a good and, most importantly, reliable support without “a stone in his bosom.”

But things didn’t work out with the family

If everything was fine with social activities, then the personal life of Sergei Mironovich Kirov did not want to develop. In 1920, he met his first wife (no information about her has survived). A year later, they had a girl, Evgenia. But trouble happened - Kirov’s wife became seriously ill and soon died.

The party leader had no time to take care of the child - work in his life took up all the time, and Evgenia Sergeevna Kostrikova had to repeat the childhood fate of her father - go to a boarding school. This happened after her parent decided to connect his life with an old friend, Maria Lvovna Marcus. The woman categorically refused to accept someone else's child. Thus, the first family of Sergei Mironovich Kirov completely fell apart, and it was very difficult to call the second full-fledged, since Marcus was only Kirov’s cohabitant and never bore him any children.

By the way, Evgenia Sergeevna Kostrikova was a worthy daughter of her father, Sergei Mironovich Kirov. An interesting fact from her biography is clear evidence of this. During the war with Nazi Germany, she was the only woman commander in history who had an entire tank company under her command.

How was Sergei Mironovich Kirov killed?

It is believed that women were Kirov's weakness. There were rumors about his numerous affairs with famous artists of the Leningrad and Bolshoi theaters. However, no information was found to confirm this. And the possible illegitimate children of Sergei Mironovich Kirov also never declared themselves, at least there is no evidence of this. Nevertheless, one of the versions connects his death with a love affair. According to this assumption, Kirov had a fleeting affair with Milda Draule, an employee of the regional committee. Her husband Leonid Nikolaev, having learned about this, decided to punish his rival by killing him.

There is another version according to which Nikolaev, being an unbalanced man with inflated ambitions, decided to become famous in this way and go down in history, as the assassins of Alexander II did. Whether this is true or not is no longer known, but the fact that it was he who personally sentenced such a prominent party leader to death is an indisputable fact. At that time, government institutions did not have serious security, so it was not difficult for Nikolaev, armed with a pistol, to enter Smolny, where the city party committee was then located. Having met Kirov in the corridor of the palace and following him, Nikolaev shot him in the head, after which he tried to commit suicide, but could not, having fainted.

The murder of Kirov as a reason for repression

After Nikolaev was detained and a series of interrogations, it became clear to investigators that the killer acted alone, and there was no political motive in this crime. However, Stalin was not satisfied with this result: “his man”, a high-ranking statesman, should not have died so stupidly, which means his death can be used in one’s own interests. To do this, it simply had to be presented as the machinations of the opposition environment.

As a result, after a series of political trials, 17 people were shot, about 80 went to prison, and 30 went into exile. Thousands of people were expelled from Leningrad as unreliable. By the way, not only Nikolaev was shot, but also his wife (Kirov’s alleged mistress) Milda Draule.

Tribute to Kirov

The fiery tribune of the revolution, wholly devoted to the country and the cause of the party, enjoyed not only high authority among the people, he was truly loved and revered in the Soviet Union. In honor of him, the city of Vyatka was renamed Kirov (1934), and monuments to Sergei Mironovich Kirov can be found in many parts of the country. The “master of Leningrad” was buried near the Kremlin wall, on Red Square in Moscow.

Kirov Sergey Mironovich

1st First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee and City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

Predecessor:	Position established
Successor:	Andrey Zhdanov
1st First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR

Predecessor:	Position established
Successor:	Ruhulla Akhundov
Birth:

Buried:	Necropolis near the Kremlin wall
Birth name:	Sergey Mironovich Kostrikov
	Miron Ivanovich Kostrikov (1852-1915)
	Ekaterina Kuzminichna Kazantseva (1859-1894)
	1) mother of Evgenia Kostrikova (in 1920-1921) 2) Maria Lvovna Markus (1885-1945) (in 1926-1934)
	Evgenia Sergeevna Kostrikova (1921-1975)
	RSDLP (since 1904)
Education:	Kazan Mechanical and Technical School

early years

Party career

Contemporary assessments

After death

Addresses in Leningrad

Film incarnations

Monuments

(real name Kostrikov) (March 15 (27), 1886, Urzhum, Vyatka province - December 1, 1934, Leningrad) - Soviet statesman and political figure.

