Comparative characteristics of plant and animal bacterial cells. Comparison of features of plant and animal cells

The science that studies the structure and function of cells - cytology .

Cells can differ from each other in shape, structure and function, although the basic structural elements of most cells are similar. Systematic groups of cells – prokaryotic And eukaryotic (superkingdoms prokaryotes and eukaryotes) .

Prokaryotic cells do not contain a true nucleus and a number of organelles (the kingdom of the crushed cell).
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which the hereditary apparatus of the organism is located (superkingdoms fungi, plants, animals).

Any organism develops from a cell.
This applies to organisms that were born as a result of both asexual and sexual methods of reproduction. That is why the cell is considered the unit of growth and development of the organism.

According to the method of nutrition and cell structure, they are distinguished kingdoms :

Drobyanki;
Mushrooms;
Plants;
Animals.

Bacterial cells (kingdom Drobyanka) have: a dense cell wall, one circular DNA molecule (nucleoid), ribosomes. These cells lack many organelles characteristic of eukaryotic plant, animal and fungal cells. Based on their feeding method, bacteria are divided into phototrophs, chemotrophs, and heterotrophs.

Fungal cells covered with a cell wall that differs in chemical composition from the cell walls of plants. It contains chitin, polysaccharides, proteins and fats as its main components. The reserve substance of fungal and animal cells is glycogen.

Plant cells contain: chloroplasts, leucoplasts and chromoplasts; they are surrounded by a dense cell wall of cellulose and also have vacuoles with cell sap. All green plants are autotrophic organisms.

U animal cells no dense cell walls. They are surrounded by a cell membrane through which the exchange of substances with the environment occurs.

THEMATIC TASKS

Part A

A1. Which of the following is consistent with the cell theory?
1) the cell is an elementary unit of heredity
2) the cell is a unit of reproduction
3) the cells of all organisms are different in their structure
4) the cells of all organisms have different chemical compositions

A2. Precellular life forms include:
1) yeast
2) penicillium
3) bacteria
4) viruses

A3. A plant cell differs from a fungal cell in structure:
1) cores
2) mitochondria
3) cell wall
4) ribosomes

A4. One cell consists of:
1) influenza virus and amoeba
2) mucor mushroom and cuckoo flax
3) planaria and volvox
4) green euglena and slipper ciliates

A5. Prokaryotic cells have:
1) core
2) mitochondria
3) Golgi apparatus
4) ribosomes

A6. The species of the cell is indicated by:
1) core shape
2) number of chromosomes
3) membrane structure
4) primary protein structure

A7. The role of cell theory in science is
1) opening of the cell nucleus
2) opening the cell
3) generalization of knowledge about the structure of organisms
4) discovery of metabolic mechanisms

Part B

B1. Select features characteristic only of plant cells
1) there are mitochondria and ribosomes
2) cell wall made of cellulose
3) there are chloroplasts
4) storage substance - glycogen
5) reserve substance – starch
6) the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane

B2. Select the characteristics that distinguish the kingdom of Bacteria from the rest of the kingdoms of the organic world.
1) heterotrophic mode of nutrition
2) autotrophic method of nutrition
3) the presence of a nucleoid
4) absence of mitochondria
5) absence of a core
6) presence of ribosomes

VZ. Find a correspondence between the structural features of the cell and the kingdoms to which these cells belong

Part C

C1. Give examples of eukaryotic cells that do not have a nucleus.
C2. Prove that cell theory generalized a number of biological discoveries and predicted new discoveries.

The role of every living organism in living nature is very great. Bacteria, despite their tiny size and limited set of functions, are of great importance in the life of every other kingdom, be it plants, fungi, animals or viruses. Their main difference is the absence of a nucleus in the cell, but there are also a huge number of characteristics by which these organisms are divided into separate groups.

Dimensions and structure

Bacterial and plant, the purpose of which is to perform one single function - to provide assistance in movement in a liquid environment. Despite the same name, these elements have significant differences. It lies in the structure and size.

The difference between bacteria and the plant kingdom on this basis can be presented in the following table:

Similarities and differences between other organisms

The detailed difference between bacteria and all plants, fungi and animals can be seen in the table below:

Distinctive feature	Bacteria	Mushrooms	Plants	Animals
What do they eat?	prepared organic substances, synthesis of organic substances from inorganics		Organic substances created independently from inorganic substances (photosynthesis)	ready-made organic substances
How do they move?	using flagella and villi		Have no ability to move	Have the ability to move independently
How does growth happen?	up to a certain point (then cell division occurs)		Unlimited during your life	before breeding begins
Reproduction	Independent cell division	vegetative, asexual (spores) and sexual methods	Asexual (spores) and sexual	sexual
Peculiarities	Absence of a nucleus in a cell	The cell wall is made of chitin; mushrooms have a storage carbohydrate in the form of glycogen	The presence of a large central vacuole, plastids and fiber in the cell; storage carbohydrate in the form of starch	They have a cell center and storage carbohydrate in the form of glycogen; Lack of cell wall

Based on the data presented, we can conclude that mushrooms, animals, and plants have a significant difference from primitive forms of life, which is expressed not only in their structure and structure, but also in the functions they perform and methods of reproduction on our planet. In addition, a huge number of processes occurring in the cells of other living organisms. Prokaryotes also do not require the presence of ascorbic acid for normal life, while fungi and other kingdoms (except viruses) constantly require it.

