Present perfect examples of the construction and use of grammatical structures. Formation and use of the Present Perfect in English

a) The present perfect is used when describing an event that happened in the past and is relevant, significant, significant at the time of speech about it. It does not matter when this action took place. The present perfect is often used with the adverbs lately (recently), and just (just), already (already) never (ever), ever (ever), yet (yet).
Example: I have forgotten his name. – I forgot his name (and don’t remember at the moment)

b) The present perfect is used when an action has already taken place, but the period of time when it occurred has not yet expired.
Example: I have met him today. – I saw him today. (“today” has not yet expired) He has bought a new car this year. – He bought a new car this year (“this year” has not yet expired)

Formation of narrative sentences in the Present Perfect: Formed using the present tense forms of the auxiliary verb to have(have; has)

Present tense forms of the verb to have:

I	have
we	have
they	have
you	have
he	has
she	has
it	has

Word order in a declarative sentence: subject + have/has + predicate ending –ed or, if the verb is irregular, then the 3rd form of the verb.
Examples: She has already come. - She has already arrived. I have just visited this supermarket. – I just visited this supermarket.

Formation of interrogative sentences in the Present Perfect: Formed using the auxiliary verb to have in the present tense forms –have; has. Word order in a special question: question word + have/ has + subject + predicate ending –ed or 3rd form of an irregular verb.
Examples: What have you done? -What did you do? Has he brought this book? - Did he bring this book?

Formation of negative sentences in the Present Perfect: The formation of negative sentences occurs using the same auxiliary verbs. After the auxiliary verb the particle not is placed.
Examples: She has not (hasn’t) come yet. - She hasn't arrived yet. I have not (haven’t) seen him. – I didn’t see him.

The Present Perfect should not be confused with the Past Simple. When using the Past Simple, they usually use one of the indicators of this time, indicating the moment when the event occurred.
Example: He saw her yesterday. – He saw her yesterday.

When using the Present Perfect, use any of the Present Perfect indicators - lately (recently), and just (just now), already (already) never (ever), ever (ever), yet (yet). When talking about an action that has already happened, we may not use any pointers at all. If this action or event is relevant at the moment, then the Present Perfect is used. Example: I have bought it. - I bought this.

All of the above tense forms are given here in the active voice.

The present perfect tense, or Present Perfect Tense, is a rather complex tense form for a Russian-speaking person. But the whole point is that in Russian there is no equivalent to this grammatical form. We are immediately confused by the fact that the Present Perfect refers to both the present and the past tense. How is this possible? Let's find out!

What is Present Perfect Tense?

Present Perfect Tense (Present Perfect Tense) is a tense form of a verb that expresses the connection of a past action with the present time. That is, the present perfect tense conveys an action performed in the past, but the result of this action is visible at the present moment. For example:

We've bought a new car. — We bought a new car → At the moment we have a new car, that is, the action took place in the past, but the result is visible at the present moment.

Present Perfect is translated into Russian in the same way as Past Simple - in the past tense. For example:

Present Perfect: I’ve written many letters - I wrote a lot of letters
Past Simple: Last month I wrote many letters - Last month I wrote a lot of letters

The difference in the meaning of these tenses is that the Past Simple expresses a past action, timed to a specific moment in the past and not related to the present. The Present Perfect expresses a past action that is not confined to any moment in the past and has a result in the present. The difference in the meanings of the Past Simple and Present Perfect tenses can be seen in the following example:

What have you done? - What have you done? (The questioner is interested in the result)
I’ve cooked dinner - I prepared lunch (Lunch is ready now)

What did you do an hour ago? - What were you doing an hour ago? (The questioner is interested in the action itself, not its result)
I cooked dinner - I was preparing lunch (It doesn’t matter whether dinner is ready at the moment)

If the time of a past action is indicated by time circumstances or context, the Past Simple is used. If the time of a past action is not indicated by time circumstances and is not implied by the context, the Present Perfect is used.

The Present Perfect is primarily used in colloquial speech to describe events in the present tense that are the result of past actions.

Rules for the formation of Present Perfect Tense

Mean + have/ has + Past Participle …

In the interrogative form of Present Perfect Tense, the auxiliary verb to have is placed before the subject, and the Past Participle of the main verb is placed after the subject.

Have/Has + Mean. + Past Participle...?

