History of fascism in Western Europe. Who founded fascism
Ushakov's Dictionary
Fascism
fascis zm, fascism, pl. No, husband. (Italian fascismo from lat. fascis - a bunch of twigs, which in ancient Rome served as a symbol of power) ( neol. watered). One of the forms of open bourgeois dictatorship in some capitalist countries, which arose in Italy after the first imperialist war in the context of the general crisis of capitalism.
Political Science: Dictionary-Reference Book
Fascism
(Italian fascismo, from fascio bundle, bundle, association)
socio-political movements, ideologies and state regimes of a totalitarian type. In a narrow sense, fascism is a phenomenon of the political life of Italy and Germany in the 20-40s. 20th century In all its varieties, fascism opposes the so-called institutions and values of democracy. a new order and extremely tough means of establishing it. Fascism is based on a mass totalitarian political party (when it comes to power, it becomes a state-monopoly organization) and the unquestioned authority of the “leader”, “Fuhrer”. Total, including ideological, mass terror, chauvinism, xenophobia turning into genocide in relation to “foreign” national and social groups, towards the values of civilization hostile to it are indispensable elements of ideology and politics. Fascist regimes and movements of the fascist type widely use demagogy, populism, slogans of socialism, imperial power, and apologetics of war. Fascism finds support primarily in socially disadvantaged groups in conditions of national crises and cataclysms of modernization. Many features of fascism are inherent in various social and national movements of the right and left. Despite the apparent opposition of ideological attitudes (for example, “class” or “nation”), in terms of methods of political mobilization of society, methods of terrorist domination and propaganda, totalitarian movements and regimes of Bolshevism, Stalinism, Maoism, the Khmer Rouge, etc. are close to fascism. Given the weakness of democratic institutions, the possibility remains for the development of fascist-type movements and the transformation of fascism into a serious threat.
Culturology. Dictionary-reference book
Fascism
(it. facio - association) - an open terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, chauvinistic elements. The fascist system was first established in Italy (1922), then in Germany (1933) and a number of other countries. The ideology of fascism is based on irrationalism, chauvinism, racism and anti-humanism. In Germany, fascism acted under the guise of National Socialism. After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, there were attempts to revive the ideas of fascism in some countries.
Political science. Glossary of terms
Fascism
(from Italian fascismo - bundle, bundle, association) - a variant of a totalitarian political regime, the peculiarity of which is the desire to establish rigid, hierarchically structured power, preaching unquestioning submission to the authority of the leader, justifying the use of extreme coercive measures to ensure stability and order in the country, introduction a one-party system, a focus on the nationalization of all aspects of life and an ideological monopoly.
The birthplace of fascism is Italy and Germany. It arose in 1919 in Italy; in the 20-30s, fascist parties seized power in Italy and Germany, as well as in other capitalist countries and established an openly terrorist dictatorship in them.
Mussolini's party took as a symbol the fasces - bundles of rods with an ax in the middle, tied with a belt - the signs of dignity of the ancient Roman magistrates.
The ideology of fascism is anti-democracy and anti-Marxism. All fascist program documents contain the thesis about the ideological and actual bankruptcy of liberalism and socialism. All fascist ideologists - from Mussolini, Hitler to N. Ustryalov - denounced parliamentary democracy. Mussolini declared that the post-war experience marked the defeat of liberalism. The Russian ideologist of fascism N. Ustryalov preached that in Russia and Italy “one can rule in addition to and against any liberal ideology... People are tired of freedom... there are other words that evoke fascination, much more majestic: order, hierarchy, discipline.”
Political scientists have made more than one attempt to classify the characteristics that include such a phenomenon as fascism. One way or another, these include: absolutization of power; hatred or hostility towards other nations; reliance not on civil society, but on the authority of the leader, his will, security forces, etc.
One of the fruitful attempts of this kind belongs to the Russian scientist V. Yadov. He gave a detailed description of the fascist system of views, highlighted the main features of this ideology, which are combined with the principles of their practical implementation and are designed to satisfy certain social interests. These include:
1. The unconditional dominance of national interest over any others, i.e. international or universal.
2. Approval of the special mission of a given people (chosen, according to Nietzsche’s philosophy) in creating a fair order either throughout the world, or at least in the zone of “geopolitical interests” of a given people. Hence the principle of dividing the world into spheres of influence, which was an important element of the well-known pact of the fascist “axis” countries.
3. Rejection of the democratic system as a form of government in favor of a strong dictatorial power, which, in the interests of the entire nation, ensures a fair order and guarantees the well-being of all segments of the population, including the poor and disabled (hence “socialism”).
4. The establishment of a special, national code of moral and moral principles, a decisive rejection of any universal moral norms.
