Who distinguished types of society according to methods of production. Comparative characteristics of different types of societies

Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	Types of societies
Rubric (thematic category)	Policy

Society. Main spheres of public life.

Society:

In a broad sense, it is a part of the material world, inextricably linked with nature and including ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification

In a narrow sense, it is a set of people endowed with will and consciousness, carrying out actions and actions under the influence of certain interests, motives, and moods. (e.g., society of book lovers, etc.)

The concept of “society” is ambiguous. In historical science there are concepts - “primitive society”, “medieval society”, “Russian society”, meaning a certain stage in the historical development of mankind or a specific country.

Society is usually understood as:

A certain stage of human history (primitive society, medieval, etc.);

People united by common goals and interests (society of Decembrists, society of book lovers);

Population of a country, state, region (European society, Russian society);

All of humanity (human society).

Functions of the society:

‣‣‣production of vital goods;

‣‣‣human reproduction and socialization;

‣‣‣ensuring the legality of the state’s management activities;

‣‣‣historical transmission of culture and spiritual values

Human society includes a number of areas – spheres of social life:

Economic - relations between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material and intangible goods, services and information;

Social - interaction of large social groups, classes, layers, demographic groups;

Political - the activities of state organizations, parties and movements related to the conquest, retention and exercise of power;

Spiritual - morality, religion, science, education, art, their influence on people's lives.

Social relations are usually understood as the diverse connections that arise between people in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activity.

1) Pre-industrial society (traditional) - competition between man and nature.

It is worth saying that it is characterized by the predominant importance of agriculture, fishing, cattle breeding, mining and wood processing industries. About 2/3 of the working population is employed in these areas of economic activity. Manual labor dominates. The use of primitive technologies based on everyday experience passed down from generation to generation.

2) Industrial - competition between man and transformed nature

It is worth saying that it is characterized by the development of the production of consumer goods, which is carried out through the widespread use of various types of technology. Economic activity is dominated by centralism, gigantism, uniformity in work and life, mass culture, low level of spiritual values, oppression of people, and destruction of nature. The time of brilliant craftsmen who could, without fundamental special knowledge, invent a loom, a steam engine, a telephone, an airplane, etc. Monotonous assembly line work.

3) Post-industrial - competition between people

It is worth saying that it is characterized not only by the widespread use of the achievements of science and technology in all areas of human activity, but also by the targeted improvement of technology itself based on the development of fundamental sciences. Without the application of the achievements of fundamental sciences, it would be impossible to create either an atomic reactor, a laser, or a computer.
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Humans are being replaced by automated systems. One person, using modern technology armed with a computer, can produce the final product, not in a standard (mass) version, but in an individual version in accordance with the consumer’s order.

4) New information technologies, according to modern scientists, can lead to fundamental changes in our entire way of life, and their widespread use will mark the creation of a new type of society - an information society.

Types of societies - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Types of societies" 2017, 2018.

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The concept of “society” is used in a narrow and broad sense. In a narrow sense, society is understood as a group of people (organization) united according to some characteristics (interests, needs, values, etc.), for example, a society of book lovers, a society of hunters, a society of war veterans, etc.

In a broad sense, society is understood as the totality of all methods of interaction and forms of unification of people in a certain territory, within a single country, a single state. However, we must keep in mind that society arose long before the appearance of the state. Therefore, tribal (or clan) society exists in the absence of a country and a state.

Society is a system of relationships and forms of human activity that have historically developed in a certain territory. Society consists of individual individuals, but is not reduced to their sum. This is a systemic formation, which is a holistic, self-developing social organism. The systematic nature of society is ensured by a special way of interaction and interdependence of its parts - social institutions, social groups and individuals.

Several types of society, united by similar features and criteria, form a typology.

T. Parsons, based on the methodology of systemic functionalism, proposed the following typology of societies:

1) primitive societies - social differentiation is weakly expressed.

2) intermediate societies - the emergence of writing, stratification, the separation of culture into an independent area of life activity.

3) modern societies - separation of the legal system from the religious one, the presence of an administrative bureaucracy, a market economy, and a democratic electoral system.

In sociological science, a common typology of societies is pre-literate (those who can speak, but cannot write) and literate (those with an alphabet and recording sounds in material media).

According to the level of management and the degree of social stratification (differentiation), societies are divided into simple and complex.

The next approach, called formational, belongs to K. Marx (the criteria are the method of production and the form of ownership). Here we distinguish between primitive society, slaveholding, feudal, and capitalist.

