In different years in past centuries, foreign conquerors have repeatedly tried to conquer Rus', but it stands, unbroken, to this day. Difficult times on Russian soil have arisen more than once in history. But it seems that there was no such difficult period as in the 13th century, which threatened the very existence of the state, neither before nor after. Attacks were carried out both from the west and from the south by various aggressors. Difficult times have come on Russian soil.

Rus' in the 13th century

What was she like? At the beginning of the 13th century, Constantinople had already lost its influence as a center of spirituality. And some countries (for example, Bulgaria, Serbia) recognize the power and primacy of Catholicism. Rus', then still Kiev, becomes the stronghold of the Orthodox world. But the territory was heterogeneous. Before the invasion of Batu and his horde, the Russian World consisted of several principalities competing for spheres of influence among themselves. The civil strife tore apart the princely relatives and did not contribute to the organization of one united army capable of providing worthy resistance to the invaders. This paved the way for difficult times to happen on Russian soil.

Invasion of Batu

In 1227, Genghis Khan, the great eastern warrior, passed away. The usual redistribution of power between relatives took place. One of the grandsons, Batu, had a particularly militant character and organizational talents. He gathered a huge army by those standards (about 140 thousand people), consisting of nomads and mercenaries. In the autumn of 1237 the invasion began.

The Russian army was less numerous (up to 100 thousand people) and scattered. That's why we lost in the tragic situation. It would seem that here is an opportunity to unite and unanimously resist the enemy. But the ruling elite of the princes continued the strife, and in Novgorod, in the north, popular unrest broke out with renewed vigor. The result is further ruin of the principalities. First Ryazan, then Vladimir-Suzdal. Kolomna, Moscow... Having ruined Vladimir, Batu went to Novgorod, but before reaching it, he turned south and went to the Polovtsian steppes to replenish his strength. In 1240, Batu’s hordes ravaged Chernigov and Kyiv, entering Europe, the Mongol-Tatar warriors reached all the way to the Adriatic. But later they stopped the war in these territories. And then difficult times came on Russian soil. The two-hundred-year yoke was established within two decades after the invasion and implied the payment of tribute by all conquered lands to the Tatar rulers. According to historians, it ended only in 1480.

Threat from the West

Hard times on Russian soil were not limited to problems in the east and south in the 13th century. If the invasions of the invaders there were more of a punitive nature of expeditions, then in the western part there were constant regular military attacks. Rus' resisted with all its might the Swedes, Lithuanians, and Germans.

In 1239 he sent a large army against Novgorod. But in the same year the Swedes were pushed back and defeated (Smolensk was taken). They also won on the Neva. Prince Alexander of Novgorod, at the head of his squad, defeated a well-armed and trained Swedish army. For this victory he was nicknamed Nevsky (at that time the hero was only 20 years old!). In 1242 the Germans were expelled from Pskov. And in the same year Alexander dealt a crushing blow to the knightly troops in the Battle of the Ice. So many knights died that for another 10 years he did not risk attacking Russian lands. Although many of the battles of the Novgorodians were successful, these were still rather difficult, difficult times on Russian soil.

The world around us (4th grade)

To summarize, we can say, generalizing, that the entire 13th century was difficult both for the ruling princes at the top and for the common people, who died and shed blood as a result of prolonged and numerous military actions. The Mongol yoke, of course, affected both the development of Russian statehood and the material well-being of cities forced to pay tribute.

And due to its importance, battles with crusader knights are glorified in films and literature. This material can be used for a lesson

The most comprehensive reference table main dates and events in the history of Russia from the 13th to the 14th centuries. This table is convenient for schoolchildren and applicants to use for self-study, in preparation for tests, exams and the Unified State Examination in history.