5. approval of the principle of using force (military force, a repressive regime within the country and in the zone of geopolitical interests of a given nation) to suppress dissent and, even more so, resistance to the established order through practical actions.
6. unrestrained demagoguery as a style of propaganda, i.e. appealing to the everyday interests of ordinary people and designating, depending on the situation, a national enemy (people of a different race, different political views, different religion, etc.). Constantly focusing attention on a specific (or several) dangerous enemy should contribute to the unity of the nation, the establishment of national solidarity, sanctified by this ideology.
7. Finally, the cult of a charismatic leader, a leader, is endowed with the features of foresight given from above, unconditional devotion to national interests, determination, incorruptibility and a sense of unconditional justice within the framework of the national code of moral principles.
The severity of the social problems being experienced gives rise to fascism. If the nation feels disadvantaged, people are depressed by a sense of anxiety due to the encroaching chaos, they do not trust those in power, then there are real socio-psychological prerequisites for fascism and extremism, no matter what they are called.
Konovalov V.N.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (Alabugina)
Fascism
A, m.
An open terrorist dictatorship, a totalitarian regime seeking to eradicate democracy in its own country and to forcibly subjugate other countries to its will.
* Modern fascism. *
|| adj. fascist, oh, oh.
* Fascist regime. *
Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary
Encyclopedic Dictionary
Fascism
(Italian fascismo, from fascio - bundle, bundle, association), socio-political movements, ideologies and state regimes of a totalitarian type. In a narrow sense, fascism is a phenomenon of the political life of Italy and Germany in the 20-40s. 20th century In all its varieties, fascism opposes the so-called institutions and values of democracy. a new order and extremely tough means of establishing it. Fascism is based on a mass totalitarian political party (when it comes to power, it becomes a state-monopoly organization) and unquestioned authority "leader", "Fuhrer". Total, including ideological, mass terror, chauvinism, xenophobia turning into genocide in relation to "stranger" national and social groups, to the values of civilization hostile to it are indispensable elements of ideology and politics. Fascist regimes and movements of the fascist type widely use demagogy, populism, slogans of socialism, imperial power, and apologetics of war. Fascism finds support primarily in socially disadvantaged groups in conditions of national crises and cataclysms of modernization. Many features of fascism are inherent in various social and national movements of the right and left. When there is a visible contradiction in ideological attitudes (for example, "Class" or "nation"), in terms of methods of political mobilization of society, methods of terrorist domination and propaganda, totalitarian movements and regimes of Bolshevism, Stalinism, Maoism are close to fascism, "Khmer Rouge" etc. In conditions of weakness of democratic institutions, the possibility remains of the development of fascist-type movements and the transformation of fascism into a serious threat. The winner of the defeated peoples left alive), as well as those based on this
ideology political movements, open political dictatorship and repressive
regime aimed at suppressing progressive social movements and
destruction of democracy; ideology of superiority over all other nations,
elevated to state and international politics.
Russian language dictionaries
"Fashism"
Contents of the article:
- Fascism in different countries
- Fascism today
- Video
The word fascism, translated from Italian, briefly sounds like a union or unification, and a fascist, accordingly, is an adherent of fascism. The form of government is dictatorship. The history of fascism dates back to the ancient Romans.
In the modern world, fascism is a political movement, as well as a form of power, that originated in Italy at the beginning of the last century. Later, this movement began to spread to other countries, such as in Germany during the period of Adolf Hitler's rule. Fascism is characterized by the principles of leadership, partisanship, and most importantly, violence.
Fascism and racism: what are they similar in common?
Science does not give one general opinion about the commonality of racism and fascism. Some scientists believe that fascism focused on the superiority of the nation, not the race. Therefore, these two concepts were not identified. The second point of view has become more widespread in the modern world. If fascism is a kind of teaching about a higher man, then racism fits harmoniously into this concept. According to scientists, this political movement, which originated in Italy, was much closer to racism than is commonly thought.
Fascism: main features and common features of fascist associations
The main feature of fascism is the strong role of the state in regulating all spheres of society. Fascism does not tolerate dissent and completely subjugates it using violent methods. Varieties of fascism include traditionalism, often leaderism, nationalism, anti-communism, extremism, etc.
Fascism, for the most part, originates in states with an economic crisis leading to social and political crises. The fascists used styles that were not typical for those times. All of them consisted of mass events. Also, the masculine character of the party was emphasized, in a sense the secularization of religiosity, unconditional approval and the widespread use of violence in resolving political conflicts.
