How is excess weight related to thyroid function? Endocrine function of parafollicular K cells of the thyroid gland. Hormonal functions of the thyroid gland and their disorders

I talked about why it is useful to regularly examine the thyroid gland using ultrasound. After that, many letters came to the mail with questions about what the thyroid gland should be.

Therefore, I decided to write a separate article so that everyone could get acquainted with the information.

The thyroid gland is an organ located in the neck, in front, under the larynx. It has the shape of a butterfly and consists of two symmetrical lobes and an isthmus. Since the gland is located directly under the skin, deviations in its structure or structure can be detected even with initial examination from an endocrinologist by palpation.

The thyroid gland of normal volume in most cases is not palpable, except in cases where excessive thinness or the anatomical structure of the patient’s neck allows this.

However, with a noticeable increase in the size of the gland upon palpation, it is easy to determine:

the shape of the organ, the size and symmetry of its lobes, the total volume;
mobility and localization of the gland;
density and consistency of gland tissue;
the presence of nodes and space-occupying formations.

Unfortunately, manipulation does not allow identifying formations while maintaining or reducing the normal size of the organ, therefore the main method for reliably diagnosing the condition of the thyroid gland is ultrasound.

On ultrasound thyroid gland is defined as a round organ, vaguely reminiscent of a butterfly in shape, with symmetrical lobes and a uniform structure.

Gland volume: in women - from 15 to 20 cm3, in men - from 18 to 25 cm3.
Dimensions of the gland lobes: length – 2.5–6 cm, width – 1.0–1.8 cm, thickness – 1.5–2.0 cm.
Isthmus thickness: from 4 to 8 mm.
Parathyroid glands with a diameter of 2–8 mm, from 2 to 8 units.

In different medical sources, boundaries normal indicators The size of the lobes and the volume of the organ vary. Studies among the population have shown that the average norm values are relative - for example, the population of regions with constant iodine deficiency differs general change the size of the thyroid gland increases, and this is not a pathology.

Asymmetry of the organ is often noted - the right lobe is usually larger than the left, but it also happens vice versa - like individual feature body. There have been cases where in healthy people one of the lobes was underdeveloped or completely absent.

The difference in the volume of the thyroid gland in men and women is not associated with gender, but with differences in the physical and physiological indicators of the body.

Normal thyroid size

Although women experience some fluctuations in thyroid ultrasound data during the menstrual cycle, when conducting an examination, specialists primarily take into account the patient’s age and weight. In adults, the normal size of the thyroid gland can vary within:

weight up to 40 kg – up to 12.3 cm3;
41–50 kg – up to 15.5 cm3;
51–60 kg – up to 18.7 cm3;
61–70 kg – up to 22 cm3;
71–80 kg – up to 25 cm3;
81–90 kg – up to 28.4 cm3;
91–100 kg – up to 32 cm3;
101–110 kg – up to 35 cm3.

As the list data shows, the concept of normal in a healthy person is very relative and often goes beyond the average indicators. In addition, it is allowed to exceed these standards by 1 cm3 or more, provided that the function of the thyroid gland is not impaired.

There are also known cases of individual underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of an organ while maintaining its full functionality.

In approximately 1/6 of the population, the thyroid gland has a pyramidal lobe - an additional structural unit with a base in the middle of the isthmus - which is also one of the variants of the individual norm. Specialists in diagnostic rooms periodically observe the absence of an isthmus between the lobes of the organ in some patients.

To detect pathological changes it is necessary comprehensive analysis thyroid ultrasound data:

Contours of the gland - a healthy organ has clear, even contours, changes in which indicate the development of the inflammatory process.
Structure - homogeneous glandular tissue is an indicator of the norm and has a characteristic granularity. With the development of immune inflammatory diseases - autoimmune thyroiditis, diffuse toxic goiter– the structure becomes heterogeneous. Sometimes heterogeneous structure glandular tissue also occurs in healthy older people age groups at increased production antibodies to certain enzymes of thyroid cells.
Echogenicity is a certain value of the overall acoustic response, characteristic of the tissue being studied. Echogenicity should be normal, i.e. meet the standard indicators for this body. If echogenicity is reduced, the doctor may suspect the development of an inflammatory process. Increased echogenicity may indicate acute inflammation or the development of pathological changes.
Foci of changes are areas characterized by a decrease (hypoechogenicity), absence (anechoicity) or increase (hyperechogenicity) of the acoustic response of ultrasound. Such formations should not normally exist, although the presence of small, up to 4 mm, anechoic areas - single enlarged follicles of glandular tissue - is allowed. The pathological foci identified in the tissue structure are thyroid nodules. Nodes can be single or multiple. Single small nodes (1–3 mm) usually cannot be treated and often disappear on their own over time. Formations larger than 3 mm, as a rule, require clarification of the diagnosis.
Condition of the lymph nodes - the latter should have clear, even contours, the absence of cysts and normal size(not enlarged).

What does an ultrasound of the thyroid gland show?

Colloidal nodes- formations that are overgrown follicles. These are benign lesions that almost never degenerate into malignant tumors.

Adenoma – benign tumor, subject surgical removal. The presence of a fibrous capsule allows it to be differentiated from other pathologies. Develops with age, mainly in women.

Cyst- formation filled with liquid. Typically subject to observation.

Thyroid cancer– a dangerous single node that does not have clear boundaries and shell. Different rapid growth, must be immediately removed along with the lymph nodes.

If a neoplasm is detected, the patient undergoes additional research - Dopplerography or elastography, to assess changes in the intensity of blood flow in the organ's vessels, and the cellular-tissue structure of the existing formations. If necessary, a puncture biopsy is performed to histological analysis under ultrasound supervision.

Diffuse toxic goiter– a disease manifested by an increase in the volume of the gland and heterogeneity of its structure due to the formation of multiple nodes.

Inflammatory diseases (thyroiditis)- distinguish between acute and subacute thyroiditis infectious and viral origin, arising as complications after tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, ARVI; fibrous thyroiditis - inflammation of tissue as a result of abundant proliferation of its fibrous component; autoimmune chronic thyroiditis– the body’s ability to perceive thyroid cells as foreign, resulting in an inflammatory process.

Thyroid goiter– increase in volume due to tissue proliferation. Euthyroid goiter does not affect the function of the organ; hypo- and hyperthyroid goiters are associated with corresponding dysfunctions. It is possible that endemic goiter may develop among the population of areas with reduced content iodine in the environment, as well as some hypertrophy of the thyroid gland during pregnancy.

Hypoplasia of the thyroid gland– congenital underdevelopment of an organ due to endocrine disorders during pregnancy of the mother or insufficient intake of iodine in the body.

Thyroid atrophy– a decrease in its size as a result of the gradual replacement of glandular tissue with connective tissue, combined with the development of hypothyroidism, requiring constant replacement therapy.