What happened in the 13th century in Rus'. Consequences of the events of the 13th century

The 13th century in the history of Rus' began without any special external shocks, but in the midst of endless internal strife. The princes divided the lands and fought for power. But soon the internal troubles of Rus' were joined by danger from the outside. Cruel conquerors from the depths of Asia under the leadership of Temujin (Genghis Khan - that is, the Great Khan) began their actions. The armies of the nomadic Mongols mercilessly destroyed people and conquered lands. Soon, the Polovsk khans asked for help from the Russian princes. And they agreed to oppose the approaching enemy. So, in 1223 a battle took place on the river. Kalke. But due to the fragmented actions of the princes and the lack of a unified command, the Russian warriors suffered heavy losses and left the battlefield. The Mongol troops pursued them to the very outskirts of Rus'. Having plundered and devastated them, they moved no further. In 1237, the troops of Temuchin’s grandson, Batu, entered the Ryazan principality. Ryazan fell. The conquests continued. In 1238 on the river. The city army of Yuri Vsevolodovich entered into battle with the invader’s army, but turned out in favor of the Tatar-Mongols. At the same time, the South Russian princes and Novgorod remained on the sidelines and did not come to the rescue. In 1239 – 1240 Having replenished the army, Batu undertook a new campaign against the Russian lands. At this time, the unaffected northwestern regions of Rus' (Novgorod and Pskov lands) were endangered by the crusading knights who had settled in the Baltic states. They wanted to force people to accept the Catholic faith on the territory of Rus'. United by a common idea, the Swedes and German knights were going to unite, but the Swedes were the first to act. In 1240 (July 15) - Battle of the Neva - the Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the river. Not you. The Novgorodians turned to the Great Prince of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich for help. His son, the young prince Alexander, immediately set off with his army, counting on the surprise and speed of the onslaught (the army was inferior in number, even with the Novgorodians and commoners who had joined). Alexander's strategy worked. In this battle, Rus' won, and Alexander received the nickname Nevsky. Meanwhile, the German knights gained strength and began military operations against Pskov and Novgorod. Again Alexander came to the rescue. April 5, 1242 - Battle of the Ice - troops converged on the ice of Lake Peipsi. Alexander won again, thanks to a change in the formation order and coordinated actions. And the knights’ uniforms played against them; when they retreated, the ice began to break. In 1243 - Formation of the Golden Horde. Formally, the Russian lands were not part of the newly formed state, but were subject lands. That is, they were obliged to replenish its treasury, and the princes had to receive labels for reigning at the khan’s headquarters. During the second half of the 13th century, the Horde more than once made devastating campaigns against Rus'. Cities and villages were ruined. 1251 - 1263 - reign of Alexander Nevsky. Due to the invasions of conquerors, during which settlements were robbed and destroyed, many cultural monuments of Ancient Rus' from the 10th to 13th centuries also disappeared. Churches, cathedrals, icons, as well as works of literature, religious objects and jewelry remained intact. The basis of ancient Russian culture is the heritage of the East Slavic tribes. It was influenced by nomadic peoples, the Varangians. The adoption of Christianity, as well as Byzantium and the countries of Western Europe, significantly influenced. The adoption of Christianity influenced the spread of literacy, the development of writing, education and the introduction of Byzantine customs. This also influenced the clothing of the 13th century in Rus'. The cut of the clothes was simple, and they differed mainly in fabric. The suit itself has become longer and looser, not emphasizing the figure, but giving it a static look. The nobility wore expensive foreign fabrics (velvet, brocade, taffeta, silk) and furs (sable, otter, marten). Ordinary people used canvas, hare fur, squirrels, and sheepskin for clothing.

The culture of our country is so interesting and diverse that I want to study it more and more deeply. Let's plunge into the history of our country in the 13th century.
A Russian person is a great person; he must know the history of his Motherland.
Without knowing the history of their country, not a single civilized society will develop, but, on the contrary, will begin to lag behind in its development, and perhaps stop altogether.
The period of culture of the 13th century is usually called the pre-Mongol period, that is, before the arrival of the Mongols in our state. During this period of time, Byzantium had a great influence on the development of culture. Thanks to Byzantium, Orthodoxy appeared in Rus'.

The culture of Ancient Rus' of the 13th century is a great creation of the past. Each period of time in history is so unrepeatable that each period separately is worthy of in-depth study. Looking at historical monuments, we can say that culture has entered modern spiritual life. Despite the fact that many works of art have not survived to our times, the beauty of that time continues to delight and surprise us with its scale.