Fascism includes some aspects of anti-socialism, anti-capitalism and anti-modernism. Nationalism was one of the foundations of this movement. However, small fascist movements had to take into account the ideology of other similar movements. Thus, it turns out that, despite their nationalist ideology, they had to accept the ideals of foreign models. Subsequently, both the right and left movements of Nazism began to fight this.
The Nazis brutally destroyed their political enemies. Randomly selected minority parties also fell under their reprisals.
Fascism in different countries
Briefly - fascism, and more thoroughly - the doctrine of Benitto Mussolini. He believed that the state should represent corporate power. In Italy, fascism originated in the 10s of the last century. Mussolini, having come to power, established a dictatorship. In his book "La Dottrina del Fascismo", the leader of the movement equated the word "fascism" with the system of government and this word meant "ideology".
Then fascism spread to Germany. The leader of the National Socialist Party was Adolf Hitler, who planned the seizure of European lands through the Blitzkrieg plan.
Hitler's inspiration was Mussolini. The leader of German fascism himself argued that Italian ideology became the basis for the formation of the Nazi Party in Germany. The connection between German and Italian fascism was, for example, anti-Semitism. The German fascists were the furthest from all like-minded people to advance towards their goal. The Blitzkrieg plan, which promised territorial expansion, nevertheless failed.
During the existence of German fascism, Romania formed its own Nazi party (1927-1941).
In 1934, the Second Spanish Republic emerged in Spain. This gave impetus to the beginning of Spanish fascism. The leader was José Antonio Primo de Rivera.
In 1928, the Catholic Church supported the rise to power of Oliveira Salazar. His dictatorial power lasted for about 40 years, until Oliveira fell ill and stopped governing the country. He retired. Marcel Caetano, who became the leader of Spain, put an end to the fascist regime. The new state under the leadership of Oliveira Salazar became the longest lasting of the previously existing fascist regimes.
Fascist ideology in Brazil was called integralism. The founder was Plinu Salgado. Integralism absorbed some features of Italian fascism. But the Brazilian fascists differed from the European ones in that they did not promote racism. This movement even accepted blacks into its ranks.
In Russia, fascism became widespread before the start of World War II (30s - 40s of the 20th century). Russian fascism took its inspiration from Italian Nazism. The founders were white emigrants who settled in Germany, Manchuria and the USA. Russian fascism took its name from the Black Hundred and White Movement movements. They did not pursue an active policy (except for the White emigrants from Manchuria). The only thing they were doing was being anti-Semitic. During the implementation of the Blitzkrieg plan, Russian fascists acted on the side of the invaders.
In the period from the 20s to the mid-50s of the 20th century, mainly in Western Ukraine, there existed the OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists). The main ideology was protection from the influence of Poland and the Soviet Union. The creation of an independent state was planned. The composition was to include the lands of Poland, the Soviet Union, Romania and Czechoslovakia. That is, the territories where Ukrainians lived. It was with these goals that they justified their terror. The activities of the OUN were anti-Soviet, anti-Polish and anti-communist in nature. Historians not only equate the OUN with Italian fascism, but also argue about the greater extremism of the former.
In the history of some countries, movements can be traced that are similar to the ideology of fascism, but they are in no hurry to unite them with the fascists. These movements mainly have an anti-liberal or anti-communist orientation. They use the methods of fascism, but do not set themselves the goal of creating a superior nation. For example, parafascism. This regime is authoritarian.
Fascism today
Today in Russia there is such a thing as neo-Nazism. It consists of adherence to Nazi symbols, anti-Semitism and racism.
Neo-Nazism can be either individual or organized. If organized, neo-Nazism represents an extreme form. In the media you can see reports related to the crimes of neo-Nazis. He can also reach anti-Christian and anti-Abrahamic views.
Adherents of neo-Nazism differ in their musical preferences. This is mainly rock music or patriotic songs performed with a guitar.
Neo-Nazi symbols come in different types. This could be the flag of the Russian Empire, symbols of the Third Reich, Russian symbols, Nazi symbols in general, pagan (pseudo-pagan) or their own symbols.
It is worth noting that fascist symbols today can be used as a specific type or in combination. Attributes with symbols of neo-Nazism are purchased, for the most part, through online stores. You can buy jewelry items (rings, watches, bracelets), knives and other items with symbols there.
A feature of the neo-Nazi movement in Russia is that its participants adhere to the rules of leading a healthy lifestyle.
According to representatives of this movement, power, television and the economy are not in the hands of the Slavic people. They advocate for racial purity in these industries.
The use of different types of symbols leads to conflicts among themselves.
