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Agitation is a state of pronounced emotional arousal, accompanied by a feeling of fear and anxiety, speech and motor restlessness. In a state of agitation, a person has an unconscious need to perform simple automatic movements or develops excessive fussiness.

Agitation – pronounced emotional excitement accompanied by fear

Reasons

Agitation in some cases is a variant of the norm. For example, it can be triggered by a strong stressful situation– both acute and chronic.

More often, agitation is considered as one of the symptoms accompanying the following diseases psyche:

Alzheimer's disease;
agitated depression;
anxiety neurosis;
catatonic schizophrenia;
involutional depression;
manic-depressive psychosis.

The state of agitation can be provoked by the use of narcotic or psychotropic substances, alcoholic drinks. In addition, the pathology occurs against the background of severe infectious diseases.

The mechanism of agitation development is complex and currently not fully understood. It is assumed that they play a lot important role:

cerebral ischemia;
metabolic disorders;
influence of toxins;
neuroreflex mechanisms;
autoimmune and immune reactions;
psychological characteristics personality.

Signs

It is characteristic of agitation that the patient usually does not notice this condition, despite the following pronounced signs:

motor or speech restlessness;
hand tremors;
tachycardia;
increased sweating;
pale skin;
rapid breathing;
increased blood pressure;
increase in body temperature.

During an attack, the patient cannot stay in one place for a long time. He loses the ability to reason correctly or establish complex cause-and-effect relationships.

According to medical statistics, the state of agitation is one of the main reasons traumatic injuries medical staff during working hours.

A person in a state of agitation experiences severe anxiety, and sometimes fear, and cannot fall asleep and calm down on his own. At the same time, attempts to control his behavior by family or friends often lead to an attack of aggression, even to the point of injury to both the patient himself and those around him.

In cases where agitation occurs against the background of an illness, its symptoms are added to the signs listed above, for example, lack of criticality, delusions, hallucinations.

Diagnostics

Only a psychiatrist can diagnose the state of agitation after observing the patient for some time. Only taking into account all the features can a specialist carry out differential diagnosis between agitation and akathisia. In its manifestations, akathisia has much in common with agitation, but the treatment of these conditions requires a different approach.

More often, agitation is considered as one of the symptoms accompanying mental illness.

To determine the reasons that led to the occurrence of agitation, a laboratory and instrumental examination is carried out, including:

blood test for hormone levels thyroid gland;
blood test for alcohol content;
general analysis blood and urine;
blood pressure measurement;
magnetic resonance or computed tomography brain;
electroencephalography.

If necessary, other diagnostic methods can be used.

Treatment

Therapy for agitation should be aimed at eliminating the cause that caused its development. If this is a stressful situation, the use of tranquilizers is indicated. If agitation occurs as a result of the disease, it is treated.

Drug correction of agitation is undertaken only as prescribed by a doctor and under his supervision. For this purpose, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and antianxiolytics can be used.

Psychotherapy plays an important role in eliminating agitation. It allows the patient to develop resistance to stressful situations, nervous and physical fatigue.

Prevention

Prevention of agitation is the treatment of mental illness. Mentally healthy people need to avoid stressful situations, stop drinking alcohol and narcotic substances. It is important that a patient prone to agitation regularly receives psychotherapeutic support. The skills to cope with stress acquired during this course reduce the risk of relapse of the pathology.

Agitation in some cases is a variant of the norm. For example, it can be triggered by a severe stressful situation - both acute and chronic.

Consequences and complications

Being in a state of agitation, a person can harm both himself and others, and damage other people’s property. According to medical statistics, the state of agitation is one of the main causes of traumatic injuries to medical personnel during working hours.

With timely and full course treatment prognosis is favorable. It worsens if the patient has mental illness, since in this case repeated episodes are common.

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Translated from Latin, agitation means “to set in motion.” Its main symptoms are unconscious motor and speech anxiety. At the same time, the patient is in strong emotional arousal, experiences anxiety and fear, fusses, loses causal connections between phenomena and the ability to reason, feels emptiness and distraction, and can only perform simple automated actions. The condition has not only mental, but also vegetative manifestations. Agitation can be a prepathological condition under severe stress or mental illness (anxiety neurosis, Alzheimer's disease, depression, catatonic schizophrenia). Or it could be a symptom infectious disease, alcohol or drug intoxication.