Features of the culture of the 13th century:
- the religious worldview prevailed;
- during this period many signs were invented, there were no explanations for them by science, and to this day they cannot be explained;
- great attention was paid to traditions, grandfathers were revered;
-slow pace of development;
The tasks facing the masters of that time:
- unity - the unity of the entire Russian people, at that time in the fight against enemies;
- glorification of great princes and boyars;
- assessed all previous historical events. The culture of the 13th century is closely connected with the past.

During this time, literature continued to develop. The work “Prayer” was written by Daniil Zatochnik. The book was dedicated to Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. The book used colloquial speech combined with satire. In it, the author condemns the dominance of the boyars, the tyranny that they committed. He created a prince who protected orphans and widows, thereby trying to show that good and good-natured people were not extinct in Rus'.
The centers for storing books were still monasteries and churches. Books were copied and chronicles were kept on their territory.
The genre - Life, the main idea - has become widespread. These works were a description of the lives of saints. Particular attention was paid to the lives of monks and ordinary people.

They began to write parables.

Chronicles occupied a large place in the development of literature, where everything that happened in people’s lives was written, everything was described year by year.
Epics glorified the exploits of soldiers who defended their homeland. The epics were based on events that actually happened.

Architecture.

During this period, construction began to develop. As already mentioned, the entire culture of this period was imbued with the trends of Byzantium, which could not have a positive effect on the culture of Rus'. The transition from wooden to stone construction begins.
In addition, Byzantine culture always put the church and icon painting in first place, cutting off everything that contradicted Christian principles.
The coming principles of art collided with the fact that the Eastern Slavs worshiped the sun and wind. But the power of the cultural heritage of Byzantium left its mark on the culture of Ancient Rus'.
The main symbol of the construction of this period of time was the St. Sophia Cathedral. The walls of the cathedral, for the first time in Rus', were made of red brick. The church had five domes, behind them stood eight more small ones. The ceiling and walls were decorated with frescoes and mosaics. Many of the frescoes were not on a religious theme; there were many everyday drawings dedicated to the family of the Grand Duke.
Wood carving has developed greatly. The houses of the boyars were decorated with cuttings.
In addition to churches at this time, the wealthy segments of the population began to build stone houses made of pink brick.

Painting.

The paintings of the 13th century were marked by the cities where the masters worked. Thus, Novgorod painters sought to simplify the style of their craft. He achieved his greatest expression in the painting of the Church of St. George in Staraya Ladoga.
At the same time, they began to paint mosaics directly on the walls of temples. Frescoes became widespread. Fresco is a painting painted with water paints directly on walls covered with plaster.

Folklore.

The history of Rus' is so great that it is impossible not to talk about folklore. Folklore occupies a huge place in the life of the Russian people. By reading epics you can learn about the entire life of the Russian people. They glorified the exploits of heroes, their strength and courage. Bogatyrs have always been glorified as protectors of the Russian population.

Life and customs of the people.

The culture of our country is inextricably linked with its people, way of life, and morals. People lived in cities and villages. The main type of housing was the estate; houses were built from log frames. Kyiv in the 13th century was a very rich city. It had palaces, estates, mansions of boyars and rich merchants. The favorite pastime of the rich population was hunting hawks and falcons. The common population staged fist fights and horse races.
The clothes were made of cloth. The main costume was a long shirt and trousers for men.
Women wore long skirts made of cloth. Married women wore a headscarf. Unmarried girls had long beautiful braids; they could only be cut off when they got married.
Weddings were played on a large scale in the villages; the entire village gathered for them. Huge, long tables were set right in the courtyard of the house.
Since the church played a large role in the life of the population in the 13th century, church fasts and holidays were sacredly observed by the residents.

1200
Founding of the University of Paris.

1201
The Crusaders founded the Riga fortress at the mouth of the Dvina, bringing under control all trade along this river. A long struggle of Russians and Estonians against the crusaders began.

1202
In Livonia, with the active participation of Pope Innocent III, the Order of the Sword Bearers was created.

1202
The fourth crusade began (1202 - 1204). Organized by Pope Innocent III. The Crusaders, instead of the planned campaign in Egypt, moved to the Byzantine Empire and conquered the Christian cities of Zadar in Dalmatia (1202) and Constantinople (1204). On part of the territory of the collapsed Byzantine Empire, the crusaders formed several states, of which the largest was the Latin Empire that existed until 1261. As a result of the campaign, Venice monopolized trade with the East, seizing a number of Byzantine possessions that were important in commercial and military relations.