early years

Sergei Mironovich Kostrikov was born in the city of Urzhum, Vyatka province, on March 27 (March 15, old style) 1886. Sergei's parents came to the Vyatka province from the Perm province shortly before his birth. The first four children in the family died in childhood. Then Anna (1883-1966), Sergei and Elizaveta (1889-1968) appeared. In 1894, Sergei and his sisters were left orphans - their father went to work and went missing, and their mother died. The girls were taken in by their grandmother, and the boy was sent to an orphanage.

Sergei graduated from the Urzhum parish and then from the city school. During his studies, he was repeatedly awarded with diplomas and books. In the fall of 1901, he left for Kazan, entered the Kazan Lower Mechanical and Technical Industrial School at the expense of the zemstvo and the Trustee Fund of the Urzhum City School at the request of the orphanage teachers and teachers of the city school. In 1904, he completed his education with a first-class honor, being one of the top five graduates that year. In 1904, he began working as a draftsman in the Tomsk city government and studying at preparatory courses at the Tomsk Technological Institute. Sergei never came to Urzhum again.

Revolutionary activity before 1917

In Tomsk in November 1904, he joined the RSDLP. Party pseudonym - Serge. In 1905, he took part in a demonstration for the first time and was arrested by the police. After leaving prison he leads military squads. In July 1905, the Tomsk city party conference elected Kostrikov as a member of the Tomsk committee of the RSDLP. In October 1905 he organized a strike at the large Taiga railway station. In July 1906, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Tomsk fortress (prison) for a year and a half. Since 1908, Sergei Kostrikov became a professional revolutionary, working in Irkutsk and Novonikolaevsk

In 1909 he came to Vladikavkaz, became an employee of the North Caucasian cadet newspaper “Terek”, published under the pseudonym Sergei Mironov, participates in amateur performances, and enjoys mountaineering. Kirov loved the theater, loved the work of L. N. Tolstoy; wrote reviews of performances by the city theater and touring groups in Vladikavkaz. Here he meets his future wife Maria Lvovna Marcus.

On August 11, 1911, Kirov was arrested in Vladikavkaz in connection with the case of the Tomsk underground printing house, he was transported to Tomsk, the court on March 16, 1912, acquitted him for lack of evidence, since the police bailiff, the main prosecution witness who arrested Kirov in 1906, did not recognized him at the trial. Returned to Vladikavkaz in April 1912.

The pseudonym “Kirov” was taken from the name Kir quite by accident. The history of its appearance is described in the essay “Mironych” by Dzakho Gatuev.

According to the official version of Soviet history, his political views before 1917 are clear - a convinced Leninist. Research in recent years disputes this statement - Kirov for a long time could not choose a “political platform”, sympathized with the Mensheviks, supported the Provisional Government, which he openly wrote about in articles, and only after the October Revolution of 1917 he went over to the side of the Bolsheviks.

Party career

In the spring of 1918, he was elected a member of the Terek Regional Council, in July he participated in the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets with a guest ticket, and in November he was already a full delegate of the VI All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

Since February 25, 1919, he has been the chairman of the provisional revolutionary committee in Astrakhan, leading the suppression of the counter-revolutionary rebellion (according to the official version): workers' demonstrations in which a large number of Red Army soldiers participated were shot.

On May 24, 1919, a religious procession in glorification of St. Joseph of Astrakhan was shot. In May-June 1919, he oversaw the arrest and execution of Metropolitan Mitrofan of Astrakhan and Bishop Leonty.

In the same year he became a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the XI Red Army.

On April 28, 1920, as part of the XI Red Army, he entered Baku, became a member of the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), in June 1920 he was appointed plenipotentiary representative of Soviet Russia in Georgia, in October 1920 he led the Soviet delegation at negotiations in Riga to conclude a peace treaty with Poland.

1921 - at the X Congress of the RCP(b) he was elected as a candidate member of the Central Committee. In the same year, he became the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan. In April 1923, at the XII Congress of the RCP(b), he was elected a member of the Central Committee of the RCP(b).