In the USA there is such a thing as neo-fascism. During the Second World War, the United States actively fought against the Nazis, and now this movement quietly exists among the Americans. In the current political situation, there is an opinion that neo-fascists are being incited against Russia. The United States published post-war documents indicating American ties to the Nazis. The purpose of this cooperation was to unite against the Soviet Union. The deterioration of political relations between the USA and the USSR occurred partly due to the cooperation of the United States authorities with the fascists.
Despite the fact that the USSR fought the fascists with all its might, in Latvia Russians were and are called occupiers. Latvians glorify the fascists as heroes. Soviet monuments are regularly destroyed, streets are renamed, and the Russian language is destroyed throughout the country. And all this happens despite the fact that Russian-speaking citizens live in Latvia.
Lithuanian history textbooks instill in children that Lithuanians fully supported the German army, thereby freeing themselves from the oppression of the Soviet Union. The Estonian ruling circles also share the same opinion.
As we know from history, Ukraine has always been secretly divided into Western and Eastern. The massive spread of neo-fascism in Ukraine occurred and is occurring in its western part. During World War II, this part of Ukrainians supported the Nazis. Today the situation is such that Ukraine has again begun its split. The Russian-speaking population is oppressed. Can mass oppression be called fascism? The people themselves living in eastern Ukraine consider the political methods of the country's leadership to be the beginnings of fascism. The civil war today indirectly speaks of the same thing.
from Italian fascismo from - bundle, bundle, association) - English. fascism; German Faschismus. A form of movements and political dictatorship characterized by violence against the masses through a comprehensive state-political. a machine that includes a system of mass organizations and an extensive apparatus of ideological influence, complemented by a system of mass terror, widely using pseudo-revolutionary and national socialist slogans and forms of mass organization to disguise total violence.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
FASCISM
fascism) is a political ideology that dominated the parties and movements that emerged in Europe between the two world wars, forming the basis of the extreme nationalist governments of Italy in 1922-1943. and Germany in 1933-1945. and continued in batches in many countries starting in the 40s. Unlike other political ideologies of the 20th century, fascism does not have any major systematic intellectual work of political philosophy, for anti-intellectualism is an integral element of its ideology. Therefore, the principles of fascism did not receive clear outlines. However, fascists favored determinism or materialism, leading to the idea that human will, particularly when exercised by a strong leader, was called upon to overcome structural obstacles and make the impossible possible. This idea has generic similarities with the philosophical works of Friedrich Nietzsche, from which the German fascists proceeded. In addition, fascism is characterized by the following main features: extremely racist nationalism associated with territorial expansion; vicious anti-communism combined with intolerance towards most other political ideologies and independent working class organizations; the open use and glorification of physical violence and terror against these groups; reliance on a relatively mass party, organized around a powerful leadership, occupying most spheres of civil life once in power and dependent on continuous mass mobilization to maintain leadership support; the glorification of militarism, the cult of supposed masculine virtues, the treatment of women mainly as mothers and helpers of men; the predominant support of the middle classes, which constitute the main, although not the only, mass support. The experience of fascism was different. The virulent anti-Semitism of the National Socialist Party of Germany was initially absent from Italy under Mussolini. In post-war Europe, fascist parties were less open to anti-Semitism, and their racism was more often expressed towards people of non-European origin. However, British fascists claim in their party documents that post-war immigration to England from the Commonwealth was supported by the Zionists in order to weaken its racial base. So anti-Semitism is a constant feature of fascist organization and thought. Fascism is a specific phenomenon of the 20th century. Unlike previous authoritarian and militaristic governments of the 19th century. , it depends on the use of mass party organizations to gain and maintain power. The biological concepts of race on which it is based were developed only in the second half of the 19th century and were widespread in Europe at the beginning of the next century, for example in the eugenics movement. Nationalism also developed as a basis for political organization and mobilization from the mid-19th century. Despite this continuity with other general intellectual and political thought, fascism is often thought of as unique in its strength of expression of racism, nationalism, mass mobilization and expansionism. Explanations for the emergence of fascism remain the subject of wide debate on a number of issues: the role of socio-economic factors in connection with the crisis of Western capitalism after the First World War; the specificity of the political situation in Germany and Italy, caused by the relatively recent emergence of national unity and parliamentary democracy in them; general problems of industrial modernization causing social crises at certain points of transition, especially from small-scale free-competition capitalism to large-scale and broader industrial capitalism; psychological characteristics of fascist leaders and their supporters (see Authoritarian personality). See Kitchen (1976) for general information and Kershaw (1989) for the German debate. See also National Socialism; Holocaust.
Fascism (Italian) fascismo from fascio“bundle, bundle, association”) - as a political science term, is a general name for specific far-right political movements, their ideology, as well as the dictatorial-type political regimes they lead.