1202
A wave of famine passed through the lands of Serbia, which led to mass flight and indignation of the peasantry.

1203.01
Rurik Rostislavovich, relying mainly on the Polovtsian army, defeated the army of the Torci of Roman Volynsky, captured and burned Kyiv.

1203
The decline of Kyiv's influence began (the period from 1203 to 1214) and the rise of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes. Strife intensified on the Kiev and Vladimir thrones.

1204
Genghis Khan (Temuchin) defeated the Naiman, their khan died in the battle, and his son fled to the country of Kara-Kidan (southwest of Lake Balkhash).

1204
The Crusaders, as a result of the Fourth Crusade, took and mercilessly plundered Christian Constantinople, which was the result of the intrigues of Venice.

1204
The Latin Empire was formed.

1206
In Mongolia, at a clan meeting of leaders (kurultai), Temurchin was proclaimed Emperor of the Earth and given a new name - Genghis Khan.

1209
In Western Europe, persecution began (1209 - 1229) of “heretics”, Albigensians and Cathars - the Albigensian Wars (crusades of northern French knights, undertaken on the initiative of the papacy against the Albigensians - participants in a wide movement in the south of France). At the end of the wars, the French king Louis VIII joined the crusaders with his troops. The Albigensians were defeated, and part of the County of Toulouse was annexed to the royal domain.

1209
Uprising of “black young” people in Novgorod due to the introduction of new duties.

1211
Genghis Khan's first Chinese campaign began: the Mongol troops were divided into several army groups, forcing the Jin (North China) commanders to disperse their forces. At the same time, the Khitan opposition was organized diplomatically.

1212
King Alfonso VIII of Castile, at the head of the combined forces of Castile, Aragon, Portugal and Navarre, won a decisive victory over the Arabs at Las Navas le Tolosa, after which the Arabs could no longer recover and were gradually driven out of Spain.

1212
Children's Crusade. Thousands of children who reached Marseille were sold into slavery. Another group of children who headed east died from hunger and disease.

1212
The reign of the German king Frederick II (1212 - 1250) began. King of Sicily from 1197, Emperor of the “Holy Roman Empire” from 1220. Transformed the Kingdom of Sicily into a centralized state. He fought against the papacy and the northern Italian cities, and failed in this struggle.

1214
The French king Philip II Augustus defeated the British and their allies at Bouvines.

1215
The IV Lateran Council, convened by Pope Innocent III (1198 - 1216), severely condemned all false heretical teachings and demanded severe punishments for heretics. Here for the first time the Inquisition was spoken of as an institution whose task was to investigate heresy with a view to punishing those responsible for it.

1215
Famine in Novgorod.

1215
The English king John the Landless, under pressure from the barons supported by knighthood and cities, signed the Magna Carta.

1216
The Polovtsy hosted the Merkits, with whom the Mongols were at war.

1216
The reign of the English king Henry III (1216 - 1272) began. He relied on foreign feudal lords and an alliance with the Roman Curia, which caused discontent among the barons, supported by the townspeople and the top of the peasantry (civil war 1263-1267). Under Henry III, the first English parliament was created.

1217
The Volga Bulgarians captured Ustyug.

1217
The fifth crusade began (1217 - 1221). Taken against Egypt by a combined army of crusaders led by the Austrian Duke Leopold VI and the Hungarian King Endre II. Having landed in Egypt, the crusaders captured the Damietta fortress, but were forced to conclude a truce with the Egyptian Sultan and leave Egypt.

1217
Serbia is proclaimed a kingdom.

1217
The reign of Ferdinand III (1217 - 1252), king of Castile, and Leon (from 1230) began. He took Cordoba from the Arabs in 1236 and Seville in 1248. On the territory of Spain, the Arabs have only an emirate with its center in Granada.

1219
The concentration of Mongol troops along the border with Khorezm ended - the Turkestan campaign began. Otrar and Bukhara were besieged, later they were taken by storm, after which (1220) Bukhara was plundered by soldiers and burned down. Samarkand fell. Small towns surrendered without a fight. Khorezm Shah Mohammed II fled to the Caspian island, and his son Jalal ad-Din to Afghanistan, where he gathered a new army and defeated the tumen of his half-brother Genghis Khan.