Reasons

U physically and mentally healthy person agitation occurs due to external reasons and may be a natural reaction to strong tension, stress, psychological trauma, fear, sudden changes in the environment. This condition is also common in people who engage in life-threatening activities. In such cases, agitation is usually triggered by physical or mental stress, accumulated fatigue, especially if it persists for a long time. Can cause agitation overuse drinks containing alcohol, caffeine, or pharmacological drugs based on psychotropic substances.

Agitation can be a consequence of internal causes, that is, a symptom of an illness. Emotional overexcitation of this kind often accompanies infectious pathologies, intoxication, endogenous depression, Alzheimer's disease, anxiety neurosis, senile dementia, catatonic schizophrenia, senile decline, bipolar disorder. Sometimes she points to endocrine pathologies, avitaminosis, vegetative-vascular dystonia.

The mechanism of development of agitation has not been fully studied, but among the factors predisposing to this state, note cerebral ischemia, metabolic disorders, the action of toxins and neuroreflex mechanisms, autoimmune and immune reactions, as well as psychological characteristics of the individual.

Symptoms

For a person in a state of agitation, the symptoms of this pathology remain invisible. But they can be noted by others. The main symptom is excitement. It is expressed in a number of internal vegetative disorders: trembling of the limbs, increased sweating, rapid heartbeat, shallow and rapid breathing, pale skin.

In addition to internal symptoms, there are also external symptoms that leave an imprint on behavior. A person in a state of agitation feels emptiness in his head, an almost complete absence of thoughts. At the same time, he loses the ability to reason sensibly and logically, to identify complex connections between cause and effect. All this is accompanied by a feeling of anxiety, fear and gradually turns into speech and motor disinhibition.

From the point of view of speech, agitation is expressed in the use of obscene expressions and phrases that are not characteristic of a given individual. There is clouding of consciousness, confusion of speech, repetitions of the same phrase are possible, unsuccessful attempts to complete a thought, rushing from one formulation to another.

From the point of view of motor skills, unconscious movements of the same type are noted, behavior is fussy, hands tremble, coordination of movements is impaired. The patient cannot sit in one place and walks from corner to corner. In a state of agitation, a person may unknowingly cause harm to himself or others. Spontaneous shouting and tics are also possible, especially if agitation is a symptom of a mental illness. In severe cases, delusional thoughts and ideas, auto-aggression, and suicidal attempts are possible.

When agitation is accompanied by depression, it is combined with apathy, depression, insomnia, constant feeling causeless anxiety. In Alzheimer's disease, this disorder may have additional symptoms in the form of depression, hallucinations, behavioral disorders, wanderlust.

Treatment

Treatment for agitation will depend on what caused it. This requires careful diagnosis. You can't let the situation take its course. Even if agitation occurred as a reaction to stress and not as a consequence mental pathology, the patient poses a potential threat to both himself and others.

If a person suffering from agitation is diagnosed mental illness, then the cause is treated. To determine the possible sources of agitation, a blood test for thyroid hormones and alcohol content, a general urine and blood test, blood pressure measurement, electroencephalography, MRI or CT scan of the brain are prescribed.

Agitation always has a negative impact on the patient’s daily condition, so in most cases, it is treated with medicines.

Antipsychotic medications are prescribed for paranoia and clouding of consciousness. The drugs have side effects such as drowsiness, unusual motor movements, and rigidity.
Antidepressants are used for depressive states. Lead to drowsiness, constipation, dry mouth.
Anxiolics are needed to suppress anxiety and emotional stress, anxiety and fear.

Psychotherapy plays the main role in treatment. Sessions with a specialist are aimed at gaining resistance to emotional stress. At the first stage, individual psychotherapy is carried out. After significant improvement, the patient can be transferred to group classes, where you can also practice the principles of interaction with others. Help is sometimes needed not only by the person suffering from agitation, but also by his family and friends. It is important to create an atmosphere of calm and goodwill in your immediate environment. All this will help quickly return the patient to normal life.