Socio-political sciences distinguish pre-civil and civil societies. The latter represent a highly developed community of people that has a sovereign right to life, self-government and exercises control over the state. The specific features of civil society, in comparison with pre-civil society, are the activities of free associations, social institutions, social movements, the possibility of realizing the rights and freedoms of the individual, its security, and the independence of business entities. The economic basis of civil society is made up of various forms of ownership.

Another typology belongs to D. Bell. In the history of mankind he highlights:

1. Pre-industrial (traditional) societies. Characteristic factors for them are the agricultural structure, low rates of production development, strict regulation of people's behavior by customs and traditions. The main institutions in them are the army and the church.

2. Industrial societies, for which the main features are industry with a corporation and a firm at the head, social mobility (mobility) of individuals and groups, urbanization of the population, division and specialization of labor.

3. Post-industrial societies. Their emergence is associated with structural changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. In such a society, the value and role of knowledge, information, intellectual capital, as well as universities as the place of their production and concentration, sharply increases. There is a superiority of the service sector over the production sector, the class division is giving way to a professional one.

In the second half of the twentieth century, the determining factor in the socio-economic development of Western society was the transition from the economy of things to the economy of knowledge, which is due to the increasing role of social information and information and communication technologies in the management of all spheres of society. Information processes are becoming the most important component of all processes of economic, social and political activity of society and the state. Therefore, the term “information society” appears in the social sciences, its essential characteristics, social and spiritual consequences of development are developed. The founders of the theory of the information society are Y. Haashi, T. Umesao, F. Machlup. Among researchers of the role of social information in modern society, there has not been a unified approach to the term “information society”. Some authors believe that information societies have recently emerged with characteristic features that significantly distinguish them from those that existed in the past (D. Bell, M. Castells, etc.). Other researchers, recognizing that information in the modern world has acquired key importance, believe that the main feature of the present is its continuity with respect to the past, consider informatization as one of the non-main characteristics of the stability of social systems, as a continuation of previously established relationships (G. Schiller, E. Giddens , J. Habermas, etc.).

The development of modern Western society is characterized by a number of sociocultural prerequisites:

1) this is total informatization: the widespread distribution of computer tools, the creation of networks connecting information data banks, mass mastery of ways to work with formalized knowledge, an unprecedented reduction in the “distance” between the emergence of a new idea and its mastery by individuals;

2) speeding up the technical means of implementing an idea, i.e. reducing labor, time, financial and other costs required for its material implementation;

3) reflexive objectification of the natural and social environment, i.e. the process of society turning itself into a subject of constant study, control and practical activity.

Thus, it should be noted that the information revolution is the dominant factor of the modern era. It is the result of two parallel processes developing throughout the history of mankind: the constant increase in the role and increase in the volume of information necessary to ensure the functioning of society, and the improvement of technology for the accumulation and dissemination of information.

Therefore, it can be argued that at the end of the twentieth century, the active formation of the information society began, that is, a society whose level of development is decisively determined by the quantity and quality of accumulated and used information, its freedom and accessibility.

Modern societies differ in many ways, but they also have the same parameters according to which they can be typologized.

One of the main directions in the typology is choice of political relations, forms of government as grounds for distinguishing different types of society. For example, U and I societies differ in type of government: monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy. Modern versions of this approach highlight totalitarian(the state determines all the main directions of social life); democratic(the population can influence government structures) and authoritarian(combining elements of totalitarianism and democracy) societies.

The basis typology of society it's supposed to Marxism difference between societies type of industrial relations in various socio-economic formations: primitive communal society (primitively appropriating mode of production); societies with the Asian mode of production (the presence of a special type of collective ownership of land); slave societies (ownership of people and use of slave labor); feudal (exploitation of peasants attached to the land); communist or socialist societies (equal treatment of all towards ownership of the means of production through the elimination of private property relations).

Traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies

Most stable in modern sociology is considered a typology based on the selection traditional, industrial and post-industrial society

Traditional society(it is also called simple and agrarian) is a society with an agricultural structure, sedentary structures and a method of sociocultural regulation based on traditions (traditional society). The behavior of individuals in it is strictly controlled, regulated by customs and norms of traditional behavior, established social institutions, among which the most important will be the family. Attempts at any social transformations and innovations are rejected. For him characterized by low rates of development, production. Important for this type of society is an established social solidarity, which Durkheim established while studying the society of the Australian aborigines.