Thus, when making an accurate diagnosis by an endocrinologist, the results of an ultrasound examination (ultrasound) are analyzed in conjunction with other indicators of the patient’s health. The combination of complaints, individual symptoms, general well-being, blood tests and functional diagnostic data allows the doctor to determine the individual boundaries of normality and pathology and choose the optimal means of treating the patient.

Dear readers, if you have any questions, ask them in the comments, I will try to answer them in detail.

An enlarged thyroid gland is a sign of the development of pathological processes. Often, with the onset of menopause, women are faced with tissue proliferation, the appearance of nodes, and inflammation of an important organ.

It is useful to know how the size of the thyroid gland in women changes depending on age. The norm in the table is a guideline with which doctors compare ultrasound results. Timely attention to the signs of hormonal imbalance prevents serious consequences.

Structure, functions and size of the thyroid gland

An important endocrine organ is located in the neck, on the front surface. The thyroid gland consists of the left and right lobe. In front of the trachea there is an isthmus that unites the two parts of the gland.

Normally, the width of each lobe is about two centimeters, the length is from 2 to 4 cm, and the thickness of the elements is from 1 to 2 cm. Important to know: Acceptable values may vary slightly depending on the ecology of the region and the nature of professional activity(in the presence of harmful factors at work). In the absence of diseases, the thyroid gland is practically not palpable.

The average volume of the endocrine organ in women is about 18.6 cm 3 . The weight of the thyroid gland ranges from 15-40 g (more in men). With the onset of menopause, the organ often enlarges, which often indicates a change in the structure and dysfunction of the thyroid gland. Tissue proliferation causes discomfort for women and negatively affects well-being and performance.

A change in the normal state of the gland is a sign of disease. It is important to find out the cause and nature of the pathology: dysfunction of the thyroid gland, excess or deficiency and negatively affect the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, sexual and reproductive function. Hypo- and hyperthyroidism, goiter - diseases with a complex negative signs: the heart and blood vessels suffer, the metabolic rate decreases, in the presence of provoking factors, malignant degeneration of cells is possible.

Normal organ size in the table

The permissible size of the thyroid gland is an important indicator in diagnosis various pathologies endocrine organ. Palpation provides preliminary information about the structure and volume of the gland, for accurate diagnosis certainly do . Based on the results of the study, the exact volume of an important organ can be determined.

The optimal thyroid volume in women is around 16-18 cm 3 . In girls in early adolescence(up to 14 years) The thyroid gland grows more actively than in boys. During menopause, the endocrine organ often increases (optimally, it should decrease). During pregnancy and in the second phase of the cycle, the size of the organ is also higher than standard indicators, but in the absence negative symptoms, pointing to hormonal imbalance, tumors, inflammation of the gland, no need to worry.

Thyroid volume often changes depending on weight. It is important to know that obesity often increases the size of the endocrine organ.

Note! In countries where residents often consume seafood and other types of food rich in iodine, the size of the thyroid gland is smaller than average. It is important to know: iodine deficiency is the main cause of goiter (pathological proliferation of gland cells).

Degree of pathological changes

Modern endocrinology classifies pathological changes:

1st degree. Visually it is easy to determine a slight increase in the size of the organ; deviations can be identified by palpating the element;
2nd degree. During swallowing, when anterior examination organ nodes and overgrown tissues are easy to identify;
3rd degree. The thickening of the neck is pronounced; even without palpation it is easy to see that the thyroid gland is oversized;
4th degree. The pathological process affects the functionality of other organs, systemic signs of disruption of the thyroid gland appear;
5th degree. The volume of the endocrine gland is so enlarged that patients have difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath occurs due to constant pressure on the trachea. There are complaints of discomfort from the sensation of a foreign body in the esophagus.

The thyroid gland is enlarged, what diseases develop

Women encounter cervical cancer pathologies more often than men. Many diseases develop after 40 years, with the approach of menopause and during menopause. The more negative factors act, the higher the risk of pathological changes, including malignant ones.

Common thyroid diseases with increased organ volume:

. The thyroid gland produces more than normal triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Significant activation of metabolic processes provokes a complex of disorders. In advanced cases of hyperthyroidism, poisoning with thyroid hormones occurs and develops thyrotoxic crisis;
. The primary form of pathology is associated with destruction processes in the thyroid gland. Secondary hypothyroidism develops against the background of an excess of thyrotropin (pituitary hormone), with hypothalamic-pituitary insufficiency, a tumor process in the elements endocrine system. A decrease in thyroid activity causes loss of strength, dysfunction of many organs, weakness, deterioration of the skin and hair, problems with conception;
. Euthyroid goiter is a consequence of an enlarged gland during menopause, during pregnancy, or puberty. Despite exceeding the standard levels, hormone levels remain normal: the body uses internal mechanisms to compensate for iodine deficiency. The pituitary gland produces increased volume to support the functioning of the thyroid gland;
. The growth of thyroid tissue is uniform (forms diffuse goiter) and uneven, focal, with the appearance of specific formations (). In the second type of pathology, the pituitary hormone does not cope with the complete elimination of iodine deficiency, and the accumulation of thyrocyte cells leads to the appearance of nodes. This type of goiter most often develops in women after fifty years of age.

Reasons for the increase

It is important to know the factors that provoke an enlarged thyroid gland:

deficiency of iodine, magnesium, selenium, fluorine;
long-term use of certain medications that contain substances that suppress the secretion of thyroid hormones;
frequent consumption of soybeans, turnips;
bacterial infections that reduce the functionality of the thyroid gland;
deficiency of vitamins, including group B and calciferol;
difficult environmental situation;
stressful situations, chronic fatigue;
diseases of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, against the background of which the secretion of hormones that control and regulate the functions of the thyroid gland is disrupted;
genetic predisposition to endocrine pathologies.

Signs and symptoms

It is important to promptly pay attention to the signs of thyroid damage:

weight loss;
apathy, lethargy, loss of strength;
aggression, irritability, panic attacks, anxiety, nervousness;
frequent mood swings, tearfulness;
decreased heart rate or development of tachycardia (rapid heartbeat);
loss of appetite;
fragility and dryness of the epidermis, nails, hair loss;
intolerance to heat or cold;
decrease or increase in body temperature, chills, fever;
swelling of the limbs, eyelids, face;
tingling in the hands;
accumulation of harmful cholesterol in the blood;
increased sweating, hot flashes to the face;
decreased libido;
irregular menstruation;
deterioration of memory, vision, intellectual abilities, hearing problems;
lacrimation, protruding eyes;
development of hypertension;
sleep disorder;
reproductive dysfunction;
anemia or increased level hemoglobin;
hand trembling;
muscle weakness.

Diagnostics

The first stage is to clarify the size and contours of the thyroid gland during the initial examination. Palpation of the organ in two positions helps the endocrinologist to identify nodules, areas of compaction, and establish the structure of each lobe and isthmus.