The negative form is formed using the negation not, which comes after the auxiliary verb and, as a rule, merges with it into one whole:

have not → haven’t
has not → hasn’t

Mean + have/ has + not + Past Participle …

Conjugation table for the verb to lie in Present Perfect Tense

Number	Face	Affirmative form	Interrogative form	Negative form
Unit h.	1 2 3	I have (I"ve) lied You have (you"ve) lied He/ She/ It has (He"s/ She’s) lied	Have I lied? Have you lied? Has he/ she/ it lied?	I have not (haven"t) lied You have not (haven"t) lied He/ She/ It has not (hasn"t) lied
Mn. h.	1 2 3	We have (we"ve) lied You have (you"ve) lied They have (they"ve) lied	Have we lied? Have you lied? Have they lied?	We have not (haven"t) lied You have not (haven"t) lied They have not (haven"t) lied

Rules for using Present Perfect Tense:

1. To express a past action associated with the present tense, if the sentence does not contain any time circumstances. Examples:

I’ve seen wolves in the forest - I saw wolves in the forest
We've heard so much about them - We've heard so much about them
The snow has stopped, you can leave - The snow has stopped, you can leave
I have fallen off a horse - I fell from a horse
You’ve got nine - You got nine
He has become part of our life - He has become part of our life

2. If the sentence contains such adverbial words or adverbs of indefinite time and repetition as:

ever - ever
never - never
often - often
always - always
yet - yet
rarely - rarely
already - already
rarely - rarely
several times - several times

I haven’t had lunch yet - I haven’t eaten lunch yet
He has already made good progress - He has already made good progress
She’s always been hardworking person - She has always been a hardworking person
Have you ever been to London? - Have you ever been in London?
No, never - No, never

3. If in the sentence the period of time indicated has not yet ended at the time of speech with such detailed words and adverbs of a specific time as:

today - today
all day - all day
this morning - this morning
this month - this month
just - just now

I haven’t had time to look at the paper today - I didn’t have time to look at the papers today
She hasn’t seen me today - She didn’t see me today
They must be there, I’ve just seen them - They must be there, I just saw them

Present Perfect use with a preposition 4. If the sentence contains such time circumstances that indicate the period during which the action took place (starting from a certain moment in the past to the present):

for a long time - for a long time
for the past two years (days, months, hours) - during the last two years (days, months, hours)
for three days (hours, months, years) - within three days (hours, months, years)
for ages - an eternity
how long - how long
up to now - until now
up to the present - until now
lately - recently

Have you bought anything new lately? — Have you bought anything new recently?
She hasn’t written to me up to now - She hasn’t written to me until now
Where have you been for the past two years? — Where have you been for the last two years?
We haven’t seen each other for ages - We haven’t seen each other for ages

Or if the sentence contains time circumstances that indicate only the beginning of such a period:

since - since, since then, since

They have been partners since 2005 - They have been partners since 2005
I have owned this flat since my parents bought it for me - I have owned this apartment since my parents bought it for me
I haven’t seen you since May, have I? “I haven’t seen you since May, have I?”

This was the basic information on the topic of Present Perfect Tense. As you can see, everything is not so complicated. It is important to learn adverbial words and adverbs that indicate the present perfect tense, and then everything becomes much easier. You will comprehend other nuances of this time of the English language in the process of improving the language.

Present Perfect Simple

1. Time name

Present Perfect Simple

2. Method of education

3. Changefinal letters
Tat (short vowel syllable) + ed = tatted
Silent e + ed = ed
Ty + ed = tied

4. Formation approval
Subject + have\has + V3 + minor members of the sentence

5. Formation of the question
Have\has + subject + V3 + minor members of the sentence?

6. Formation of denial
Subject + have\has + not + V3 + minor members of the sentence

7. Words are indicators of time
Ever, never, yet (the word yet in interrogative sentences comes last), already, just, since, for (non-continuous verbs) not only lately, recently, the first (second) time, superlative degree of comparison.

8. Time value

An action that just happened.

The action took place in the past, but we see the result now.

An action that began at a certain moment in the past and continues to this day or has just ended (non-continuous verbs) or state verbs.

An action that began at a certain moment in the past and is repeated to this day.

Something that never happened.

With a superlative degree of comparison.

An action that happened 1, 2, 3... times.

9. Modal verbs and constructions
Modal verbs:
- Can - have\has\had to

No constructions are used.