In 1926, S. M. Kirov was elected first secretary of the Leningrad Provincial Committee (regional committee) and the city party committee and the North-Western Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. As part of the group, the Central Committee is sent to Leningrad for the ideological struggle against the Zinoviev opposition. Kirov attends meetings at factories. More than 180 performances were made during the year.

At the end of 1929, a group of Leningrad functionaries (including the leaders of the Leningrad Council and the regional party control commission) demanded that Moscow remove Kirov from his post for pre-revolutionary collaboration with the “left-bourgeois press.” The case was considered at a closed meeting of the Politburo and the Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Largely thanks to Stalin's support, Kirov emerged victorious from this clash. His opponents were removed from their posts in Leningrad. However, in the decision of the meeting of the Politburo and the Presidium of the Central Control Commission, Kirov’s pre-revolutionary activities were still characterized as a “mistake.” A few years later, in the famous “Ryutin platform,” Kirov was placed on a par with the former opponents of the Bolsheviks, who, due to their political unscrupulousness, served Stalin especially faithfully.

According to the historian O.V. Khlevnyuk, Kirov, despite Stalin’s favor to him, remained an uninfluential figure in the Politburo. As a member of the Politburo, he visited Moscow extremely rarely, he almost did not take part in the voting of the party elite, all his interests were limited to Leningrad.

Kirov loved books and collected a huge personal library. In 1928 he met M. Gorky and supported him in his publishing activities.

He paid great attention to the development of industry in Leningrad and the entire Northwestern District.

By 1934, S. M. Kirov was awarded the Order of Lenin for outstanding services in the restoration and reconstruction of the oil industry. He has been a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks since 1930, since 1934 secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and a member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Death

On the evening of December 1, 1934, in Smolny, where the Leningrad city committee and regional committee of the CPSU (b) were located, S. M. Kirov was shot in the back of the head by Leonid Nikolaev. Most modern researchers agree that the killer was motivated by personal motives - resentment or jealousy. The version of jealousy is based on evidence of Kirov’s love affair with Milda Draule, the wife of Leonid Nikolaev.

Within a few hours after the murder of S. M. Kirov, it was officially announced that Kirov had become a victim of conspirators - enemies of the USSR, and on the same day the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR adopted a resolution “On amendments to the existing criminal procedural codes of the union republics”: “The investigative authorities must conduct cases of those accused of preparing or committing terrorist acts in an expedited manner. The judiciary should not delay the execution of sentences..." The ensuing mass repressions against party and economic leaders in the USSR were called “Yezhovshchina.”

After the murder of Kirov, the “Kirov Stream” of exiled and repressed people began to flow from Leningrad.

Family

Contemporary assessments

Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich 1977: “Kirov is a weak organizer. He's a good extra. And we treated him well. Stalin loved him. I say that he was Stalin's favorite. The fact that Khrushchev cast a shadow on Stalin, as if he killed Kirov, is vile.”.
Smirtyukov, Mikhail Sergeevich: “Sergei Mironovich Kirov was a wonderful tribune. I listened to him only twice and was amazed at how he combines fervor of speech with logic and evidence.”

After death

The urn with the ashes of S. M. Kirov was placed on December 6, 1934 in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. In the last place of residence of the revolutionary - in the Benois House in Leningrad - a museum-apartment of Kirov was opened.

Just a few days after the murder, the city of Vyatka was renamed the city of Kirov and the Kirov Territory was formed.

In honor of Kirov, the Armenian city of Vanadzor from 1935 to 1993 was called Kirovakan. The Azerbaijani city of Ganja (from 1935 to 1991) and the Tajik city of Pyanj (from 1936 to 1963) were called Kirovabad.

Addresses in Leningrad

1926-1934 - apartment in the former apartment building of the First Russian Insurance Company - Kamennoostrovsky pr., 26-28 - (Benoit House) - one of the fashionable addresses of pre-revolutionary St. Petersburg on the Petrograd side. Now in this apartment there is a memorial museum-apartment of Kirov.