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland is prescribed when visual changes in the size of the organ are detected and signs of an increase of more than 1 cm. Tests for thyroid hormones are required; if indicated, levels are determined. If you suspect a malignant process, you need to donate blood to and NOT 4.

All types of diagnostic measures for suspected goiter, euthyroidism, and hypothyroidism are carried out in women strictly in the first phase of the cycle. In another period, it is permissible to examine the problematic gland when advanced stages are identified.

If deviations from the norm are detected, a specialized specialist will refer the woman for an ultrasound scan of the thyroid gland. The use of ultrasound to scan an organ makes it possible to determine the structure, size of all elements, and types of pathological formations.

To clarify the volume of the endocrine organ, the formula is used: (volume of one lobe x EC of ellipsoidality) + (volume of the second lobe x EC). The ellipsoidal coefficient is 0.479. Same figure used for patients of any age and gender.

General rules and methods of treatment

The treatment regimen depends on the type of pathology and the degree of damage to the gland. In severe stages of the disease, hormonal drugs are prescribed; in case of minor changes in the structure and functions of the gland, proper nutrition and elimination of provoking factors (stress, lack of sleep, work in hazardous industries, excessive consumption of sweets and fatty foods)., Thiamazole, ;

partially or completely if indicated;

radioiodine therapy for patients over 40 years of age. The non-surgical technique also shows high efficiency in the fight against cancer cells in the thyroid gland. The affected areas actively accumulate iodine-131, which leads to their death; during the treatment, healthy tissues are practically not affected.

Thyroid surgery is prescribed:

for large nodes (size of formations - 2.5 cm or more);
identified;
a malignant tumor process develops;
Ultrasound revealed cysts with a diameter of more than 3 cm;
a retrosternal location of the nodular form of goiter was revealed.

Hypothyroidism:

hormonal drugs to replenish the deficiency of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, necessarily with an individual dosage. , Triiodothyronine, ;
normalization of daily routine and nutrition, elimination of causes of stress and chronic fatigue;
at endemic goiter and primary hypothyroidism, the level of thyrotropin is monitored; in the secondary form of the pathology, the concentration of free T4 is periodically clarified.

To prevent hypo- and hyperthyroidism, goiter, and euthyroidism, the influence of negative factors must be avoided. If you have a genetic predisposition to thyroid pathologies, you need to monitor the state of the body, control hormonal levels, especially against the background of approaching menopause. It is important to regularly consume foods that contain iodine: sprouted grains, seaweed, wholemeal bread, seafood, sea fish. It is important to know when to stop: excess iodine is dangerous to health. At the first signs of hormonal imbalance or an enlarged thyroid gland, you should consult an endocrinologist.

The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ that performs several important tasks:

responsible for the preservation of iodine in the body; produces hormones containing iodine; regulates metabolism; participates in various body processes.

The thyroid gland is responsible for the synthesis of two hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which occurs in epithelial cells. They are called follicular. Another synthesis process produces a peptide hormone. All actions are aimed at preserving bone mass and the strength of bone tissue.

It is important for everyone to understand what the thyroid gland is and its importance for the functioning of the body. The gland is part of the endocrine process. Organ related to internal secretion, located in front of the larynx. Two types of gland cells produce Iodum, an amino acid (tyrosine), and calcitonin for the body. The functioning of the human body is impossible without these components. In addition, any deviation from the norm leads to the occurrence of pathologies.

The structure of the organ explains possible violations in its normal condition. The two lobes are connected by an isthmus. Located at the trachea. The isthmus is at the level of approximately 2-3 rings. The side parts are attached to the trachea. The shape is compared to the letter H, the wings of a butterfly. The upper parts of the lobes are taller and narrower, while the lower parts are wider and shorter. In some cases, an additional lobe appears - the pyramidal one.

The main functions include:

ensuring cell growth;
tissue development;
support of internal systems;
stimulation of the central nervous system;
activation of mental activity;
regulation mental state;
control of compliance with metabolic norms;
promoting the positive functioning of reproductive processes.

Hormonal levels have precise requirements. It must strictly be within the boundaries of this level. Both excess and deficiency of their content are negative for the body. Symptoms of deviations vary.

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) are hormones produced by the thyroid gland. They activate the metabolism of microelements in the body. Thyroid deficiency the amount of hormones he carries medical term hypothyroidism It worsens a person's condition, making him weak and tired. Excess leads to a disease called hyperthyroidism. On the contrary, it makes a person overly excitable. A person’s weight depends on the amount of hormones, their norm or deviations.

The reasons for sudden asymptomatic weight loss, as well as sudden weight gain, come from the functioning of the thyroid gland. Treatment of an organ is based on the characteristics of the dysfunction. The method of therapeutic intervention is determined after tests that show hormonal levels.

You cannot ignore the noticeable symptoms of changes in the body. The development of the disease occurs at different speeds and can progress to a dangerous stage for humans - malignant tumor.

Thyroid diseases

The most common diseases are: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter.

One pathology is hypothyroidism (decreased hormones). The disease disrupts the functioning of the organ.

Symptoms of this pathology:

depressive state;
demotion blood pressure;
deviation from normal temperature;
muscle spasms;
disturbances in sleep quality;
failure in the cyclogram of menstruation in women.

Another pathology is hyperthyroidism (increased amounts of hormones).

Signs of this deviation are:

Dramatic weight loss.
High temperature bodies.
Excessive sweating.
Tremor of arms and legs.
Weak soft muscles.
Change in mental state frequent irritability.
Feeling of danger and fear.
Loss of sleep.

The main symptom of the disease is the separation and enlargement of the eyeballs.

Goiter is a pathology in which the thyroid gland increases in size and seals appear on its surface.

Everyone should know about the possibility of the disease. Prevention of the disease will allow you to avoid problems and health problems. It is especially dangerous for those who are predisposed to defeat. The thyroid gland occurs more often due to heredity, due to wrong image life.

Goiter is characterized by an increase in size of the thyroid gland.

The disease is classified according to several parameters:

Connections with produced hormones. Hypothyroid type – low hormonal levels; hyperthyroid type – increased hormonal levels. Endemic type - not related to hormones, its cause is iodine deficiency.
Intensity of disease development. Increases gradually and uniformly diffuse type. Manifestations are uneven, different in size - nodular type. The development of the disease has both of the previous signs - mixed look.
The degree of development of the pathology. Medical sources offer 5 degrees. At the zero level, there are no goiter manifestations. In the first degree, the organ can be palpated. There are no external changes. The second level is when violations become visible. On the third, the neck becomes thicker. In the fourth degree, goiter appears brighter, with clearly defined symptoms, changes in the contours and volumes of the neck. At the fifth level, the goiter puts pressure on nearby organs.