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A couple of authors perform in unequal weight. Sixty-year-old Paulo Coelho is a highly read Brazilian writer, his books are sold all over the world, and we are no exception. Among the fans of his “Alchemist” are Vladimir Putin and Nikita Mikhalkov. In a month, his book will be published about how he, a Brazilian writer, crossed Russia from Moscow to Vladivostok on the Trans-Siberian Express three years ago. “When I was on Lake Baikal, the water was plus two - I jumped into it without hesitation, like a lion, my guards didn’t have time to scream, and I was already in the water!” This is what Coelho tells me, taking a drag from his cigarette and shaking the funny ponytail on his neck under his bald skull. He is a typical dude, a big watch lover, and is not averse to showing off his IWC - a platinum Portofino Hand-Wound from last year's vintage collection and an Aquatimer, with which he is not afraid to jump into Baikal. At the request of IWC President George Kern, he wrote seven novellas about the watch. “Literature is like a watch,” says Coelho. “You look at a book, you see words and letters, and then history, literature opens behind them. You look at a watch, you see hands and numbers, and then history, time opens up behind them.” ". He speaks in paradoxes and enjoys pretending to be an inspired madman with coffee and a cigarette. Do you travel in time? As many times as you like! Do you like crazy people? We're all crazy!

Enki Bilal is almost unknown among us, but for the entire French-speaking world, where comics and cartoons are recognized as the ninth art, he is more important than Coelho, Putin and Mikhalkov combined. Bilal is a great draftsman, a master of telling stories without getting bogged down in words. A native of Yugoslavia, Enes Bilalovich has lived in France since he was eight years old, prefers to speak French, but remembers several important Russian words from the first grade of a Belgrade school.

The mixture of Czech and Bosnian blood with an infusion of French culture makes him a special BD author. His stories contain a lot of black bitterness, a lot of pessimism, sex, death, fictional politics, which are no better than the real thing. He still regrets that the bipolar world of his childhood, where communism was balanced by capitalism and white was sharply different from black, blurred into a threatening modern picture. In his Parisian studio, he creates stories of children born under bombs in Sarajevo, or people trapped in the Chernobyl zone.

The IWC brand is a traditional participant of the Geneva Watch Salon (SIHH). This year's premiere from the Schaffhausen manufactory was the updated and expanded Portugaise collection, which celebrated its 70th anniversary. Portugaise 2010 includes watches with automatic and manual winding, replicas of the first models of the line, chronographs, perpetual calendars, yacht watches. The main model of the line is the complex Portugaise Tourbillon Retrograde watch with a platinum case. This collectible model is limited to 250 pieces

He's a fan of Tarkovsky, but he can't stand it high art and a long speech. “I can no longer watch three-hour plays and director’s films.” He is for a torn consciousness, short images and short remarks, since endless literary periods cannot be put into the mouths of comic book heroes. The “bubbles” will not survive and will burst. He is a supporter of literary "zapping". A master of the illustrated book, which gives him his livelihood, he advocates for the electronic book, for the ability to simultaneously hold ten writers in his hands and, if necessary, switch from Coelho to another program.

It seems to me that he would have been more than happy to write this story himself, breaking it up into short lines and sharp shots, rather than act as an illustrator of someone else’s prose. But he also loves watches, considers them a magical mechanism and has long been wearing the IWC pilot’s watch that his wife gave him.

Journalists asked what it was like to work with the brand and whether Coelho and Bilal experienced any difficulties associated with the task of glorifying the brand. George Kern answered these questions: “When you invite artists, just try to explain to them what needs to be done - they will simply send you to hell. Only one thing depends on us: choose the right people and don't bother them anymore."

Agitation is a state of excessive emotional elevation, excitement, which is usually accompanied by strong feeling anxiety or fear. Against the background of such overexcitation, a person’s motor activity increases, but coordination of movements may be impaired. Because of this, the patient’s actions appear uncontrolled, chaotic, and thoughtless. Only the simplest, “mindless” operations are performed correctly automatically. From the outside, this state may be perceived as panic or confusion.