Traditional society characterized by the natural division and specialization of labor (mainly by gender and age), personalization of interpersonal communication (directly of individuals, and not officials or persons of status), informal regulation of interactions (norms of unwritten laws of religion and morality), connection of members by kinship relations (family type of community organization) , a primitive system of community management (hereditary power, rule of elders).

Modern societies differ in the following features: the role-based nature of interaction (people's expectations and behavior are determined by the social status and social functions of individuals); developing deep division of labor (on a professional qualification basis related to education and work experience); a formal system for regulating relations (based on written law: laws, regulations, contracts, etc.); a complex system of social management (separation of the institute of management, special government bodies: political, economic, territorial and self-government); secularization of religion (its separation from the system of government); highlighting a variety of social institutions (self-reproducing systems of special relations that allow for social control, inequality, protection of their members, distribution of goods, production, communication).

These include industrial and post-industrial societies.

Industrial society- this is a type of organization of social life that combines the freedom and interests of the individual with general principles governing their joint activities. It is characterized by flexibility of social structures, social mobility, and a developed system of communications.

In the 1960s concepts appear post-industrial (informational) societies (D. Bell, A. Touraine, J. Habermas), caused by drastic changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. The leading role in society is recognized as the role of knowledge and information, computer and automatic devices. An individual who has received the necessary education and has access to the latest information has an advantageous chance of moving up the social hierarchy. The main goal of a person in society becomes creative work.

The negative side of post-industrial society is the danger of strengthening on the part of the state, the ruling elite through access to information and electronic media and communication over people and society as a whole.

Lifeworld human society is becoming stronger is subject to the logic of efficiency and instrumentalism. Culture, including traditional values, is being destroyed under the influence administrative control gravitating towards standardization and unification of social relations and social behavior. Society is increasingly subject to the logic of economic life and bureaucratic thinking.

Distinctive features of post-industrial society:

transition from the production of goods to a service economy;
the rise and dominance of highly educated technical vocational specialists;
the main role of theoretical knowledge as a source of discoveries and political decisions in society;
control over technology and the ability to assess the consequences of scientific and technical innovations;
decision-making based on the creation of intelligent technology, as well as using the so-called information technology.

The latter is brought to life by the needs of the beginning to form information society. The emergence of such a phenomenon is by no means accidental. The basis of social dynamics in the information society is not traditional material resources, which are also largely exhausted, but information (intellectual) ones: knowledge, scientific, organizational factors, intellectual abilities of people, their initiative, creativity.

The concept of post-industrialism today has been developed in detail, has a lot of supporters and an ever-increasing number of opponents. The world has formed two main directions assessments of the future development of human society: eco-pessimism and techno-optimism. Ecopessimism predicts total global catastrophe due to increasing environmental pollution; destruction of the Earth's biosphere. Techno-optimism draws a rosier picture, assuming that scientific and technological progress will cope with all the difficulties on the path to the development of society.

Basic typologies of society

In the history of social thought, several typologies of society have been proposed.

Typologies of society during the formation of sociological science

Founder of sociology, French scientist O. Comte proposed a three-member stage typology, which included:

stage of military dominance;
stage of feudal rule;
stage of industrial civilization.

The basis of the typology G. Spencer the principle of evolutionary development of societies from simple to complex is established, i.e. from an elementary society to an increasingly differentiated one. Spencer envisioned the development of societies as an integral part of a single evolutionary process for all of nature. The lowest pole of the evolution of society is formed by the so-called military societies, characterized by high homogeneity, the subordinate position of the individual and the dominance of coercion as a factor of integration. From this phase, through a series of intermediate ones, society develops to the highest pole - industrial society, in which democracy, the voluntary nature of integration, spiritual pluralism and diversity dominate.

Typologies of society in the classical period of development of sociology

These typologies differ from those described above. Sociologists of this period saw their task as explaining it based not on the general order of nature and the laws of its development, but on nature itself and its internal laws. So, E. Durkheim sought to find the “original cell” of the social as such and for this purpose looked for the “simplest,” most elementary society, the simplest form of organization of “collective consciousness.” Therefore, his typology of societies is built from simple to complex, and is based on the principle of complicating the form of social solidarity, i.e. consciousness by individuals of their unity. In simple societies, mechanical solidarity operates because the individuals composing them are very similar in consciousness and life situation - like particles of a mechanical whole. In complex societies, there is a complex system of division of labor, differentiated functions of individuals, therefore the individuals themselves are separated from each other in lifestyle and consciousness. They are united by functional connections, and their solidarity is “organic”, functional. Both types of solidarity are represented in any society, but in archaic societies mechanical solidarity predominates, and in modern societies organic solidarity predominates.