All types of illness require specialist intervention. Any ignoring of functional disorders, tissue damage, or the appearance of neoplasms in the thyroid gland leads to a malignant course. The problem is serious. The sooner it starts medical intervention, the easier the pathology passes. The disease, which has developed into an oncological form, often leads to death.

Signs of goiter are divided into two groups: biochemical, mechanical. Biochemical ones manifest themselves when the rate of hormone production changes. Mechanical signs include symptoms from the pressure of increased organ size.

The inflammatory process is recognized by certain indicators:

There is pain and discomfort in the area where the thyroid gland is located.
The appearance of a dry cough and sore throat.
Change in vocal pitch (hoarseness).
Disturbances in child puberty (delay).
Problems with monthly cycles.
Decrease sexual desire and opportunities.
Diseases of internal systems and respiratory organs.
Deviations in the functioning of the digestive organs.
Feeling hungry.

The specialist will determine the type and degree of any disease. Diagnostics will help to draw up the correct treatment regimen and carry out the entire range of therapeutic measures. Recovery depends on a timely visit to an endocrinologist.

To find necessary funds and medications must be carried out special diagnostics, get your thyroid tested. Before the examination, the doctor conducts visual inspection, palpation. The specialist will listen to all descriptions of the patient’s ailments. Then diagnostic procedures determined by the doctor are prescribed.

Analysis of hormone levels in the blood:

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland;
biopsy;
X-ray;
tomography.

Each procedure provides additional characteristics of the disease. A detailed picture of the pathology is created.

If the increase is small, then the main method of therapy is to choose a diet. Changing food products is aimed at saturating the body with iodine. If necessary, the diet is changed to reduce iodine intake. Another option for bringing its functioning back to normal is prescribing hormonal medications.

Rapid increase requires drug treatment and surgical intervention.

Treatment of the thyroid gland according to traditional recipes

Folk healers used various recipes for tinctures and mixtures to treat disorders.

The thyroid gland is treated with the following compounds:

Honey, walnuts, buckwheat. The nuts are ground into flour. Raw buckwheat, honey and nut flour mixed. Honey – 1 glass, 0.5 tbsp. nuts and buckwheat. Eat the prepared mixture throughout the day. Repeat the dose every 3 days throughout the entire course of treatment.
Walnuts, alcohol. The nuts are crushed (nuts and shells) almost into a flour mass. You will need 25 pieces of nuts for one serving. Pour 1.5 tbsp. alcohol (vodka). The tincture takes a month to prepare; you need to stir the liquid. Then the mixture is filtered, taken 3 times during the day, 1 teaspoon before meals.
Sea buckthorn, olive oil, iodine. The berries of the medicinal bush are passed through a juicer. The recipe requires the remaining cake. They insist on him for two weeks sea buckthorn oil. The resulting mixture is used to lubricate the seals on the neck. For better results, apply an iodine mesh on top.

Folk recipes suggest using them as food healthy products. Chokeberry(juice, fruit drink, jam, tea are prepared from it); seaweed (in the form of salad, soup), potatoes (juice).

Treatment with folk remedies helps to effectively receive positive result, disease prevention. The advantage is that the recipes are inexpensive. This method is used with a small family budget. Plants, berries and herbs can be found independently and grown on the site. The prepared infusions and ointments will be environmentally friendly and will not cause harm to the human body.

Formation on the surface of the thyroid gland in the form of a capsule with liquid - pathological disorder, called a cyst. Its formation is associated with impaired circulation in the follicular tissues of the gland. The follicle expands in volume, creating a cystic compaction.

The signs of pathology are as follows:

Constant feeling obstruction in the throat.
Difficulties and obstructions in breathing.
Dry, hard cough.
Hoarseness of voice.
Noticeable external change vote.
Increased body temperature.
Pain in the throat area.
Enlarged lymph nodes.

Cysts themselves are not dangerous. They can be cured, the main thing is to start on time therapeutic complex. The complications that a cyst leads to are dangerous if there is no treatment or it is incorrect. Girls and women are more often affected by the disease.

Methods for detecting gland cysts do not differ from those used for general examination:

Analysis of blood hormonal levels.
Ultrasound. To determine volumes and internal structure seals.
Computer tomography.
Biopsy. Take for study inside the capsule.

The biopsy is performed by a professional in a hospital setting. Equipment – a special medical needle. The entire process takes place under ultrasound control, under general anesthesia. Substances, elements of internal tissues and cells of the cyst are studied under professional microscopic magnification.

The cyst requires immediate intervention, so doctors proceed from the level of neglect. Puncture is often used for analysis. This medical procedure is comparable to taking a blood test from a vein. The capsule liquid is aspirated through a needle. The procedure takes place without pain relief.

Puncture - the beginning of treatment of the cyst. After this, hormone-containing drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed. If a pus cyst is detected in the capsular fluid, a course of antibiotics is administered. If the patient experiences rapid growth of the cyst and an increase in the number of pathological lumps, surgical methods are started. If the cysts are small in size, the doctor prescribes monitoring and observation. Detection of pathology in the early stages allows for a favorable prognosis. The patient avoids the appearance of cancer. A delay in complex therapy leads to dangerous complications. Therefore, initiation of treatment should not be delayed in the hope that the disease will pass without medical intervention.

The best method of disease prevention is a correct lifestyle, active position, proper nutrition.

There are a number of measures that have positive influence:

positive emotions;
refusal stressful situations and nervousness;
control over nutrition, especially iodine and vitamin saturation;
avoidance of carcinogenic foods;
maintaining personal hygiene and rules protecting against harmful substances;
choice of drink green tea;
natural removal of toxic substances;
introduction of healthy berries, fruits, vegetables into the diet pure form or preparing juices and fruit drinks from them.

Goiter, cyst, pathological lump left without attention or treatment long time, leads to a transition to malignant stage. The first manifestations of the disease can be noticed with the appearance of hoarseness and cough. Signs cancerous tumor you may not even notice. They can appear at the stage of metastasis. A goiter is already a reason to urgently consult a doctor. Metastases appear quickly. They spread to the lungs, worsen the condition of the bones, cause headaches, and affect other systems. A positive prognosis is possible with examination at the early stages of development. Patients with health problems require systematic, regular visits to an endocrinologist.

Cancer therapy is carried out using all possible methods:

operating;
chemotherapy;
radiation therapy;
hormone therapy.

Thyroid diseases have symptoms that vary in form. Therapy also includes different means and recommended medications. The main goal is a positive outcome.

The thyroid gland is small in size and volume internal organ, performing big circle tasks and functions. The course of most physiological processes depends on its actions. The basis of the pathology is deficiency or excess of iodum.

Disorders of the thyroid gland have become one of the most frequently diagnosed health problems of our time. A dangerous and terrible consequence of a seemingly harmless enlargement of a small organ is the transition to the cancerous stage of the disease. It is important to know everything about the thyroid gland and not to miss its signs in yourself and your loved ones.