Museums

In Vladikavkaz, on Kirov Street, there is a museum-apartment of S. M. Kirov - a branch of the National Museum of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania.
In Novosibirsk, the S. M. Kirov Museum was opened on October 30, 1947 on Lenin Street No. 23 (photo). In the restored wooden house, where in one of the rooms in 1908 Kirov briefly lived with one of the leaders of the Ob group of the RSDLP A.I. Petukhov, materials related to the revolutionary activities of S.M. Kirov in Siberia were collected.
In Urzhum there is a museum-house of S. M. Kirov, where he was born and lived as a child.

Objects named after Kirov

A huge number of objects were named after Kirov in the USSR: several cities, a group of islands in the Kara Sea, the Leningrad State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater (named after S. M. Kirov from 1935 to 1992), the Kirov Factory (was one of the first to be renamed, 16 days after the murder of Kirov), a light cruiser of the Baltic Fleet, an experienced heavy double-turret tank, a series of electric locomotives, a large number of enterprises, settlements, educational institutions, military units, etc.

After the collapse of the USSR, some objects were renamed, others retained their name. Thus, in Russia by 2013 there were more than 4 thousand “Kirov” avenues, streets and alleys, most of which were named after S. M. Kirov.

Geographical objects

Islands of Sergei Kirov
Kirov Reservoir - artificial reservoirs in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan

Administrative-territorial units

Kirov region (existed in 1934-1936)
Kirov Region is a region within the Volga Federal District, formed in 1936 by transforming the Kirov Territory
Kirovograd region is a region in the central part of Ukraine
Kirovo-Chepetsky district - administrative unit of the Kirov region
Kirovsky district - regions of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, as well as now defunct regions of the USSR

Settlements

Kirov (until 1780 - Khlynov, until 1934 - Vyatka) - administrative center of the Kirov region
Kirov (until 1936 - a village Sandbox) - a city in the Kaluga region
Kirovograd (until 1924 - Elisavetgrad, until 1934 - Zinovievsk, until 1939 - Kirovo) - administrative center of the Kirovograd region, Ukraine
Kirovgrad (until 1935 - Kalata) - a city in the Sverdlovsk region
Kirovo-Chepetsk is a city in the Kirov region, the administrative center of the Kirovo-Chepetsk district
Kirovsk (until 1934 - Khibinogorsk) - a city in the Murmansk region
Kirovsk (until 1953 - Nevdubstroy) - a city in the Leningrad region
Kirovsk (until 1962 - Golubovka listen)) - city in Lugansk region, Ukraine
Kirovsk is a city in the Mogilev region, Belarus
Kirovskoye is a city in Donetsk region, Ukraine
Kirovsky (until 1939 - Uspenka) - an urban-type settlement in Primorsky Krai
Kirovskoe (until 1945 - Islyam-Terek) - an urban-type settlement in Crimea
Kirovsky - villages in Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan
Kirovskoe - towns and villages in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine
Kirov - towns, villages and hamlets in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine
Kirovo - villages and hamlets in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine
Kirov - towns, villages and hamlets in Russia, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan

Enterprises

Kirov plant (until 1922 - Putilov plant, until December 17, 1934 - Krasny Putilovets), Saint Petersburg
The first Moscow watch factory (was named after Kirov from 1935 to 1992)
Tiraspol plant named after S.M. Kirov (currently OJSC Litmash) - machine-building plant in Transnistria
Gomel Machine Tool Plant named after. S. M. Kirova (currently OJSC StankoGomel)
Kulebaki Metallurgical Plant (named after Kirov from 1934 to 2005, currently OJSC Ruspolimet)
Mogilev Automobile Plant named after. S. M. Kirova (currently a branch of the Belarusian Automobile Plant)
Machine Tool Plant named after. S. M. Kirova, Minsk
Ust-Katav Carriage Building Plant named after S. M. Kirov (since 2011 - a branch of the State Space Research and Production Center named after M. V. Khrunichev)
JSC "Plant named after. Kirov", Petropavlovsk (Kazakhstan)
OJSC Kopeisk Machine-Building Plant (formed in 1941 on the basis of the evacuated Gorlovka Machine-Building Plant named after Kirov, bore the name of Kirov until the 1990s)
Makeevka Metallurgical Plant named after S. M. Kirov, Makeevka (Ukraine)
Ivanovo weaving factory named after S. M. Kirov (until 1917 - "The Partnership of Manufactories of Nikanor Derbenev - Sons", does not currently exist)
Mine No. 1 “Kirova”, Makeevka (Ukraine)
GRES-8 named after. S. M. Kirova, Kirovsk, Leningrad region
Heavy engineering plant Schwermaschinenbau S.M. Kirow Leipzig, Leipzig (Germany)
Machine-building plant named after S. M. Kirov (Alma-Ata)