Present Perfect - Present Complete

We have already gone through 2 present tenses, which we called “simple” and"long". Now we'll look at present complete - Present Perfect. It sounds paradoxical, but in English some types of completed actions can refer to the present tense rather than the past tense. Such actions are referred to in the context of a period of time that has not yet ended. For Russian-speaking students, this phenomenon may present some difficulties, because... we convey it using the past tense. However, the situation will become clearer after you understand the difference. Look at the following pair of sentences in Russian that used the past tense:

In English, these two sentences will be used in 2 different tenses.

I traveled to the USA last spring.-- refers to the Simple Past, which we have already gone through. the key phrase is " last spring ", i.e. a period of time that has already been completed. -I went to the USA last spring
I have traveled to the USA three times in my life.-- refers to the Present Complete, because time interval " in all my life " has not yet been completed, despite the fact that the action has already been completed. - I have gone to the USA three times in my life

Those. the key point will be the period of time referred to in the sentence.

For education Present Perfect You need to put the verb “Have” after the subject in the form corresponding to the subject (Have / Has), and after that the verb, to which the ending “ed” is added. It should be noted that the verb have in the Present Perfect is auxiliary and does not mean “to have”. It simply helps form the Present Perfect Tense.

We know that there are also irregular verbs for which the ending “ed” cannot be substituted, and they simply had to be learned to be used in the past tense. So in the Present Perfect such verbs will have a new form. This form is called "Past Participle", and it will be used in many other tenses and phrases, which we will consider further. Look at the following irregular verbs whose past tense forms you already know. Now remember the Past Participle forms that will be used in the Present Perfect.

List of Irregular Verbs in English

Present	Past	Past Participle
be	was, were	been
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
bring	brought	brought
build	built	built
burst	burst	burst
buy	bought	bought
burst	burst	burst
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
come	came	come
cut	cut	cut
deal	dealt	dealt
do	did	done
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
freeze	froze	frozen
get	got	gotten
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
keep	kept	kept
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
leave	left	left
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
meet	met	met
pay	paid	paid
quit	quit	quit
read	read	read
ride	rode	ridden
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
seek	sought	sought
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
shake	shook	shaken
shine	shone	shone
sing	sang	sung
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
speak	spoke	spoken
spend	spent	spent
spring	sprang	sprung
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
swim	swam	swum
swing	swung	swung
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood
wake	woke (waked)	woken
wear	wore	worn
win	won	won
write	wrote	written

Now look at examples of Present Perfect formation:

Subject	have/has (not)	Past Participle	Abbreviations
I	have (not)	written	I"ve (not) (I haven"t)
you	have (not)	worked	you"ve (not) (you haven"t)
he	has (not)	understood	he"s (not) (he hasn't)
she	has (not)	played	she"s (not) (she hasn't)
it	has (not)	broken	it"s (not) (it hasn't)
we	have (not)	cooked	we"ve (not) (we haven"t)
they	have (not)	met	they"ve (not) (they haven"t)

Questions:

Where

have

has

I/you/we/they

he/she/it

been?

Have	you	been	to Ukraine?	Yes, I have
Has	she	written	a letter?	No, she hasn't
Have	they	visited	their parents?	Yes, they have.

25.12.2014

For many who study English, time PresentPerfect instills fear and confusion. And all because in the Russian language there is no such verb tense.

In fact, there is nothing scary about this time and you shouldn’t be afraid of it.

In today's article I will talk about the formation and use of the Present Perfect in English, and I hope that you will be able to “make friends” with this unusual tense of the English verb.

Let's first consider in what cases this time should be used.

Using the Present Perfect

The fact is that the Present Perfect expresses an action that began in the past and was completed at the time of speech.

The duration of action is not important to us; it is not indicated. What is important to us is the result of this action or the very fact of its commission.

Often, time markers help us determine that this is exactly the case: just, already, yet, recently, lately etc.

For example:

Jane has already read this book. - Jane had already read this book (before the moment they started talking about it).
We haven’t seen each other recently. - We haven't seen each other lately.

When we talk about a repeated action between the past and the present, the use of the Present Perfect is more relevant than ever:

I have visited Rome 3 times. - I've been to Rome three times.
We have eaten at this restaurant many times. - We have eaten at this restaurant many times.

Also, the Present Perfect or present perfect tense can describe an action that began in the past and continues in the present. Eg:

They have known each other for 3 years. - They have known each other for 3 years.
I have studied English since childhood. - I studied English since childhood.

In the case where the period in which the action occurred has not yet ended, and can be indicated by the words today, this week, this month, this year, we also use the present perfect tense. Let's look at examples:

Ellie has written 20 articles this month. - Ellie wrote 20 articles this month.
My sister has finished painting her room this week. This week my sister finished painting her room.