The thymus gland (thymus or thymus gland) is an organ of human immunity and hematopoiesis, responsible for the synthesis of certain types of white blood cells. The gland is located directly behind the sternum in the upper mediastinum. An atypical arrangement of thymus lobules in the thickness of the thyroid gland, in the fatty tissue, is rare. posterior mediastinum or between the muscles of the neck. This arrangement is called aberrant and occurs in a quarter of the world's population. A predisposing factor for the aberrant location of the thymus gland is birth defects hearts.

The organ has a pinkish-gray color and a soft consistency with a lobular structure. A healthy thymus consists of two large lobes and has the shape of a fork with two teeth, which gave rise to the second name of the organ. A damaged gland can change its shape. The lobes are covered on top with a connective tissue capsule with bridges extending into the thickness of the gland. Bridges separate the lobes into smaller lobes. The weight of the gland in a newborn and infant is about 15-17 g, the size does not exceed 4-5 cm, and the thickness is 0.5 cm. The thymus reaches its maximum size at the beginning of puberty - 8-16 cm in length, and the weight doubles times. After this, in adults, the gland gradually undergoes reverse development - involution - and practically merges with the fatty tissue surrounding it. Involution can be physiological (age-related) and accidental - due to stressful effects on the body.

The blood supply to the thymus is carried out by the branches of the internal mammary artery, aorta and thyroid arteries. Outflow there's blood coming out through the internal thoracic and brachiocephalic veins. Innervated by branches of the vagus nerves and the sympathetic trunk.

Histology of the thymus

The thymus develops from the ectoderm and contains cells of epithelial and hematopoietic origin. Conventionally, the entire substance of the thymus gland is divided into cortex and medulla. The cortex contains:

cells that form the blood-thymus barrier - supporting cells;
stellate cells that secrete hormones;
“nanny” cells, between the processes of which T-lymphocytes develop and mature;
T lymphocytes are white blood cells;
thymic macrophages.

The medulla contains a large number of maturing T-lymphocytes. When these cells pass through all stages of their development, they are sent into the bloodstream through venules and veins, ready to carry out immune function.

Thus, the T lymphocyte appears and begins to mature in the cortex, and then, as it matures, moves into the medulla. This process lasts about 20-22 days.

As they move from the cortex to the brain and from the brain to the general bloodstream, T-lymphocytes undergo selection - positive and negative selection. During this process, cells “learn” to recognize foreign and distinguish their own from foreign. According to scientists' research, only 3-5% of T cells go through both stages of selection and enter the systemic blood flow. Selection allows you to determine which cells fully perform their function and which do not need to be released into the bloodstream.

What processes does the thymus regulate?

The main role of the thymus is cell differentiation and maturation T cell immunity- T-lymphocytes. Proper development and the selection of these cells leads to the formation of many receptors for foreign substances and, as a consequence, to an immune response upon contact with them.

The second function of the thymus gland is the synthesis of hormones, such as:

thymosin;
thymulin;
thymopoietin;
insulin-like growth factor-1;
thymic humoral factor.

Thymic hormones influence the function of T lymphocytes and the degree of their activity. A number of studies have shown the activating effect of thymic hormones on the central nervous system.

Thymosin

This hormone is a polypeptide protein synthesized in epithelial cells stroma of the organ and performs functions such as:

regulation of development musculoskeletal system by controlling calcium metabolism;
regulation of carbohydrate metabolism;
increased synthesis of pituitary hormones - gonadotropins;
increased synthesis of T-lymphocytes before puberty;
regulation of antitumor protection.

If its activity or secretion is insufficient, T-cell failure develops in the human body - up to absolute absence cells. Clinically this manifests itself sharp decline protection against infections, the dominance of severe and atypical forms of infectious diseases.

Thymopoietin

Thymopoietin is a peptide hormone of 49 amino acids. It is involved in the differentiation and maturation of T cells in the cortex and medulla and determines in which of several types of T-lymphocytes a particular cell matures.

Another function of the hormone is to block neuromuscular transmission. It also has the property of immunomodulation - this is the ability of the hormone, if necessary, to suppress or enhance the synthesis and activity of T cells.

Timulin

The protein hormone thymulin influences the final stages of T-cell differentiation. It stimulates cell maturation and recognition of foreign agents.

From common influences on the body, there is an increase in antiviral and antibacterial protection by increasing the production of interferons and enhancing phagocytosis. Also, under the influence of thymulin, tissue regeneration is accelerated. The determination of thymulin is decisive in assessing the effectiveness of treatment of thymus diseases.

Other hormones

In its own way chemical structure Insulin-like growth factor-1 is similar to insulin. Regulates the mechanisms of differentiation, development and growth of cells, participates in glucose metabolism. In muscle cells, the hormone has growth-stimulating activity, is able to shift metabolism and promote increased fat burning.

The thymic humoral factor is responsible in the body for stimulating the proliferation of lymphocytes.

Diseases of the thymus gland

Diseases of the thymus gland are practically never found in adults; most often, pathology is registered in children under the age of one year. The most common and best studied diseases of the thymus are:

MEDAC syndrome;
DiGeorge syndrome;
myasthenia gravis;
various tumors.

Inflammation of the thymic stroma is rare.

Tumor diseases of the thymus include the following:

thymomas and hyperplasias are benign neoplasms in which the gland is enlarged in size;
hypoplasia, or underdevelopment of the organ;
T-cell lymphoma;
pre-T-lymphoblastic tumors with transformation into leukemia or cancer;
neuroendocrine tumors.

Thymus diseases have a variety of clinical manifestations, but some symptoms are common to all:

breathing problems;
heaviness of eyelids;
chronic fatigue;
muscle weakness and rarely muscle pain;
decreased resistance to infections.

Most diseases of the thymus gland are life-threatening for the child, therefore, if a pathology of the thymus gland is suspected, urgent consultations with an immunologist and hematologist are necessary.

The doctor’s examination plan includes:

general and biochemical tests blood;
determination of thymus hormone activity;
immunogram;
Ultrasound of the gland.

What is a colloid thyroid nodule?

Colloid nodule of the thyroid gland, what is it? This is a pathology characterized by the appearance benign neoplasms. Their presence is not dangerous to human life, but plays an important role in the diagnosis of diseases of the endocrine system. Colloid nodes in the thyroid gland are found in most patients of endocrinologists, but most often they are benign. Colloid is a viscous mass that fills the follicle of the gland, so it is not considered atypical for of this body. This substance is formed in the tissues responsible for the production of thyroid hormones. Microscopic analysis reveals that the node consists of glandular cells, blood and colloid. It does not contain foreign inclusions, which means it is safe for health.