Technique

Electric locomotive "Sergey Kirov" - a cargo-passenger electric locomotive produced from 1936 to 1938
KIROW is a brand of German bulk carriers and rail-mounted cranes, as well as the company that produces them
Project 26 cruisers of the Kirov type - a series of Soviet light cruisers during the Great Patriotic War
Kirov (cruiser) - Soviet light cruiser, lead ship of Project 26 (November 1936)
Kirov-class - the name of the project “1144 (Orlan)” of Soviet nuclear-powered missile cruisers according to NATO classification
Kirov (nuclear cruiser) - the lead ship of Project 1144 (Orlan); in 1992 it was renamed “Admiral Ushakov”
Kirov (monitor) - Soviet monitor
Kirov is a patrol ship, laid down in 1990 by order of the naval units of the border troops of the KGB of the USSR. In June 1992, it became the property of the Ukrainian Navy and was renamed “Hetman Sahaidachny”; flagship of the Ukrainian Navy
SMK "Sergei Mironovich Kirov" - heavy Soviet tank
Sergey Kirov - four-deck cruise ship of Project 302, built at the shipyard in Boitzenburg, East Germany; in 2012 after reconstruction it was renamed “Viking Truvor”

Units of the Red Army

3rd Special Purpose Aviation Brigade named after. S. M. Kirova (1935-1938)
201st Airborne Brigade named after. S. M. Kirova (1938-1942)
20th heavy tank brigade named after. S. M. Kirova (1939-1941)

Educational establishments

Cultural, sports and medical institutions

Kirov Stadium, St. Petersburg (dismantled in 2006)
Astrakhan Regional Drama Theater named after. S. M. Kirova
Palace of Culture named after. Kirov, St. Petersburg
Palace of Culture named after. Kirov, Ishimbay
House of Culture named after. Kirov, Voronezh
City Clinic No. 1 named after. Kirov, Ulyanovsk

City place names

Kirovsky Zavod - metro station in St. Petersburg
Kirov districts
Kirov Square
Kirov avenues
Kirov streets
passages of Kirov
Central Park of Culture and Leisure named after S. M. Kirov, St. Petersburg
Children's Park named after. Kirov, Yerevan
Parks named after Kirov in Pyatigorsk, Syktyvkar, Uralsk as well as public gardens in Vologda and Irkutsk

Games

Heavy bomber airship in the Command & Conquer: Red Alert series of games

Stamps

40 k. - Kirov S. M. - S. M. Kirov (1886-1934). On the anniversary of his death (1935)
40 k. - Portrait of S. M. Kirov - 70 years since his birth (1956)
4 k. - Kirov S. M. - S. M. Kirov (1886-1934) (1966)
5 k. - Kirov S. M. - S. M. Kirov (1886-1934) (1986)

The image of Kirov in culture and creativity

Kirov appears in Ilya Kremlev’s play “Fortress on the Volga,” staged in 1951 at the Moscow Theater. Vakhtangov, where the role of Sergei Mironovich was played by Mikhail Ulyanov.
Kirov served as the prototype for the main character in the two-part film directed by Friedrich Ermler “The Great Citizen” (1939). In 1941, the film received two Stalin Prizes for each episode.
“The Boy from Urzhum” is a book by A. Golubeva about Kirov’s childhood and youth.
The murder of Kirov and the circumstances surrounding it are one of the plot lines in A. N. Rybakov’s novel “Children of the Arbat.”