And the last rule for using the Present Perfect: when we talk about our experience to date. Eg:

Have you ever been to London? - Have you ever been in London?
He has never been to Japan. - He has never been to Japan.
We have never spent so much time together. - We have never spent so much time together.

In this case, the following adverbs of time are used: ever, never, so far,uptonow, untilnow.

We must not forget that in sentences with PresentPerfectTense there cannot be precise time indicators, like yesterday, 5 years ago, last summer,at 3 o’ clock and so on. The Past Simple would be appropriate here.

Education Present Perfect

Now let's look at how the simple perfect tense is formed in English.

The scheme is quite simple: have/has + past participle/V-ed.

This means that you need to take the verb have or has, depending on the person performing the action and add a semantic verb to it in the form of the past tense, that is, add an ending -ed, if the verb is correct, or select the appropriate form from the third column of the table if the verb is irregular.

You can see the table of irregular verbs in the article The Past Simple: how it is formed and when it is used. This table should be memorized.

Below you will see an example of the formation of an affirmative, negative and interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect with a regular verb work- work.

Accordingly, the particle not helps to form a negative sentence and is placed after the verb have/has.

They can also be shortened: have+ not= haven’ t; has + not = hasn't’ t. Eg:

I haven’t asked you to come and yell at me. “I didn’t ask you to come and yell at me.”
It hasn’t stopped raining until today. “It hasn’t stopped raining until today.”

To form a general question, move have/has to the beginning of the sentence:

Have you cleaned the room yet? - Have you already cleaned the room?
Has she bought that dress? - Did she buy that dress?

If you want to ask a question to a specific member of the sentence, put have/has after the question word, then comes the subject, followed by the semantic verb. Examples:

What has Zoe sent you? - What did Zoe send you?
Why have you done that? - Why did you do that?

But remember this: if you want to know information about time (question with the word when), use Past Simple instead of Present Perfect.

When did you come here? - When did you come here?
When did they meet? - When did they meet?

To practice the Present Perfect tense in everyday life, mentally pronounce the actions you just did, for example: I have just read this article.My friend has already shared it to our group.

See you soon!

Perfect time meaning and translation.

Perfect denotes an action that precedes a specific moment or another action in the past, present or future tense. The main goal is to express precedence (pre-past, pre-present and pre-future).
There is no form similar to Perfect in the Russian language, so in order to correctly translate a sentence you need to think about its meaning.

Example:
Present Perfect: I have bought a lamp. I bought a lamp.
Past Indefinite: Yesterday. I bought a lamp. Yesterday I bought a lamp.

The first sentence with the Present Perfect already shows the result of the action: I bought a lamp. The lamp has already been purchased by now.
The second sentence, where the verb in Past Indefinite simply tells about a fact that happened yesterday.

All Perfect tenses are formed using the auxiliary verb to have in the appropriate tense (present, past and future) and the 3rd main form of the verb.

Present Perfect (Present Perfect)

Present Perfect expresses the connection between the past and the present. This connection can be expressed in two ways:
firstly, the presence of the result of a previously performed action;
secondly, the continuation in the present of an action that began in the past;

Verb conjugation table in Present Perfect

Affirmative form	Interrogative form	Negative form
I have seen the film. I watched a movie	Have I seen the film? I watched a movie?	I have not seen the film. I haven't seen the movie
He, she, it has seen the film. He, she, it watched the movie.	Has he, she, it seen the film. Did he, she, it watch the movie?	He, she, it has not seen the film. He, she, it didn't watch the movie.
We have seen the film. We watched the film.	Have we seen the film? Have we seen the movie?	We have not seen the film. We didn't watch the movie.
You have seen the film. You've watched the movie.	Have you seen the film. Have you seen the movie?	You have not seen the film. You haven't seen the movie.
They have seen the film. They watched the film.	Have they seen the film. Did they watch the movie?	They have not seen the film. They didn't watch the film.

Present Perfect can be used in the following cases:

1. To express an action that has completed at the time of speech, therefore it can be called pre-present. The time of action, as a rule, is not important, since the very fact of performing the action to the present moment or its result is important.

Kate has read this book. Anna (already) read this book.
Do not go to the shop, I have bought bread. Don't go to the store, I bought bread.
I have seen the film and I think it’s dull. I (already) watched the movie and think it's boring.