Agitation does not develop in a vacuum. It is caused by internal or external reasons. This anxious overstimulation becomes typical for people who experience constant severe stress, in particular due to profession.

The danger of agitation lies in the fact that a person who is unable to control his actions, being in a state of some kind of passion, can harm both himself and the people around him. Therefore, it is extremely important to react immediately, noticing changes in the patient’s behavior, and seek help from the appropriate specialist. Despite the fact that agitation is understood as a condition conditionally within normal limits (located on the border of normal and disease), it needs correction. Especially in cases where overexcitation occurs more than once and may be a symptom of a serious illness.

External and internal bases

Among the external reasons that cause agitation, in addition to stress, one can highlight the accumulated extreme fatigue, excessive mental and physical stress, persisting long time. Attacks of such an affective state can be provoked by medications, use large doses alcohol, caffeine, addiction to psychotropic (narcotic) substances.

Since agitation can be a symptom, this condition accompanies a number of diseases. And it is diseases that can be considered internal reasons, provoking emotional overexcitation.

Such diseases include:

Main symptoms

When agitation occurs, there are manifestations affecting mental state person, as well as affecting nervous system(vegetative manifestations).

Autonomic visual symptoms

Agitation is characterized by obvious external signs. A person in such a state uncontrollably makes unconscious, often repetitive movements. Pulse and heart rate usually increase significantly, as does blood pressure, a temperature jump is possible. In patients with agitation, tremors are present and breathing becomes rapid. Pale skin may be accompanied by heavy sweating.

During an attack of agitation, a person behaves restlessly, fussily, and cannot sit in one place. The condition can affect the usual rhythm of life, causing sleep disturbances, even complete insomnia. A person is unable to calm down on his own, and attempts to control him by friends or relatives can lead to unpleasant consequences.

Other signs

Other manifestations of the pathology in question include, first of all, impaired thinking. The patient is not aware of his condition and does not notice the chaotic movements. He cannot build logical and cause-and-effect relationships; a vacuum appears in his head without thoughts and ideas.

Important: if agitation is a symptom of any negative painful condition, then along with all the signs, additional manifestations of a particular disease usually appear. For example, hallucinations, delusions, and a lack of criticality towards what is said out loud are possible.

Anxiety, fear, severe anxiety, intrusive thoughts are also capable of accompanying agitation.

This condition is in many ways similar in its manifestations to another disorder – akathisia. And it is extremely important to correctly determine what exactly a person is suffering from. Akathisia and agitation are corrected by different medications, require little different approach in treatment.

Treatment methods

Any therapy is initially aimed at establishing the exact root cause that caused the state of agitation. If any serious emotional overstimulation provokes internal disease, then it is the one that is treated. When the pathology in question is caused medicines, they are excluded from the patient’s life. With alcohol or drug intoxication appropriate correction is carried out.

It is worth understanding that the development of agitation may not occur under the influence of illness, then the person will have enough good sleep and rest. But if there is a certain concern about your well-being, it is still recommended to consult a doctor.

Medicinal effects

The selection of medications is carried out taking into account general condition patient.

When a person has a sleep disorder, they may be prescribed sedatives, various sedatives, including on plant based(motherwort, valerian and others).

However, the main medications that are most often prescribed to patients are:

antipsychotic drugs that help block possible seizures paranoia;
antidepressants prescribed for sedative purposes;
various kinds Tranquilizers are also appropriate in treatment, but they cause extremely severe daytime sleepiness.

Psychocorrection

Psychotherapy for people with this pathology is an integral part of the treatment process. It can also be used for preventive purposes, even if overstimulation with physical activity arose only once under the influence of circumstances.

The selection of psychotherapeutic techniques is carried out with an emphasis on the person’s condition, taking into account his complaints. Usually the choice falls on various behavioral techniques that help patients cope with their condition, learn to control it, and adaptive psychotherapy.