In a narrower historical sense, fascism refers to a mass political movement that existed in Italy in the 1920s - early 1940s under the leadership of B. Mussolini.
In ideology, historiography and propaganda in the USSR, other socialist countries and communist parties, fascism was also understood as the Nazi movement in Germany in the 20s - the first half of the 40s. XX century (see Nazism), as well as political movements in countries around the world that openly oppose communist ideology from extreme right-wing positions.
The main characteristics of fascism are: the dominance of right-wing ideology, traditionalism, radical nationalism, anti-communism, statism, corporatism, elements of populism, militarism, often leaderism, reliance on a fairly significant part of the population not belonging to the ruling classes. In some cases, fascism is characterized by rejection of the monarchy.
Fascist states are characterized by the presence of a developed economy with a strong regulatory role of the state, the nationalization of all aspects of society through the creation of a system of mass organizations, violent methods of suppressing dissent, and rejection of the principles of liberal democracy.
Fascism. Emergence and formation
Fascism arose in Italy in 1919 after the First World War out of deep disappointment with its results. Then in Europe, democratic cosmopolitan forces defeated conservative monarchical forces, but the victory of democracy did not bring the promised benefits, and a severe crisis erupted: chaos, inflation, mass unemployment. And a reaction began against such democracy. By the 1930s. gg. half of the European parliaments ceased to exist, dictatorships arose everywhere - this phenomenon was remarkable for those years.
Fascism comes from the word “fascina”, this is a bundle, a bunch of rods - a symbol of the ancient Roman state, which Mussolini used as the symbolism of the “new Rome”, as he called his state. And, in general, at first glance there was a lot of attractiveness in fascism.
Fascism as a bundle proclaimed the unity of the nation in contrast to the Marxist thesis of class struggle and in contrast to the liberal-democratic party principle. Fascism proclaimed a corporate state, built not on the party principle, when parties participate in elections and gain votes, but built on corporations - this is a natural democracy growing from the bottom up, on the basis of the industrial, professional community of people. Corporations can be, say, workers in the metallurgical industry, medicine, agriculture, and each corporation includes both management personnel and doctors, accountants, electricians, in short, all the people who are involved in it. In Japan now something similar exists on a corporate basis: the company is built as a unit of society; Mussolini wanted about the same thing, calling it “industrial democracy.” By the way, fascism was considered - no matter how strange it may sound - to be a democratic phenomenon, even by our democrats like G. Fedotov, a famous publicist and church historian, and his magazine “Novy Grad” wrote a lot about it.
What attracted fascism? why so many people succumbed to this temptation - to see in fascism something truly new, transforming the whole of Europe against the backdrop of this chaos. Here is an example from Mussolini's "Doctrine of Fascism":
“Fascism is ... a spiritual position that arose from the general movement of our century against the enfeebled materialist positivism of the 19th century ... It is a religious view that considers man in his inner connection with a higher law, an objective spirit that transcends the individual and makes him conscious a member of a spiritual community... A people is not a race or a geographical area...
It should be emphasized that in the original fascism there was no racism, which was in the Hitler regime; Italians did not consider their people better than others and a superior nation to which the world should belong, which should be conquered.
“A people is not a race or a geographical area, but a community continuously preserved in historical development, ... a personality, a spiritual phenomenon.” And further about what demands fascism made on a person: “The man of fascism suppresses in himself the instinct of selfish desire in order, instead, in a sense of duty to root the highest life of the nation, not limited by the boundaries of space and time: a life in which the individual, through self-denial and sacrifice of personal interests, even through death - realizes an extremely spiritual existence, on which his human dignity is based... Not a single action escapes moral assessment. Therefore, life in the concept of a fascist is serious, strict, religious. He creates from himself an instrument for building a decent life...”
As we see, this disciplinary, collecting, orderly principle in fascism against the backdrop of chaos and unemployment - it attracted a lot of people. And it should even be noted that the Catholic Church very ardently supported fascist reforms and the fascist movement itself, because it corresponded to social Catholic teaching, which is based on the corporate structure of society.
I will cite here V. Novikov’s introductory article to B. Mussolini’s book “The Doctrine of Fascism,” published in Paris in 1938. It perfectly characterizes the mood of the Russian emigration of those years:
“The greatest phenomenon in the life of the peoples of the post-war period is fascism, which is currently making its victorious journey throughout the world, conquering the minds of the active forces of mankind and prompting a revision and restructuring of the entire social order.”
Fascism originated in Italy and its creator is the brilliant leader of the fascist party and head of the Italian government, Benito Mussolini.
In the struggle of the Italian people against the nightmare of Red Communism looming over the country, fascism gave the Italian youth, the foremost fighters for national revival, the ideological basis for this struggle.