German classic of sociology M. Weber viewed the social as a system of domination and subordination. His approach was based on the idea of society as the result of a struggle for power and to maintain dominance. Societies are classified according to the type of dominance that prevails in them. The charismatic type of dominance arises on the basis of the personal special power - charisma - of the ruler. Priests or leaders usually possess charisma, and such dominance is non-rational and does not require a special system of management. Modern society, according to Weber, is characterized by a legal type of domination based on law, characterized by the presence of a bureaucratic management system and the operation of the principle of rationality.

Typology of the French sociologist Zh. Gurvich features a complex multi-level system. He identifies four types of archaic societies that had a primary global structure:

tribal (Australia, American Indians);
tribal, which included heterogeneous and weakly hierarchized groups united around a leader endowed with magical powers (Polynesia, Melanesia);
tribal with a military organization, consisting of family groups and clans (North America);
tribal tribes united into monarchical states (“black” Africa).

charismatic societies (Egypt, Ancient China, Persia, Japan);
patriarchal societies (Homeric Greeks, Jews of the Old Testament era, Romans, Slavs, Franks);
city-states (Greek city-states, Roman cities, Italian cities of the Renaissance);
feudal hierarchical societies (European Middle Ages);
societies that gave rise to enlightened absolutism and capitalism (Europe only).

In the modern world, Gurvich identifies: technical-bureaucratic society; a liberal democratic society built on the principles of collectivist statism; society of pluralistic collectivism, etc.

Typologies of society in modern sociology

The postclassical stage of development of sociology is characterized by typologies based on the principle of technical and technological development of societies. Nowadays, the most popular typology is one that distinguishes between traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

Traditional societies characterized by high development of agricultural labor. The main sector of production is the procurement of raw materials, which is carried out within peasant families; members of society strive to satisfy mainly domestic needs. The basis of the economy is the family farm, which is able to satisfy, if not all of its needs, then a significant part of them. Technical development is extremely weak. The main method in decision making is the “trial and error” method. Social relations are extremely poorly developed, as is social differentiation. Such societies are tradition-oriented, therefore, oriented towards the past.

Industrial society - a society characterized by high industrial development and rapid economic growth. Economic development is carried out mainly due to an extensive, consumer attitude towards nature: in order to satisfy its current needs, such a society strives for the most complete development of the natural resources at its disposal. The main sector of production is the processing and processing of materials, carried out by teams of workers in factories and factories. Such a society and its members strive for maximum adaptation to the present moment and satisfaction of social needs. The main method of decision-making is empirical research.

Another very important feature of industrial society is the so-called “modernization optimism”, i.e. absolute confidence that any problem, including social, can be solved based on scientific knowledge and technology.

Post-industrial society- this is a society that is emerging at the moment and has a number of significant differences from industrial society. If an industrial society is characterized by a desire for maximum industrial development, then in a post-industrial society a much more noticeable (and ideally primary) role is played by knowledge, technology and information. In addition, the service sector is developing rapidly, overtaking industry.

In post-industrial society there is no faith in the omnipotence of science. This is partly due to the fact that humanity is faced with the negative consequences of its own activities. For this reason, “environmental values” come to the fore, and this means not only a careful attitude towards nature, but also an attentive attitude to the balance and harmony necessary for the adequate development of society.

The basis of post-industrial society is information, which in turn gave rise to another type of society - informational. According to supporters of the theory of the information society, a completely new society is emerging, characterized by processes that are opposite to those that took place in the previous phases of the development of societies even in the 20th century. For example, instead of centralization there is regionalization, instead of hierarchization and bureaucratization - democratization, instead of concentration - disaggregation, instead of standardization - individualization. All these processes are driven by information technology.

People offering services either provide information or use it. For example, teachers transfer knowledge to students, repairmen use their knowledge to maintain equipment, lawyers, doctors, bankers, pilots, designers sell their specialized knowledge of laws, anatomy, finance, aerodynamics and color schemes to clients. They do not produce anything, unlike factory workers in an industrial society. Instead, they transfer or use knowledge to provide services for which others are willing to pay.

Researchers are already using the term " virtual society" to describe the modern type of society, formed and developing under the influence of information technologies, especially Internet technologies. The virtual, or possible, world has become a new reality due to the computer boom that has swept society. Virtualization (replacement of reality with a se simulation/image) of society, researchers note, is total, since all the elements that make up society are virtualized, significantly changing their appearance, their status and role.