Film incarnations

Georgy Belnikevich “Oath”, 1946
V. Petrov “Nikolai Vavilov”, 1990
Boris Kozhemyakin “The Myth of Leonid”, 1991
Kevin McNally "Stalin", 1992
Victor Zaporozhsky “Children of Arbat”, 2004
Roman Madyanov “Yesenin”, 2005
Sergei Belyaev “Stalin’s Wife”, 2006
Vladimir Pavlenko “Stalin is with us”, 2013.

Monuments

In Astrakhan, Borovichi, Veliky Novgorod, Vladikavkaz, Veliky Ustyug, Yekaterinburg, Ishimbay, Yoshkar-Ola, Kazan, Kaluga, Kaspiysk, Kirov, Kirovograd, Kirovsky (in the Primorsky Territory, Kulebaki (Nizhny Novgorod region), Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Makeevka Donetsk region , Makhachkala, Medvezhyegorsk, Minsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo region, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Moscow region, Petrozavodsk, Pskov, Rostov-on-Don, St. Petersburg at the Kirov District Administration building, at the Kirov Stadium and at the entrance to Central Park. culture and recreation named after S. M. Kirov on Elagin Island, Samara, Saratov, Severodvinsk, Tiraspol, Tomsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk (Kazakhstan), Shakhtersk in the Donetsk region, Urzhum in the Kirov region, Tsepochkin in the Kirov region, Elista (Kalmykia).

Awards

Order of the Red Banner
The order of Lenin

Sergei Mironovich Kirov is a famous revolutionary, closest ally and active party leader of that time. The biography of Sergei Kirov is perceived differently by many: according to one version, this man heroically served the interests of his homeland, while according to another, he became the cause of the death of innocent people, not disdaining any means on the way to his goal. Be that as it may, Kirov’s personality can safely be called extraordinary and historically interesting.

The future revolutionary was born on March 27, 1886 in the town of Urzhum, in the Vyatka region. The first four children of the Kostrikovs (this is the real name of Sergei Kirov) died in childhood. Then daughter Anna, Sergei and youngest daughter Elizaveta were born. In 1894, the children were left without parents: their mother died and their father left the family. Anna and Lisa were lucky - their grandmother agreed to take the girls in for upbringing. But Sergei was sent to an orphanage.

Despite such tragic events, the boy studied well, first graduated from the parish school in his native Urzhum, and then from the city school. Then Sergei Mironovich moved to Kazan and in 1901 became a student at the Mechanical and Technical Industrial School. Three years later, Kirov graduated from college and immediately began working as a draftsman in the Tomsk city government. At the same time, the ambitious young man attended preparatory courses at the Tomsk Institute of Technology.

Revolution and party work

Opinions regarding Kirov's political views before 1917 were divided: some researchers claim that he was a staunch supporter of Leninists. Another part disputes this, believing that Sergei Mironovich initially sympathized with the Mensheviks and even supported the Provisional Government. Be that as it may, in 1905 Kirov was elected a member of the RSDLP committee, and a year later Sergei Mironovich was in charge of an underground printing house in Tomsk and zealously campaigned for railway workers for Soviet power.

In 1905 and 1906, Kirov was arrested several times, and in 1907 he was sentenced to 1 year and 4 months in prison. Having been released in 1908, Kirov moved to Irkutsk, where he restored the party organization. The police persecution continues, and Sergei Mironovich has to move again, this time to Vladikavkaz. There Kirov became the head of the Bolshevik organization. For the first time, the name Kirov will appear in the Terek newspaper - this is how Sergei Mironovich signed the article “Simplicity of Morals.” This pseudonym will remain with him for the rest of his life.

Since 1910, Kirov became the head of the Bolshevik Party in the North Caucasus, and after the revolution of 1917 he became a member of the Vladikavkaz Council. In the same year, in October, Sergei Kirov participated in the armed uprising in St. Petersburg (the city was then called Petrograd). After this, Kirov returned to Vladikavkaz, continuing the fight for Soviet power.