The communist ideology was opposed by the new ideology of the nation state, national solidarity, and national pathos.
Thanks to this, fascism created a powerful organization of an active minority, which, in the name of the national ideal, entered into a decisive war with the entire old world of communism, socialism, liberalism, democracy and, with its selfless feat, carried out a spiritual and state revolution that transformed modern Italy and marked the beginning of the Italian fascist statehood.
Having marched on Rome in October 1922, fascism seized state power and began to re-educate the people and reorganize the state, in the order of fundamental laws that finally consolidated the form of the fascist state. During this struggle, the doctrine of fascism was developed. In the charter of the fascist party, in the resolutions of party and trade union congresses, in the resolutions of the Great Fascist Council in the speeches and articles of Benito Mussolini, the main provisions of fascism were gradually formulated. In 1932, Mussolini considered it timely to give his teaching a complete formulation, which he did in his work “The Doctrine of Fascism,” placed in the 14th volume of the Italian Encyclopedia. For a separate edition of this work, he supplemented it with notes. It is very important for the Russian reader to get acquainted with this work of B. Mussolini. Fascism is a new worldview, a new philosophy, a new corporate economy, a new government doctrine. Thus, answering all the questions of human society, fascism went beyond the boundaries of national Italy. In it, general provisions were developed and found their formulation that define the emerging social structure of the 20th century, and why they acquired universal significance. In other words, the ideological content of fascism has become common property. Every people has its own nationalism, and creates the forms of its own existence; no imitation of even the best examples is acceptable. But the basic ideas of Italian fascism fertilize state building throughout the world. Currently, the ideas of fascism are widespread among the Russian emigration.
Careful study of fascism began around 1924, when an attempt was made to organize the Russian Fascist Party in Serbia. This movement was led by Prof. D.P. Ruzsky and gene. P.V. Chersky.
In 1927, this so-called “national organization of Russian fascists” published its program, which, based on the general provisions of Italian fascism, but in accordance with Russian conditions, outlined the path of the revolutionary struggle against Bolshevism and the future course of restoration of Russia liberated from communism.
However, this movement did not receive organizational development. But the ideas of fascism spread to the Far East, where the Russian emigration managed to use them and create the Russian Fascist Party in 1931, headed by a young and talented man V.K. Rodzaevsky.
Until now, R.F.P. developed extensive organizational and propaganda work, publishing the daily newspaper “Our Way” and the monthly magazine “Nation”.
At the 3rd Congress in 1935, a new party program was adopted, which represents an attempt to adapt the principles of universal fascism to Russian reality in matters of the future structure of the Russian state.
It should be noted, however, that the ideology of Russian fascism in the Far East is strongly influenced by German National Socialism and has recently been veering towards the old Russian nationalism.
But in Europe, Russian fascist thought continues to develop and its representative is the magazine "Cry", published in Belgium.
In development of the 1927 program, "Cry" published a brochure by its employee Verista (pseudonym); "Basic principles of Russian fascism." In it, the author, under the slogan of Russian fascism “God, Nation and Labor,” establishes the general provisions of Russian fascism, which is a doctrine of the national revival of Russia on the basis of a new national statehood, formulated and approved on the experience of the Italian Empire by the creator of the fascist doctrine and leader of Italian fascism B. Mussolini. With such interest of the Russian emigration in fascist teaching, one should welcome the publishing house "Vozrozhdenie", which wished to bring to the attention of the Russian reader the "Doctrine of Fascism" by B. Mussolini.
For his part, the translator considers it his duty to express his deep gratitude to B. Mussolini for his kind consent to publish the Russian translation of “The Doctrine of Fascism.”
Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin, our outstanding philosopher, gave a very good formulation of the experience of knowledge of fascist regimes by Russian emigration. He wrote that the Russians had no need to borrow all this, even valuable things that were in the authoritarian regimes of that time, directly from them, from foreign fascism; on the contrary, he wrote, fascism unconsciously sought to realize an ideal close to the Russian one. Quote:
“The state is not a mechanism of competing interests, but an organism of fraternal service, unity of faith, honor and sacrifice: this is the historical and political basis of Russia. Russia began to move away from it and was crushed. Russia will return to it again. Fascism does not give us a new idea, but only new attempts to implement this Christian, Russian national idea in our own way in relation to our conditions.”
Now everyone calls Germany of those years fascist, but the regime itself did not call itself fascist, it was National Socialism. And it was precisely the word “socialism”, the fact that there was, as it were, a socialist component in the name of this criminal regime - this was very unpleasant for left-wing journalists and, naturally, for the Soviet propaganda organs, and therefore the word fascism was very quickly drawn onto Nazism.