Post-industrial society is also defined as a society " post-economic", "post-labor", i.e. a society in which the economic subsystem loses its decisive significance, and labor ceases to be the basis of all social relations. In a post-industrial society, a person loses his economic essence and is no longer considered as an “economic man”; he focuses on new, “postmaterialist” values. The emphasis is shifting to social and humanitarian problems, and the priority issues are the quality and safety of life, the self-realization of the individual in various social spheres, and therefore new criteria for welfare and social well-being are being formed.

According to the concept of post-economic society, developed by the Russian scientist V.L. Inozemtsev, in a post-economic society, in contrast to an economic society focused on material enrichment, the main goal for most people is the development of their own personality.

The theory of post-economic society is associated with a new periodization of human history, in which three large-scale eras can be distinguished - pre-economic, economic and post-economic. This periodization is based on two criteria: the type of human activity and the nature of the relationship between the interests of the individual and society. The post-economic type of society is defined as a type of social structure where human economic activity becomes more intense and complex, but is no longer determined by its material interests, and is not set by traditionally understood economic feasibility. The economic basis of such a society is formed by the destruction of private property and a return to personal property, to the state of non-alienation of the worker from the tools of production. Post-economic society is characterized by a new type of social confrontation - the confrontation between the information-intellectual elite and all people who are not included in it, engaged in the sphere of mass production and, due to this, pushed to the periphery of society. However, each member of such a society has the opportunity to enter the elite himself, since membership in the elite is determined by abilities and knowledge.

At the present stage of development, we can distinguish two levels of societies: “traditional” and “modern societies”. At the heart of this dichotomy of modern and traditional societies is the focus on social change (in the first case) or the refusal of the social system to accept or initiate social change. This basic value setting corresponds to the economic, stratification, political, and ideological subsystems that ensure the integration and functioning of the entire system. One of the first sociologists to address this dichotomy was F. Tennis , who identified two specific forms of social organization: community - a traditional community and society - a modern, complexly structured community. His works influenced E. Durkheim, M. Weber, T. Parsons. As a result, a unique multidimensional scale was developed that makes it possible to compare different types of social systems.

Traditional society is characterized by: 1) natural division of labor (mainly by gender and age); 2) the connection of members by kinship relations (“family” type of community organization); 3) high structural stability; 4) relative isolation; 5) attitude to property, mediated through clan, community or feudal hierarchy; 6) hereditary power, rule of elders; 7) tradition as the main method of social regulation, a universal way of action shared by the individual and the community as a natural path to achieving any private goals; 8) regulation of social behavior by specific instructions and prohibitions, absence of a free personality, total subordination of the individual to society and authority; 9) behavioral maxims, in which the main emphasis is on the path leading to the goal, associated with this are attitudes such as “keep your head down”, “be like everyone else”; 10) the dominance of dogmatism, ethnocentrism in the worldview.

Modern society is characterized by: 1) developing deep division of labor (on a professional qualification basis related to education and work experience); 2) social mobility; 3) the market as a mechanism that regulates and organizes the behavior of individuals and groups not only in the economic, but also in the political and spiritual spheres; 4) the identification of a variety of social institutions that make it possible to provide the basic social needs of members of society, and the associated formal system for regulating relations (based on written law: laws, regulations, contracts, etc.), the role-based nature of interaction, according to which expectations and people's behavior is determined by the social status and social functions of individuals; 5) a complex system of social management - the allocation of an institute of management, special government bodies: political, economic, territorial and self-government; 6) secularization of religion, i.e. its separation from the state, its transformation into an independent social institution; 7) criticism, rationalism, individualism dominant in the worldview; 8) emphasis on the goal of action, which is reinforced in behavioral maxims: “get the job done,” “don’t be afraid of risk,” “strive for victory”; 9) lack of specific regulations and prohibitions, which entails the erosion of morality and law. In social theory, the concept of “modernity” is not identical to the definition of “our time”. Modernity is a certain qualitative and meaningful characteristic of people’s life, regarding the content of which there is a certain discrepancy between researchers. For some, modernity is a characteristic of a certain set of institutions and procedures that represent a description of the current practices of Western societies. For others, modernity is a problem that arises in different cultural and historical contexts (countries, regions, eras) due to various circumstances as a challenge to their existence and the possibility of development.