1221
At the confluence of the Oka and the Volga on Mordovian land, a fortress was founded - Nizhny Novgorod, which sealed the victory over the Bulgarians.

1222
A corps of three tumens led by Subedei and Jebe passed through the Caucasus, completely defeating the army of the Georgian king George Lash.

1222
King Andrew of Hungary equalized the serving and hereditary nobility by issuing the Golden Bull.

1223.05.31
Genghis Khan's troops invaded the Polovtsian lands. At the Kalka River, a battle took place between the combined forces of the Russians and Polovtsians against the Mongol-Tatars, who were led by Subedei and Jebe.

1224
Formation of the Lithuanian state.

1226
The Russians made campaigns against Mordovians.

1226
The Teutonic Order, transferred by order of the Pope from Palestine to the Baltic States, began the conquest of the lands of the Lithuanian tribe of Prussians who inhabited the Baltic coast between the Vistula and the Neman. The Prussians were subjected to merciless extermination.

1226
The reign of the French king Louis IX Saint (1226 - 1270) began. Conducted reforms to centralize state power. He led the 7th (1248-1254) and 8th (1270) crusades, which suffered complete collapse.

1227
Earth Emperor Genghis Khan has died. After his death, the Mongol kingdom was divided by his sons.

1227
King Stefan the First-Crown of Serbia has died.

1228
Sixth Crusade (1228 - 1229). The emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick II, who headed it, through negotiations (rather than military action), concluded an agreement with the Egyptian Sultan (1229), according to which Jerusalem was returned to Christians and a 10-year truce was declared.

1229
After the death of Genghis Khan, a kurultai convened to elect a new great khan. The youngest son Tolui was temporarily regent, but he refused to nominate himself. Ogedei (1229 - 1241) was unanimously elected Great Khan. Under Ogedei, the conquest of Northern China by the Mongol feudal lords was completed, and Armenia was conquered. Georgia and Azerbaijan, Batu's campaigns were undertaken in Eastern Europe.

1229
The Smolensk prince concluded a trade agreement with the Germans.

1230
Famine and pestilence "throughout the entire Russian land."

1233
The Roman Curia established the Inquisition. The first inquisitors are sent to Toulouse, Albi. Cahors and Narbonne.

1234
Reflecting the offensive of the Livonian Order on the borders of Pskov.

1235
The Lithuanians captured Novgorod.

1236
Batu undertook a campaign against the Volga Bulgarians.

1237
Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in Rus'. The devastation of the Ryazan land. Pestilence in Pskov.

1237
There was a merger of the Order of the Crusaders (Teutonic) and the Order of the Swordsmen, which had established themselves in the Baltic states.

1238
The Mongol-Tatars burned Vladimir. The Russians were defeated at the City River.

1239
The Mongol-Tatars made a campaign against the Rostov-Suzdal lands and Ukraine.

1239
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich defeated the Lithuanians near Smolensk.

1240
Batu destroyed Kyiv.

1240
The Swedes were defeated by the Russian army under the leadership of Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky) in the Battle of the Neva River.

1240
The Mongol-Tatars imposed tribute on the Russian lands. Since the 19th century, this period from 1240 to 1480 was called the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

1241
Batu founded the Golden Horde.

1242
"Battle of the Ice" - Alexander Nevsky's victory over the German knights on Lake Peipsi.

1242
Batu's troops defeated the army of King Belo IV of Hungary, captured Hungary and invaded Slovenia.

1243
The first trip of the Russian prince (Yaroslav Vsevolodovich) to the headquarters of the Mongol Khan for a label to reign.

1244
The Sultan of Egypt encouraged the Khorezm people to move from Iraq to Syria. They captured and plundered Jerusalem. After this, Pope Innocent IV blessed a new crusade.