Reasons for the development of the disease

The role of the thyroid gland in the human body cannot be overestimated. The organ, which is relatively small in size, must produce many hormones that are distributed throughout the body. Chronic and infectious diseases, stress, unfavorable environmental conditions force the gland to work at an accelerated pace, which leads to organic and functional disorders. Some parts of the organ begin to produce hormones unevenly, which is accompanied by dilation of blood vessels and an increase in tissue density. This is how colloidal nodes of the thyroid gland are formed.

The main reasons for the appearance of colloidal nodes in the thyroid gland are considered to be: unfavorable environmental conditions, stress, high physical activity, chronic diseases, iodine deficiency in the body, unhealthy diet, puberty, pregnancy. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of nodular changes. All residents of our country experience a deficiency of this element, with the exception of people living in Crimea and the Far East. Iodine is considered an essential substance, without which the thyroid gland cannot produce hormones.

Clinical picture

In the early stages of development of the node, no symptoms appear. More often, the reason for visiting a doctor is a significant increase in the size of the gland. In this case, symptoms of the mechanical effect of the node on the surrounding tissues appear: pressure in the organ area, difficulty swallowing and breathing, sore throat, cough. On late stages The disease changes the timbre and volume of the voice. Constant compression of large vessels and nerve endings can affect the central nervous system: headaches, dizziness, and tinnitus appear. Pain in the neck occurs when the node rapidly increases in size, hemorrhages or inflammatory processes occur.

Depending on the extent of the pathological process, the thyroid gland can enlarge on one or both sides. If the size of the node exceeds 1 cm, a person can detect it on his own. Depending on the degree of dysfunction of the thyroid gland, the clinical picture of the disease may vary. Symptoms of hypothyroidism appear when the colloidal mass begins to replace healthy cells glands. Appears general weakness, intellectual abilities decrease, appetite is lost. The patient's body swells, metabolic processes in the body slow down, weight begins to increase, and the skin becomes dry.

When the thyroid gland begins to produce increased amounts of hormones, a person experiences symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This condition manifests itself in the form of irritability, increased fatigue, aggression. Appetite increases, but the person loses weight, digestive processes are disrupted, which manifests itself in the form of diarrhea. Body temperature may rise and tachycardia may develop. If the process of hormone production is not disrupted, the only sign of the disease will be hardening of the thyroid gland and an increase in its size. Growing nodes compress large vessels and nerve endings, which leads to a feeling of a lump in the throat, problems with breathing and swallowing.

Diagnosis and treatment of the disease

The nature of the nodes in the thyroid gland can be determined only after full examination. It starts with palpation cervical region, in which pathological changes are detected. Additional diagnostic methods include: biopsy, ultrasound of the thyroid gland, CT or MRI, blood test for hormones, radioisotope scanning. Based on the results of diagnostic procedures, the endocrinologist identifies the presence of organic and functional changes in the thyroid gland. A biopsy is prescribed in the presence of large colloid nodules. Despite the fact that in most cases nodal changes are benign, it is necessary to study the structure of the largest of them.

If the pathological process is asymptomatic, treatment may not begin immediately. It is recommended to observe the neoplasm for several years. Your doctor may prescribe iodine supplements to restore thyroid function. The patient may wish to get rid of the colloid node surgically, but doctors do not recommend such operations. After resection, the thyroid tissue begins to grow faster.

Surgery should be performed if there is absolute readings: compression of large vessels and nerve endings by a knot, development increased amount hormones. Radical operations They are also used for the malignant nature of the pathological process. Depending on the size of the tumor and the presence of metastases, the thyroid gland can be partially or completely removed.

In other cases, treatment of colloid nodes begins with eliminating the cause of their occurrence. For example, if toxic goiter contributed to the accumulation of colloidal mass, it is necessary to regulate the production of hormones by the thyroid gland and restore the functions of all organs and systems. If the cause of the appearance of nodal changes is not clear, symptomatic therapy is carried out aimed at eliminating discomfort associated with the mechanical effect of the colloidal node on surrounding tissues.

There are several methods of conservative treatment: drug therapy aimed at eliminating dysfunction of the thyroid gland; minimally invasive surgical interventions — laser treatment or sclerosis of colloid nodes. Before prescribing a particular drug, a blood test for hormones should be performed to assess the functionality of the organ. The patient should be asked for any allergic reactions to medicines. In most cases, derivatives of thyroxine and thyroidin are prescribed.

A correctly selected treatment regimen allows you to avoid the development of dangerous complications. Colloid nodes are a fairly common phenomenon; there are no specific preventive measures. A person should closely monitor his health, regularly visit an endocrinologist, eat right and take iodine supplements. It is necessary to avoid exposure to radiation and visiting places with unfavorable environmental situation. This will help maintain the health of the thyroid gland, normalize the structure of its tissues, and improve general condition body.

Hormonal functions of the thyroid gland and their disorders

Location

Linking deviations from the norm in their condition with thyroid pathology, patients wonder where the thyroid gland is located, since this is where diagnosis begins - with palpation.

The gland is located under the larynx, at the level of the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra. It covers the top of the trachea with its lobes, and the isthmus of the gland lies directly in the middle of the trachea.

The shape of the gland resembles a butterfly with wings tapering upward. The location does not depend on gender, in a third of cases there may be a slight additional part of the gland in the shape of a pyramid, which does not affect its functioning if present from birth.

The mass of the thyroid gland reaches 25 grams, and the length is no more than 4 cm. The width is on average 1.5 cm, the thickness is similar. The volume is measured in milliliters and is equal to up to 25 ml in men and up to 18 ml in women.

Functions

The thyroid gland is an internal secretion organ responsible for the production of hormones. The functions of the thyroid gland include hormonal regulation through the production of a certain type of hormone. Thyroid hormones include iodine, since another function of the gland is the storage and biosynthesis of iodine into a more active organic function.

Gland hormones

Patients who are referred for laboratory diagnosis of thyroid diseases mistakenly believe that the thyroid hormones TSH, AT-TPO, T3, T4, and calcitonin are being examined. It is important to distinguish which hormones are produced by the thyroid gland and which are produced by other internal secretion organs, without which the thyroid gland simply will not work.

TSH is a thyroid-stimulating hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland, not the thyroid gland. But it regulates the functioning of the thyroid gland, activates the uptake of iodine from the blood plasma by the thyroid gland.
AT-TPO are antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, a non-hormonal substance that is produced by the immune system as a result of pathological processes and autoimmune diseases.

Directly thyroid hormones and their functions:

Thyroxine – T4 or tetraiodothyronine. Represents thyroid hormones, is responsible for lipid metabolism, lowering the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood, supports bone metabolism.
Triiodothyronine - T3, the main hormone of the thyroid gland, since thyroxine also has the property of being converted into triiodothyronine by adding another iodine molecule. Responsible for the synthesis of vitamin A, lowering cholesterol concentrations, activating metabolism, accelerating peptide metabolism, and normalizing cardiac activity.
Thyrocalcitonin is not specific hormones, since it can also be produced by the thymus and parathyroid glands. Responsible for the accumulation and distribution of calcium in bone tissue, in fact, strengthening it.