The organizing principles of modernity most often stand out: 1) individualism (i.e., the final establishment in society of the central role of the individual instead of the role of a tribe, group, nation); 2) differentiation (the emergence in the sphere of labor of a huge number of specialized occupations and professions, and in the sphere of consumption - a variety of possibilities for choosing the desired product (service, information, etc.), in general, choosing a lifestyle); 3) rationality (i.e. reducing the significance of magical and religious beliefs, myths and replacing them with ideas and rules that are justified with the help of arguments and calculations; the value of scientific knowledge recognized by all); 4) economism (i.e. the dominance of economic activity, economic goals and economic criteria over all social life); 5) expansion (i.e. the tendency for modernity to cover both ever wider geographical areas and the most intimate, private spheres of everyday life, for example, religious beliefs, sexual behavior, leisure, etc.). Among the main features inherent in a modern personality are: 1) openness to experimentation, innovation and change; 2) readiness for pluralism of opinions; 3) orientation to the present and future, and not to the past; 4) recognition of the high value of education; 5) respect for the dignity of other people, etc. The pros and cons of modern civilization serve as a starting point for various theoretical views regarding the future of human society. The most famous among them are:

1. theory of post-industrial (information) society, according to which the main economic factor of the future society is knowledge (information), and the main sphere of production is the sphere of production of knowledge (information). Accordingly, in the social structure, intellectuals engaged in the production of knowledge, from a relatively small social group, as they were in pre-industrial and industrial societies, will turn into a noticeable social stratum;

2. concept of post-economic society, according to which the sociocultural base of the society of the future is a system of post-material values, overcoming labor as a utilitarian activity and replacing it with creative activity not motivated by material factors, a new type of family and new forms of social partnership, increasing the role of knowledge and changing the education system. According to supporters of this concept, the denial of the economic era also means that exploitation can be overcome not so much as an economic phenomenon, but as a phenomenon of consciousness;

3. the concept of “high (or late) modernity”, whose author E. Giddens believes that we are moving not towards postmodernism, but towards a period in which the features inherent in the present stage will become even more acute and become universal. However, the radicalization of the present itself acts as a qualitatively new phenomenon that transforms the modern world. Among the features of “high modernity,” he identified four: faith, risk, “opacity,” and globalization. The concept of faith does not have a religious meaning, but indicates the importance of faith in the operation of many complex systems on the reliability of which everyday life depends (for example, transport, telecommunications, financial markets, nuclear power plants, military forces, etc.). The risk is that increasingly uncontrollable situations arise that pose a threat not only to individuals, but also to large systems, including states. “Opacity” means a loss of clarity, intelligibility, and predictability of what is happening and, as a result, is accompanied by the unstable nature of social life. Globalization indicates the continued coverage of economic, political, and cultural relations throughout the world, which, in particular, leads to a decrease in the role of nation states.

Society has existed since ancient times. In a broad sense, this concept includes the interaction of people with nature and among themselves, as well as ways of uniting them. In a narrower definition, society is a collection of people who are endowed with their own consciousness and will and who manifest themselves in the light of certain interests, moods and motives. Each society can be characterized by the following features: name, stable and holistic forms of interaction between people, the presence of a history of creation and development, the presence of its own culture, self-sufficiency and self-regulation.

Historically, the entire diversity of societies can be divided into three types: traditional, or agrarian, industrial, post-industrial. Each of them has certain features and characteristics that clearly separate one form of social relations from another. Nevertheless, although the types of society differ from each other, they perform the same functions, such as the production of goods, the distribution of the results of labor activity, the formation of a specific ideology, the socialization of a person, and much more.

This type includes a set of social ideas and structures that may be at various stages of development, but do not have a sufficient level of industrial complex. The main interaction is between nature and man, with an important role being assigned to the survival of each individual. This category includes agrarian, feudal, tribal society and others. Each of them is characterized by low rates of production and development. Nevertheless, such types of society have a characteristic feature: the presence of well-established social solidarity.

Characteristics of industrial society

It has a complex and sufficiently developed structure, has a high degree of specialization and division of labor activity, and is also distinguished by the widespread introduction of innovations. Industrial types of society are formed in the presence of active processes of urbanization, increased automation of production, mass production of all kinds of goods, and the widespread use of scientific discoveries and achievements. The main interaction occurs between man and nature, in which there is the enslavement of the surrounding world by people.

Characteristics of post-industrial society

This type of human relationships has the following features: the creation of highly intelligent technologies, the transition to a service economy, control over various mechanisms, the rise of highly educated specialists and the dominance of theoretical knowledge. The main interaction is between person and person. Nature acts as a victim of anthropogenic influence, therefore, programs are being developed to minimize production waste and environmental pollution, as well as to create highly efficient technologies that can ensure waste-free production.