1250

1250
Louis IX was captured by the Muslims. He was later released for a huge ransom.

1250
Baptism of the Lithuanian prince Mindaugas. Conclusion of an alliance with the Germans.

1251
Alexander Nevsky entered into an agreement with King Haakon IV of Norway.

1252
The reign of Alexander Nevsky began in Vladimir (from 1252 to 1263).

1255
An uprising of “lesser” people in Novgorod due to an attempt by the Mongol-Tatars to impose tribute on the city.

1258
The Mongol-Tatars captured the capital of the Seljuk Emirate, Baghdad.

1259
Khan Burundai made a campaign in southwestern Rus' and Poland.

1259
The French king Louis IX the Saint concluded the Treaty of Paris, according to which the English king renounced claims to Normandy, Maine and other French territories lost by England under John the Landless, but retained Guienne.

1262
Mongol-Tatar "tributers" were expelled from Rostov, Vladimir, Suzdal and Yaroslavl.

1265
The oldest contractual document between Novgorod and the princes.

1269
Treaty of Novgorod with the Hansa.

1270
Khan's label, allowing Novgorod to trade freely in Suzdal land.

1278
Slovenia was included in the Habsburg Empire.

1281
The Golden Horde army, called by Prince Andrei Alexandrovich, conducted a punitive raid across the Russian lands: Murom, Suzdal, Rostov, Pereyaslavl.

1284
Novgorod concluded an agreement with Livonia and Riga.

1285
The campaign (from 1285 to 1287) of the Golden Horde Khan Tulabug, Temnik Nogai and Russian princes began on Poland.

1288
Campaign of the Mongol-Tatars to Ryazan. Expulsion of Archbishop Arseny from Novgorod.

1289
The Mongol-Tatar tributaries were again expelled from Rostov.

1293
"Dudenev's army." The ruin of Suzdal, Vladimir, Pereyaslavl, Yuryev.

1300
The metropolitanate was transferred from Kyiv to Vladimir (Metropolitan Maxim).

	Main events of the 13th -14th century
	Trade agreements of Novgorod with German Hanseatic cities
	Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality
	Capture by the Order of the Swordsmen (founded in 1202) of the lands of the Livs, Estonians, Semigallians and others in the Baltic states
	The campaign of the Galician-Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich against the Polovtsians
1205 – 1264 intermittently	Reign in Galich and Volyn of Daniil Romanovich
	The first chronicle evidence of Tver
	Division of the Vladimir-Suzdal land between the sons of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest
	The Great Reign of Yuri Vsevolodovich in the Vladimir-Suzdal Land.
	Battle on the river Lipice. Victory of Prince Konstantin Vsevolodovich over the brothers Princes Yuri and Yaroslav in the struggle for the Great Reign of Vladimir
	Founding of Nizhny Novgorod by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich in the land of the Mordovians - an outpost for the fight against Volga Bulgaria
	The defeat of the Russian-Polovtsian squads on the river by the Tatars. Kalka
	Capture of Yuriev, a Russian fortress in the Baltic states, by the Order of the Swordsmen
	Posadnichestvo in Novgorod by Stepan Tverdislavich - a supporter of orientation towards Vladimir
	Reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Novgorod
	Invasion of Mongol-Tatar troops led by Khan Batu into Rus'
	Destruction of Ryazan by the Mongol-Tatars
	The capture and destruction by the Mongol-Tatars of Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir, Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Uglich, Galich, Dmitrov, Tver, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yuryev, Torzhok and other cities of North-Eastern Rus'
	The defeat of the united army of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in the battle with the Mongol-Tatars on the river. Sit. Death of Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich
	The Great Reign of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich in Vladimir
	Invasion of Batu's troops into the South Russian lands. The destruction of Pereyaslavl and Chernigov
	Capture by the knights of the Livonian Order (founded in 1237 as a result of the merger of the Teutonic Order and the Order of the Sword) of the Russian fortresses of Izborsk, Pskov, Koporye
1240, Sep. – Dec.	Siege and capture of Kyiv by Batu's troops
	Battle of the Neva. The defeat of the Swedish army by the army of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky
	The defeat of the knights of the Livonian Order on Lake Peipsi (“Battle of the Ice”) by the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky
	Formation of the state of the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi)
	The Great Reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Vladimir
	Population census ("number") organized by the Mongol-Tatars with the aim of introducing a centralized tax system
	Uprising in Novgorod against the population census
	Establishment of an Orthodox diocese in the capital of the Golden Horde - Sarai
	Uprisings in Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir, Yaroslavl against Mongol-Tatar tribute collectors and tax farmers; the collection of tribute was transferred to the Russian princes
	Agreement between the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Mindaugas on the joint struggle against the Livonian Order
	The Great Reign of Yaroslav Yaroslavich Tver in Vladimir
	Participation of Russian princes in the campaigns of the Golden Horde in the Caucasus, Byzantium, Lithuania
	Campaign to Livonia and the victory of the troops of Pskov, Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal over the German and Danish knights at Rakovor
	The Livonians' campaign against Pskov. Peace with the Livonian Order. Stabilization of the western borders of Novgorod and Pskov
Between 1276 and 1282 – 1303	The reign of Daniil Alexandrovich in Moscow. Founding of the first Danilov Monastery in the vicinity of Moscow (about 1282)
1281 – 1282, 1293 – 1304 with breaks	The Great Reign of Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky in Vladimir
	The reign of Mikhail Yaroslavich in Tver; Grand Duke of Vladimir (1305 – 1317)
	Relocation of Metropolitan Maxim from Kyiv to Vladimir-on-Klyazma
	Annexation of Kolomna and Mozhaisk to Moscow
	The reign of Yuri Danilovich in Moscow. The beginning of the struggle between Moscow and Tver for the great reign
	The campaign of Prince Mikhail of Tver and the Horde army against Novgorod. Defeat of the Novgorodians at Torzhok
	The Great Reign of Yuri Danilovich of Moscow in Vladimir
	Murder of Prince Mikhail Tverskoy in the Horde
	Reign in Tver of Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes
	The foundation of the Oreshek fortress at the source of the river by Prince Yuri of Moscow and the Novgorodians. Neva