But the difference here is cardinal. It is that the Nazi regime was racist and set the goal of mastering the world for the German nation; all other peoples had to be either destroyed or turned into slaves. The fascists did not set themselves such goals and, for example, such a liberal figure in the Orthodox Parisian jurisdiction, a historian of the Church, like Kartashev, after the war, when the fascists had already lost everything, and it was already a utopia to make such plans, said that two countries remained - Spain and Portugal, where the principles of Christian statehood are embodied in a new way. It was brave to say this after the war, but he said it honestly. So it would be more correct for us today to say: “Victory over Nazism, not over fascism.”
This is at once an ideology, a political movement and a state regime aimed at destroying democratic principles and freedoms.
The ideology of fascism is anti-communism, racism (sorting peoples into “superior” and “inferior”), chauvinism (preaching national exclusivity), the emergence of a cult of the leader (leader), violence, control over the individual, total state power, militarization (building up military power) , aggression (use of force against the independence of other states or peoples), rejection of humanism, nationalism.
This ideology was supported by many. Even Pope Pius XI was delighted that Mussolini was not bothered by the “prejudices of liberalism.”
Social and political roots and essence of fascism
The desire for dictatorship existed even before the word “fascism” appeared. This concept was created by the global economic crisis of the 1930s., as an opportunity for monopolists to save their position in society, their fear of communism and the search for a ruler who could solve all social problems (get rid of poverty, hunger, unemployment, etc.).
The origins of fascism began in Western Europe. The first in this were Italy and Germany, where the fascists managed not only to form their own party with a clearly formulated program, but also to come to power.
The social basis of fascism was lies and demagoguery. The fascists talked about the need to eliminate class inequality and promised to end unemployment and economic crises. This deception was aimed at the middle class, who had lost their jobs and life prospects. Officials and military personnel, police officers and security guards, gendarmes and workers became fascists. Hitler assured that he would give citizens the same rights and responsibilities. He swore an oath to defend and uphold the laws of the republic.
Dreams of conquering the whole world or most of it and dominating it did not interfere with the international economic relations of the fascists. Moreover, their cooperation (political and military) with other countries began with the economy.
The monopolies that sponsor it became the backbone of fascism. For example, all “coal and steel” concerns in Germany paid a mandatory contribution in the form of a tax to the presidential election campaign (1932), and three million Thyssen marks (the head of the “Steel Trust”), transferred to the Nazis during the elections, helped Hitler’s propaganda achieve stunning sizes. The Nazi Party in return gave them the opportunity to remain in power and dream of ending the strikes and world domination.
Prerequisites for the emergence of fascism:
These are: dissatisfaction with the results of the 1st World War, reparations, territorial possessions secured by the Treaty of Versailles, a thirst for a revision of the Versailles-Washington system and the redivision of the world.
Causes of fascism:
- consequences of the global economic crisis (in economics, politics and social sphere): people believed the promises of the fascists that their ideology would give a better life
- fear of communism: Western monopolists could not allow the emergence of a system similar to Soviet Russia. Fascism directly opposed this.
The history of the origins of fascism
The thesis “fascism,” when confronted with it, is perceived as a curse, although its translation and meaning do not represent anything terrible or terrible. Initially, this is just an “alliance”, “unification”, i.e. a word that does not have the content that will appear in it later.
The roots of the Italian word "fascism" are of Latin origin: in ancient Rome, lictors (guards of the consul) carried bundles of rods called "fascis". Many socialists, republicans and trade unionists of the 19th century used the thesis "fascio" - "union" to distinguish their groups.
In the first decades of the 20th century, the rightists called themselves “union,” which in 1917 united to form the Union of National Defense.
In 1915, the “Union of Revolutionary Actions” was formed, and in 1919, the militant “Union of Struggle” of Mussolini, from former front-line soldiers (radical right/fascist/ movement). It was called "Black Legion". In 1921 "unions" united, creating the "National Fascist Party" (NFP)
Thus, history of fascism in Western Europe begins with the formation of the fascist movement in Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, who considered war the highest manifestation of the human spirit, and revolution an explosion of violence.
Prerequisites for the emergence of fascism in Italy were determined by the situation that arose after the First World War. The country was among the winners, but was defeated, since it was quite seriously “deprived” by the Treaty of Versailles. Mussolini's dreams of redividing the world formed the basis for defining the ultimate goal that his party was to achieve.
The NFP of Italy was compared with the Escherich organization of Austria, the Volunteer Corps of Germany, and the “whites” of Russia, Hungary and Bavaria. Lenin equated them with the Russian “Black Hundreds,” which gave impetus to the tendency to call all anti-revolutionary movements in Russia “fascist.” Although some communists (for example, Palmiro Togliatti, Antonio Gramsci, Clara Zetkin) argued that it was impossible to call all movements directed against democracy and communism “fascist”, since in this case it was difficult to consider the specifics of Italian fascism.