Note:

The Present Perfect is often used with adverbs such as:
- just (just now);
- already (already);
- lately (recently);
- of late (lately);
- yet (in negative sentences);

2. To express an action that has already taken place for the period in which it occurred, is still ongoing and can be denoted by the time circumstance today, this week, this month, this year, this century.

I have seen the film twice this week. I've already watched this movie twice this week.

I have written a letter this morning. I already wrote a letter this morning.

3. To express an action that began in the past, continued up to the present time and continues in the present, that is, an action that covers a whole period of time, including the present moment.

I have always been in love with you. I have always loved you (I loved you before, I love you now).
I have known him all my life. I've known him all my life. (I knew it before, I know it now).

Past Perfect

The past perfect (Past Perfect) expresses a past action that preceded a specific moment in the past or completed before another action in the past, which preceded the past. Translated in the past tense, sometimes with the addition of already.

Verb conjugation table in Past Perfect

Affirmative form	Interrogative form	Negative form
I had seen the film. I (already) watched the movie	Had I seen the film? Have I (already) seen the movie?	I had not seen the film. I haven't seen the movie (yet)
He, she, it had seen the film. He, she, it (already) watched the film.	Had he, she, it seen the film. Has he, she, it (already) seen the movie?	He, she, it had not seen the film. He, she, it (yet) have not watched the film.
We had seen the film. We (already) watched the film.	Had we seen the film? Have we (already) seen the movie?	We had not seen the film. We haven't seen the movie (yet).
You had seen the film. You (already) watched the film.	Had you seen the film. Have you (already) seen the movie?	You had not seen the film. You haven't seen the movie (yet).
They had seen the film. They (already) watched the film.	Had they seen the film. Have they (already) seen the movie?	They had not seen the film. They haven't seen the film (yet).

The Past Perfect can be used in the following cases:

1. To express a past action that has already taken place before a certain point in the past. A given point in time can be indicated by a time circumstance. (by 6 o’clock, by Saturday, by that time, by the end of the week)

He had left by the 5th of January. He left before January 5th.
I had never seen him before yesterday. I never saw him until yesterday.
I had cleaned the office by 7 o’clock. By seven o'clock I had cleaned the office.

2. To express a past action that has already been performed before another, later past action, expressed by a verb in the Past Indefinite, i.e., the past perfect (Past Perfect) is used in complex sentences.

He had already gone when I arrived. He had already left when I showed up.
My mother had visited Moscow before, and so the city was not new for her. My mother had visited Moscow earlier, and therefore the city was not unfamiliar to her.

After she cried, she felt better. After she cried, she felt better.

Future Perfect

The Future Perfect is used to express a future action that will end before a certain point in the future (pre-future).

Future Perfect Verb Conjugation Table

Affirmative form	Interrogative form	Negative form
I shall have seen the film. I'll watch a movie	Shall I have seen the film? Shall I watch a movie?	I shall not have seen the film. I won't watch the movie
He, she, it will have seen the film. He, she, it will watch the film.	Will he, she, it seen the film. Will he, she, it watch the movie?	He, she, it will not have seen the film. He, she, it will not watch a movie.
We shall have seen the film. We'll watch a movie.	Shall we have seen the film? Shall we watch a movie?	We shall not have seen the film. We won't watch the movie.
You will have seen the film. You watch the film.	Will you see the film. Will you watch the film?	You will not have seen the film. You won't watch the movie.
They will have seen the film. They will watch the film.	Will they seen the film. Will they watch the movie?	They will not have seen the film. They won't watch the film.

The point in the future before which an action will end is expressed as:

A) An adverb of time with the preposition by. (by 6 o’clock, by the end of the week)
B) Another future action, expressed by Present Indefinite in a subordinate clause of time and condition with the following conjunctions: before, when.

When they meet next time, he will have read this book. The next time they meet, he will read this book.
I shall have finished this work before you return. I'll have finished this job before you get back.

The Future Perfect is used with already and other adverbial words, these words are placed after shall.

By the end of this week my friend will already have written his report. By the end of the week my friend will write his report.

Note:

The Future Perfect is not used to express future action in adverbial clauses of time and condition, which are introduced by the words after, when, as soon as, if and others. In these cases, the Present Perfect is used instead of the Future Perfect.

She will go to the country as soon as she passed her exams. She will go to the village as soon as she passes her exams.
I shall give you the book after I have read it. I'll give you the book after I read it.
They will start at 7 o’clock if it has stopped raining by that time. They will leave by seven o'clock if the rain stops by then.