At the end of 1918, Kirov led an expedition that transported weapons to the North Caucasus. The path ran through Astrakhan, where the revolutionary remained, because the North Caucasus by that time was occupied by the White Guards.

In Astrakhan, Kirov also showed strong leadership qualities and participated in organizing the famous Astrakhan defense of 1919. In the same year, Kirov, together with Ordzhonikidze, led the offensive of the Bolshevik army in the North Caucasus. In the spring of 1919, the offensive ended with the restoration of Soviet power in Baku and Vladikavkaz.

In 1920, Kirov was awaiting a promotion: Sergei Mironovich was appointed plenipotentiary representative of the RSFSR in Georgia, and in October of the same year, Kirov joined the ranks of the members of the Caucasian Central Committee of the RCP (b). A year later, Sergei Mironovich was elected secretary of the party’s Central Committee in Azerbaijan, where he made remarkable efforts to restore oil production.

In 1926, Kirov returned to Leningrad and became the first secretary of the North-Western Bureau of the Party Committee, as well as the Leningrad Provincial Committee. In this post, Sergei Mironovich distinguished himself as an irreconcilable fighter against anti-party members.

In 1930, new appointments awaited Kirov: the revolutionary was made a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, and in 1934 - secretary of the Organizing Bureau and member of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee. For his political activities, Kirov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, as well as an honorary order.

Personal life

In 1920, Kirov met his first love, but the marriage turned out to be fleeting; the name of the revolutionary’s beloved is not known for certain. The woman died a little over a year after the wedding. From this union, the daughter of Sergei Kirov, Evgenia, was born. It is worth noting that the latter fact is disputed by a number of historians, because the fact of kinship is known from the words of Evgenia herself.

Sergei Kirov's second wife, Maria Marcus, at first rejected the revolutionary's matrimonial proposals, and, having agreed, set a condition: Sergei had to part with the child from his first marriage. So little Zhenya ended up in an orphanage.

Relations with Maria became cooler and cooler, the couple often quarreled. Rumors appeared about Sergei Kirov’s numerous mistresses.

In 1929, Kirov met the charming Milda Draule. The sympathy turned out to be mutual, but the situation was complicated by the fact that both Kirov and Milda were married. Such an annoying obstacle did not cool the ardor of the lovers: soon the woman got a place in the personnel department of the City Committee, and Kirov got the opportunity to call Milda to his office at any time. After some time, the secret became clear, Milda was transferred to another job, but the revolutionary’s romance with the beauty continued.

According to one version, Sergei Kirov’s personal life was the reason for his murder. However, Kirov himself had no idea how his passion for Milda Draule would turn out.

Death

On December 1, 1934, Sergei Kirov was shot dead in Smolny. An accurate shot to the back of the head ended the life of a revolutionary and party leader. The killer of Sergei Kirov was a man named Leonid Nikolaev. It turned out to be Milda Draule's husband.

It seemed that the killer’s motives were obvious: the deceived husband wanted to get even with his rival. However, a few hours after the death of Sergei Mironovich, it was announced that he had become a victim of the enemies of Soviet power. Photos of Kirov under the obituary appeared in all newspapers, and at the highest level of government a decree was issued directly ordering that those suspected of plotting against the Bolsheviks not be spared: “The investigative authorities must conduct cases of those accused of preparing or committing terrorist acts in an expedited manner. The judiciary should not delay the execution of sentences...".

Only years later in the press, already Russian, information will appear that Kirov’s murder, apparently, was of an exclusively personal nature.

The body of Sergei Kirov was cremated, and the ashes of the revolutionary figure still rest in an urn in the Kremlin wall.

Kirov's daughter, Evgenia Kostrikova, turned out to be worthy of her famous father: during the Great Patriotic War, the girl commanded no less than a tank company.
After the death of Sergei Mironovich, the city of Vyatka was renamed Kirov.
The pseudonym Kirov appeared from the name Kir, found by Sergei Mironovich in the calendar.
Sergei Kirov's height was 168 cm.
There were rumors about the revolutionary’s friendship with, who allegedly arranged pleasant dates for Kirov with ballerinas.