Work must also be carried out with fears, corrected internal alarm, anxiety through art therapy and various options relaxation. Can be selected as individual approach, especially in severe cases, do so group therapy. Despite the mass of unpleasant manifestations and the possible severity of the condition, it is possible to completely cure the pathology in question, but you should not try to do it yourself.

By seeking advice from a specialist, the patient will receive not only qualified assistance, but also the necessary support. By visiting the doctor's office in time, you have a chance to prevent the condition from worsening and return to your usual easy life.

In certain cases emotional state a person can be considered as a symptom of certain pathologies. In this case, there is a need to correct disorders using various types of drug and non-drug therapy. Similar conditions include agitation, which doctors classify as severe emotional arousal, in which a person experiences a number of unpleasant symptoms. In some cases similar violation is completely natural, while in others it is considered as a symptom of quite serious pathological conditions. Let's try to figure out what agitation is, discuss treatment, symptoms and causes of agitation.

Why does agitation occur? Reasons for the condition

Agitation is a natural reaction of the body to tension provoked by severe stress. In addition, such a pathological condition can be a manifestation of a number of mental illnesses, for example, anxiety neurosis, agitated depression, catatonic schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. In some cases, agitation is provoked by the consumption of alcoholic beverages or narcotic drugs. Sometimes similar mental reaction becomes one of the symptoms infectious lesion.

You should also take into account that in certain professions that involve excessive risk to an individual’s life, as well as in emergency situations, agitation is often confused with confusion.

How does agitation manifest itself? Symptoms of the condition

The development of agitation in a person makes itself felt in the most different manifestations, but most often the patient himself does not note their presence.

So characteristic feature given pathological condition can be considered the appearance of motor or speech anxiety. The patient also experiences tremors in his hands and is worried excessive sweating and active heartbeat. These symptoms are usually accompanied by fairly rapid breathing, skin humans are painted in pale tones.

With the development of agitation, the patient is faced with a feeling complete absence thoughts and emptiness in the head. He becomes unable to reason or establish complex causal relationships.

Agitation is accompanied by a feeling of fear and increased anxiety, which turn into motor anxiety or speech type. A person in such a state needs to perform movements of the same type and of an unconscious nature. In addition, he is characterized by fussiness, he can perform only simple and automated actions.

How is agitation corrected? Treatment of the condition

In most cases, doctors manage to cope with agitation, but correct and careful treatment plays an extremely important role in this case. medical diagnostics. Under no circumstances should you ignore the symptoms described, as this is extremely dangerous. When in a state of agitation, a person is capable of harming himself or others without intentionally.

In the event that this pathological condition has developed against the background of some mental illness, then therapy can be carried out by the most different methods. In these cases, treatment usually includes psychotherapy and medicinal compositions, selected by a competent doctor. Attending psychotherapy sessions will enable the patient to control his condition, coping with agitation, and over time, such sessions will help the individual increase his resistance to stress.

In general, doctors classify agitation as a condition of a pre-pathological type, and consider it on the border with the psychological norm. However, in most cases, when the described symptoms appear, patients have to take some medications.

Thus, treatment of agitation can be carried out by taking antipsychotics. Such medications are usually used in the treatment of paranoia and various cloudings of consciousness. They can cause some side effects, such as drowsiness, rigidity, and unusual actions.

Also, correction of such a pathological condition may involve taking antidepressants. Such remedies also sometimes lead to the appearance side effects, for example, cause a feeling of drowsiness, dryness in oral cavity, cause constipation and feelings of fear.

Among other things, treatment for agitation may include the use of anti-anxiolytic medications. These medications may cause drowsiness and depression.

Choose the most effective method only a doctor can correct agitation, focusing on individual characteristics the patient and the reasons for the development of this pathological condition.

If we talk about preventing the recurrence of agitation, then for this purpose patients are strongly recommended to attend psychotherapy courses. Similar conditions will help him gain greater resistance to the effects of various kinds of stress, which cause new attacks of the disease. When agitation develops as a result of certain mental illnesses, the main emphasis is on correcting the underlying disease, and it is extremely important to follow all the doctor’s recommendations.

Relatives and friends should never ignore manifestations of agitation in a person, because this can be fraught with the most different problems and constant unexpected relapses.