Based on this, the only thing the thyroid gland is responsible for is the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. But the hormones it produces perform a number of functions.

Secretion process

The work of the thyroid gland does not even begin in the gland itself. The process of production and secretion, first of all, begins with “commands” from the brain about the lack of thyroid hormones, and the thyroid gland implements them. The secretion algorithm can be described in the following stages:

First, the pituitary gland and hypothalamus receive a signal from receptors that the level of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the blood is low.
The pituitary gland produces TSH, which activates the uptake of iodine by thyroid cells.
The gland, capturing iodine received from food in inorganic form, begins its biosynthesis into a more active, organic form.
Synthesis occurs in the follicles that make up the body of the thyroid gland, and which are filled with colloidal fluid containing thyroglobulin and peroxidase for synthesis.
Received organic form iodine attaches to thyroglobulin and is released into the blood. Depending on the number of attached iodine molecules, thyroxine is formed - four iodine molecules, or triiodothyronine - three molecules.
In the blood, T4 or T3 is released separately from globulin, and it is again captured by gland cells for use in further synthesis.
The pituitary gland receptors receive a signal that there is a sufficient amount of hormones, and TSH production becomes less active.

Accordingly, having discovered signs of thyroid disease, the doctor prescribes a study not only of the concentration of thyroid hormones, but also of the hormones that regulate it, as well as antibodies to an important component of the colloid - peroxidase.

Gland activity

On at the moment Medicine divides all thyroid pathologies into three conditions:

Hyperthyroidism is a dysfunction of the thyroid gland, in which the activity of secretion increases and an excess amount of thyroid hormones enters the blood, metabolic processes in the body increase. Thyrotoxicosis is also classified as a disease.
Hypothyroidism is a dysfunction of the thyroid gland, in which an insufficient amount of hormones is produced, as a result of which metabolic processes slow down due to lack of energy.
Euthyroidism is a disease of the gland as an organ that does not have any hormonal manifestations, but is accompanied by pathology of the organ itself. Diseases include hyperplasia, goiter, and nodular formations.

Thyroid diseases in women and men are diagnosed through the TSH level, a decrease or increase in which indicates reactivity or hypoactivity of the gland.

Diseases

Women experience symptoms of thyroid disease more often because hormonal fluctuations affect the menstrual cycle, which forces the patient to seek help from a doctor. Men more often attribute typical thyroid symptoms to fatigue and overexertion.

The main and most common diseases:

Hypothyroidism;
Nodular, diffuse or mixed goiter;
Malignant formations of the gland.

Each of these diseases is characterized by a special clinical picture and stages of development.

Hypothyroidism

This is a syndrome of chronic decrease in the secretion of T3 and T4, which helps to slow down the body's metabolic processes. At the same time, the symptoms of thyroid disease may not be felt for a long time, progress slowly, and disguise themselves as other diseases.

Hypothyroidism can be:

Primary – with pathological changes in the thyroid gland;
Secondary – with changes in the pituitary gland;
Tertiary – with changes in the hypothalamus.

The causes of the disease are:

Thyroiditis occurring after inflammation of the thyroid gland;
Iodine deficiency syndrome;
Rehabilitation after radiation therapy;
Postoperative period of removal of tumors and goiters.

Symptoms of hypofunctional thyroid disease are:

Slowing heart rate, heart rate;
Dizziness;
Pale skin;
Chills, trembling;
Hair loss, including eyebrows;
Swelling of the face, legs, arms;
Changes in voice, its rudeness;
Constipation;
Increased liver size;
Weight gain despite decreased appetite;
Loss of strength, emotional inertia.

Hypothyroidism is usually treated hormonal drugs, replenishing the lack of thyroid hormones in the body. But it should be understood that such treatment is advisable in a chronic case, which is diagnosed most often. If the disease is detected in the early stages, there is a chance to stimulate the functioning of the organ by eliminating the root causes and temporarily taking hormones of a different class.

This disease is called lady's disease, since for every ten patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, there are nine women. Excessive production of hormones leads to acceleration of metabolic processes, stimulation of cardiac activity, disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system and autonomic nervous system. Bright pronounced signs disease and advanced form is called thyrotoxicosis.

Reasons for the development of pathology:

Graves' syndrome, Plummer - goiters of an autoimmune or viral nature;
Malignant formations in the thyroid or pituitary gland;
Possible development due to long-term treatment arrhythmic drugs.

Often the disease strikes women after menopause due to hormonal imbalance, not being a consequence of tumors or goiters.

In this case, the main signs of the thyroid gland in women:

Accelerated heartbeat;
Atrial fibrillation;
Humidity, hotness of the skin;
Trembling of fingers;
Tremor can reach amplitudes, as in Parkinson's disease;
Increased body temperature, fever;
Increased sweating;
Diarrhea with increased appetite;
Loss of body weight;
Increased liver size;
Irritability, short temper, insomnia, anxiety.

Treatment involves taking thyreostatics - drugs that reduce the activity of thyroid hormone secretion. Thyreostatics include drugs Thiamazole, Diiodotyrosine, as well as drugs that interfere with the absorption of iodine.

In addition, a special diet is prescribed, which excludes alcohol, coffee, chocolate, hot spices and herbs that can excite the central nervous system. Additionally, adrenergic blockers are prescribed to protect the heart muscle from harmful effects.

The disease has clear symptoms - already from the second stage of goiter, the gland enlarges, which means that the entire area of the neck above the collarbone, where the thyroid gland is located, takes on a distorted outline.

Goiter can be nodular, diffuse and diffuse-nodular. The causes of the disease are quite differentiated - it may also be iodine deficiency, independently developing syndrome, and excessive amounts of hormones.

Symptoms depend on the degree of goiter, of which five are identified in medicine:

In the first degree, the isthmus of the gland increases, which can be felt when swallowing;
The second degree is characterized by an increase in both the isthmus and the lateral lobes of the gland, which are visible when swallowing and clearly palpable;
At the third stage, the gland covers the entire wall of the neck, distorting its outline and is visible to the naked eye;
The fourth degree is characterized by a clearly visible goiter, even visually, and a change in the shape of the neck;
The fifth degree is indicated by a huge goiter, which compresses the trachea, blood vessels and nerve endings of the neck, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, swallowing, tinnitus, memory and sleep disturbances.

A characteristic but nonspecific symptom of this thyroid disease in women is severe protrusion of the eyes, amenorrhea for up to six months or more, which is often confused with early menopause.

Treatment consists of hormonal therapy in the early stages, in later stages it is suggested surgery to remove part of an organ.

In addition, treatment depends on the type of goiter, as it is divided into Graves' syndrome, euthyroid goiter, Plummer's syndrome and Hashimoto's. An accurate determination is only possible with comprehensive diagnostics.