	The murder of Prince Yuri of Moscow by Prince Dmitry Tversky in the Horde. Execution of Dmitry Tverskoy by order of Khan Uzbek
	The Great Reign in Moscow of Ivan I Danilovich Kalita; from 1328 - Grand Duke of Vladimir
	Moving to Moscow from Vladimir Metropolitan Peter
	The Great Reign of Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy
	Construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow
	Uprising in Tver against the Horde
	Construction of the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow
	Murder of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy in the Horde
	The Great Reign of Simeon Ivanovich the Proud of Moscow
	Founding of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh
	Treaty of Pskov and Novgorod on recognition of the independence of the Pskov Republic
	Plague epidemic
	The Great Reign in Moscow and Vladimir of Ivan II the Red
	Installation of Alexy, a native of a Moscow boyar family, to the Russian Metropolis
	The Great Reign of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy; from 1362 - Grand Duke of Vladimir
	Construction of a stone Kremlin in Moscow
	Reign of Mikhail Alexandrovich in Tver
1368, 1370, 1372	Campaigns of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd to Moscow
	The appearance in Novgorod of the Strigolnik heresy, who advocated the conduct of divine services by the laity
	Uprising in Nizhny Novgorod against the Horde
	The campaign of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich to Tver. Refusal of Tver's claims to the great reign of Vladimir
	Compilation of the Laurentian Chronicle
	Victory of the Moscow-Ryazan army over the Horde on the river. Vozhe
	Baptism of Zyryans (Komi) by Stefan of Perm
	Battle of Kulikovo. Victory of the united Russian army led by Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy over the Horde army of Mamai on the Kulikovo field (at the confluence of the Nepryadva river with the Don river)
	The march of the Tatar-Mongol army led by Khan Tokhtamysh to Moscow. Siege and destruction of Moscow and other cities of North-Eastern Rus'
	The first mention of firearms in Rus'
	The beginning of coinage in Moscow
	The Great Reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich in Moscow
	Annexation of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal and Murom principalities to Moscow
	The defeat of the Golden Horde by the troops of Timur (Tamerlane). The ruin of the outlying lands of Rus'. Destruction of Yelets
	Transfer of the Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir to Moscow
	Establishment of vassal dependence of Smolensk on Lithuania
	Annexation of the Novgorod possessions - Bezhetsky Verkh, Vologda, Veliky Ustyug to Moscow
	Reign of Ivan Mikhailovich in Tver. Strengthening Tver
Late 14th century	Annexation of Komi lands to Moscow. The campaign of the Moscow army against the Volga Bulgars and the capture of their capital