The history of German fascism originates around the same time, but in the Land of the Soviets, after the V World Congress of the Comintern (1924), it was decided not only to differentiate the true manifestations of fascism, but also to call all parties of a non-communist nature “fascist”. So, for example, all social democratic parties were classified as fascist only because they defended parliamentary democracy.
An attempt to clarify this was made by Georgiy Dimitrov in 1935. during the VII World Congress of the Comintern. But no one paid attention to her.
History of German fascism, like Italian, it is rooted in the crisis of economics and social life after the 1st World War.
Reasons for the emergence of fascism in Germany these are: dissatisfaction with the results of the war (the idea of creating a Great State), social discontent due to the decline of the economy (unemployment up to 50%, production reduction by 40%, strikes), fear of the communist movement (ready to seize power), reparations, restrictions, prohibitions and territorial changes of the Treaty of Versailles.
All this led to the creation of paramilitary “voluntary” formations with a semi-fascist character. One of them was the “German Workers' Party”, in which, thanks to the support of Captain E. Rehm in Munich, Adolf Hitler quickly found himself in the leadership from an agitator, renaming it the “National Socialist German Workers' Party”.
Soon enough, not only in Italy and Germany, but also in many other countries, the fascist movement acquired an organized character, action programs took shape, and numerous parties were formed.
It is with them that the further history of the emergence of fascism, which covered many other European countries, is connected. However, in each country fascism had its own specifics. All of them were initially different economically and socially. Only their political situation was similar: democracy here was not stable. In addition to Italy and Germany, these were Spain, Austria and Hungary, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, Hungary and Romania, Finland, Poland and Lithuania. Thus, the interwar period became the “era of fascism.”
The history of German fascism differs from others in its preconditions laid down in the economy and social sphere: the social support of fascism in Germany was not the impoverished layers of the rural population, as in Italy, but the layers of small entrepreneurs ruined and declassified by the economic crisis. Fascism in these countries had more differences than similarities.
The emergence of fascism was encouraged by the governments of these countries, but only in some of them did fascists occupy leadership positions at the top of power. Therefore, in each of the countries listed above and those not listed (France, England, USA), fascism took different forms, manifesting itself to a greater or lesser extent.
In Soviet literature, almost all countries of the world (from Austria to Japan) are described as “fascist”. This seriously eroded the very concept of “fascism”, turning it into a dirty word, and not noticing some similarities between communist and fascist parties (for example, in the unacceptability of parliamentary democracy, the practice of power). Of course, they cannot be identified because of the global differences in the structure of power, goals and social systems to which they led.
A detailed history of German, French, Italian and many others fascism is posted in separate articles.
National specificity of fascism
In Italy– it was totalitarianism (full control of the state), the creation of a “corporate state” (where class struggle was abolished), dreams of how the Mediterranean Sea would turn into an “Italian lake”, and an empire would be created in Africa (the revival of the “greatness of ancient Rome”)
In Germany- it was Nazism with plans to liquidate the Treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain, seize numerous lands and colonies and create Great Germany on them.
In England and France fascism was considered a measure to strengthen capitalism, and the coming war was considered a means of getting rid of the hated Soviet Union. But there was no direct threat to the monopolies, and they preferred to preserve democratic forms in the state structure, leaving the fascist groups a “bench.”
Fascist dictatorships were able to arise only in a few states. The forms of dictatorships came in different variants: fascist, monarcho-fascist, semi-fascist, military dictatorship. Sometimes the names were generated by the locality (“sanation” in Poland).
In Bulgaria, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Romania At the same time, parliaments were not dissolved, but they served dictatorships, and only a small fraction of voting rights remained (this is how they were curtailed).
In Spain During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the Cortes were disbanded.
In Yugoslavia after the coup (1929) the People's Assembly was liquidated. The Italian Duce ruled the country while maintaining the power of the king.
A strong base of fascism developed only in Germany and Italy. Here “Führerism” appeared - the power of dictators not limited by laws. There were no “Führers” in other states. Pilsudski (Poland) and several rulers in Latin America were similar.
The dictatorship of a number of countries had a monarcho-fascist form, that is, it relied on the power of the king (in Greece and Yugoslavia), the tsar (in Bulgaria), and the emperor (in Japan).
The differences between fascism in different countries came down to the degree of severity of racism, chauvinism, rejection of communists and Soviet Russia as a whole, as well as the destruction of those who were against it.