Malignant formations

Evolve in the background chronic diseases thyroid glands that did not respond to treatment. The proliferation of cells in the gland can be provoked and spontaneously.

The prognosis is positive, since in most cases it is diagnosed early stage and is treatable. Only possible relapses require vigilance.

Symptoms:

Pain syndrome in the neck area;
Seals whose growth dynamics are noticeable even within two weeks;
Hoarse voice;
Difficulty breathing;
Poor swallowing;
Sweating, weight loss, weakness, poor appetite;
Non-infectious cough.

At timely diagnosis enough drug therapy. In later stages, surgical removal is indicated.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of any thyroid disease begins with taking an anamnesis. Then an ultrasound is prescribed for:

Timely detection of thyroid nodules, cysts, tumors;
Determination of organ size;
Diagnosis of deviations from the norm by size and volume.

Laboratory diagnostics involves analysis of:

AT-TPO;
T3 – general and free;
T4 – general and free;
Tumor markers for suspected tumor;
General blood and urine analysis.

In some cases, a biopsy of organ tissue may be prescribed to clarify the diagnosis if laboratory diagnostics it wasn't enough. It is not recommended to independently interpret test results and make a diagnosis, since the norm of thyroid hormones is different for each gender, age, disease, and the influence of chronic diseases. Self-treatment of autoimmune diseases and especially oncological diseases may result in a threat to health and life.

How safe is surgery to remove thyroid cancer?

Treatment of thyroid hyperplasia

What does a cough with thyroid problems mean?

Features of the course of autoimmune thyroiditis

How to recognize and treat thyroid cysts

Reasons for the development of adenoma in the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea), being the largest endocrine gland in the human body, produces and stores iodine-containing hormones. They influence all metabolic reactions and many processes that determine the supply and consumption of energy in the body.

Organ structure

The shape resembles a horseshoe with a concavity facing inward. If it is supplemented with a pyramidal lobe, then it is shaped like a trident pointing upward. The skin is protected from external influences of iron, subcutaneous tissue, muscles and fascia of the neck (fascia cervicalis).

The fascia of the neck forms a connective tissue capsule (capsula thyroidea), which loosely connects with the fibrous capsule (capsula fibrosa) and fixes the gland to nearby muscles. Outer surface The capsule is closely fused with the larynx and trachea, with the pharynx and esophagus - the connection is loose. It is limited above (the lateral lobes) by the thyroid cartilage, and below by 5-6 rings of the trachea.

The gland is made up of two unequal sized lateral lobes: the right (lobus dexter) and the left (lobus sinister), which are connected by an isthmus (isthmus glandulae thiroidea), sometimes this strip of tissue is absent.

In addition to the listed main structural links, this gland has another, irregularly occurring lobe, called pyramidal (lobus pyramidalis), which extends either from the isthmus or from the lateral lobe - more often from the left and less often from the right. This additional part resembles a narrow tongue and is directed upward; sometimes its tip can reach the body of the hyoid bone.

The thyroid gland is located inside a fibrous capsule. The layer enclosed between the connective tissue membranes of this organ is filled loose cloth, intertwined with arteries and veins of the organ. The fibrous capsule has the appearance of a thin fibrous plate (inseparable from the parenchyma of the gland), which directs processes into the body and crushes it into fuzzy single lobules (lobuli).

In the body of the organ, supporting tissue is formed from thin connective tissue layers rich in vessels and nerves - stroma. The layers contain C-cells (parafollicular) and B-cells (Ashkinasi cells), and the loops of the layers contain A-cells (follicular).

The growth of the thyroid gland is achieved through the formation of follicles.

The body of the thyroid gland (parenchyma) is composed of two types of cells. The first is follicles (or thyrocytes) in the shape of an oval, the cavity of which is filled with colloid (the main part of this mass is iodine-containing protein); they are prepared for the production of hormones T3 and T4 containing iodine molecules. The walls of the follicle are formed by a single-layer epithelium, spreading along basement membrane. The second type of cells are special parafollicular or C-cells designed to secrete the hormone calcitonin.

Location

The thyroid gland is located in the anterior region of the neck under the Adam's apple and presses against lower sections larynx and upper section trachea, clasping it on the left and right. The corner points of the upper border of both lobes (lobi dexter et sinister) almost reach the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx, and the lower points reach the V-VI tracheal cartilages. The lateral lobes at the back are in contact with the neurovascular bundles of the neck.

The shape and size of the lobes are prone to significant fluctuations. Characteristic for women larger size than for men. Pregnant women have larger glands than non-pregnant women.

The isthmus of the organ almost always covers the second or third tracheal cartilages. But a different picture is observed when it is located at the height of the first tracheal ring. The sizes of both lobes are much larger compared to the size of the isthmus; The isthmus can be very narrow, sometimes it is absent, and the right and left lobes are connected to each other by a connective tissue bridge.

Important! According to the anatomical structure, the thyroid gland is an unpaired organ.

A distinctive feature of the thyroid gland is the existence of tightly wrapped vessels. Such a dense network blood vessels promotes the continuous supply of hormones into the blood. As a result of this process, the organ actively responds to signals from the pituitary gland and changes the production of hormones at the moment to suit the needs of the body.

Normal activity or pathological changes in the thyroid gland are determined by scanning with an ultrasound machine.

A healthy thyroid gland without abnormalities has:

clear contours of the thyroid gland;
homogeneous fabric structure;
against the background of blood vessels and muscles, the gland has a significantly lighter background;
nodules above 3 ml are not detected;
the structure of the lymph nodes in the neck is clear.

Thyroid size and weight depending on gender and age

Average statistical values of the norm of thyroid mass (in grams):

in an adult = 11.5 - 25
in a born child = 2 - 3.5

The lateral lobes of the thyroid gland correspond to sizes in the range (in centimeters):

length 2 - 4,
width 1 - 2,
thickness 1, 3 - 2, 2.

What are the normal sizes of the thyroid gland?

The norm for each individual person is dictated by the characteristics of the body, its weight category and age. The thyroid dimensions obtained during patient examination may not coincide with accepted standards. Information on the average size of the organ is presented in the tables.

Table 1. Norm in adults depending on age and body weight

Table 2. Norm for men and women depending on gender and age

The absence of changes in the shape and size of the thyroid gland, nodes and seals according to ultrasound is considered normal.

What is the main function of the thyroid gland?

Predetermined by its hormones, which determine the course of many processes in the body. Brief list:

active stabilization of skeletal muscle tone,
blood pressure level is maintained,
vitamins are exchanged,
regulation of the immune system - formation and activity of immune T cells,
control of the process of hematopoiesis - thyroxine is involved.

A decrease in the amount of hormones slows down metabolic and regenerative processes and accelerates the aging process of the body. If there are signs of dysfunction of this important organ, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which regulates its activity, is determined.