If we compare bacteria with viruses, they have a huge difference. The main one is the size of microorganisms. If the former can reach approximately 5000 nanometers or 5 microns (large representatives of the group), then the dimensions of viruses vary from only 20 to 400 nanometers, so they can only be seen using a modern microscope.

Cell membrane.
Polysaccharide or peptidoglycan wall.
Freely existing RNA/DNA.
Ribosomes.

Section “Cell as a biological system”

Topic: “Structure of cells of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi”

Table 1 - Comparative characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Characteristic	Prokaryotic cell	Eukaryotic cell
Cell sizes	0.5-5 microns	up to 40 microns
Form	Unicellular or filamentous	Unicellular, filamentous or multicellular
Organization of genetic material	Circular DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane (i.e. there is no nucleus), there are no nucleoli; no mitosis	linear DNA molecules are associated with proteins and RNA and form chromosomes; there is a nucleus (i.e. chromosomes are separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope) containing more than one chromosome; nuclear division by mitosis
DNA localization	in the nucleoid and plasmids not limited by the elementary membrane	in the nucleus and some organelles
Protein synthesis	70S ribosomes and smaller; EPR (EPS) is absent	80S ribosomes. Ribosomes can be attached to the ER
Organelles	There are few organelles, none of them have a shell (double shell)	There are many organelles, most are surrounded by a double membrane (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts)
Movement of the cytoplasm	absent	often found
Cell wall (where present)	Hard, contain polysaccharides and amino acids. The main strengthening component is murein	Green plants and fungi have rigid cell walls and contain polysaccharides. The main strengthening component of the cell wall in plants is cellulose, and in fungi it is chitin.
Flagella	the flagellar filament is made up of protein subunits that form a helix	each flagellum contains a set of microtubules, collected in groups: 2 9-2
Breath	In bacteria - in mesosomes; in blue-green algae - in the cytoplasmic membrane	Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria
Photosynthesis	Occurs in membranes that do not have specific packaging	In chloroplasts containing special membranes that are arranged in lamellae or grana
Nitrogen fixation	Some have this ability (examples are free-living saprophytes Azotobacter or symbionts RhiZobium)

Table No. 2 - Differences in the structure of eukaryotes of different kingdoms

Criterion	Plants	Animals	Mushrooms
Core
Plastids
Shell	cellulose		chitin
Spare substance	starch	glycogen
Vacuoles	large	small or absent
Nutrition method	autotrophic	heterotrophic

Table No. 3 Structure and functions of parts and organelles of a eukaryotic cell

Cell part	Structure	Functions
Plasma membrane (plasmalemma, cell membrane)	Fluid mosaic model of structure: double layer of lipids surrounded by layers of proteins	Limits the contents of the cell - protective determines selective permeability: diffusion, passive and active transport Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Provides irritability Provides intercellular contacts
Cytoplasm	Semi-liquid mass of colloidal structure, consists of hyaloplasm or matrix (proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, RNA, cations, anions)	Unites cell organelles and ensures their interaction
Cytoskeleton	Protein structures – microtubules and microfilaments	Support Fixation of organelles in a certain position
Non-membrane organelles (organelles)
Cell center	Two centrioles and a centrosphere. Contains proteins, carbohydrates, DNA, RNA, lipids	Forms the cell division spindle, participates in cell division Takes part in the development of flagella and cilia
Ribosomes	Consist of large and small subunits. Contains RNA and protein. Free or membrane bound	Protein synthesis in polysomes (polyribosomes)
Single-membrane organelles (organelles)
EPS (EPR)	The system of membrane sacs forms a single whole with the outer membrane and the nuclear envelope. It can be granular (rough) or smooth	Protein synthesis (rough type) Synthesis of lipids and steroids Transport of synthesized substances Dividing a cell into sectors
Golgi Complex (Apparatus)	System of membrane tank bags (discs); vesicle system (vesicles); located near the core	Participates in the removal of substances synthesized by the cell, breakdown products and toxic substances Formation of lysosomes and vacuoles
Lysosomes	Spherical membrane bag; many hydrolytic enzymes	Digestion of substances Breakdown of dead cell parts; splitting of organelles during cell starvation; Autolysis (cell breakdown)
Vacuoles	Filled with cell sap. In plants - large, small in animals (contractile, digestive, phagocytic). The older it grows. cell - the larger the vacuole.	Regulate osmotic pressure in the cell Accumulate substances (fruit cell pigments, nutrients, salts) Supply of water for photosynthesis
Double membrane organelles
Mitochondria	There are internal membranes - cristae; matrix (ribosomes, DNA, RNA) many enzymes	Oxidation of organic substances ATP synthesis and energy storage Synthesize their own proteins
Plastids	Types: leuco-chromo- and chloroplasts; covered with a protein-lipid membrane; stroma-matrix; have folds of the inner membrane; the stroma contains DNA and ribosomes; the membranes contain chlorophyll.Leuco- and chromoplasts can degenerate into chloroplasts - examples.	Photosynthesis Storage (synthesis of starch from excess glucose or storage of fats and, less commonly, proteins)
Core	Covered with a protein-lipid membrane; consists of karyoplasm (nuclear sap or nucleoplasm), nucleolus (RNA, protein) and chromatin (DNA, protein)	DNA storage, RNA transcription. Responsible for metabolic functions -If the nucleus of a cell is removed, toxic substances and decay products begin to accumulate in it, and the cell stops growing and renewing itself.

Fixing the material

A 1 Which picture shows a mitochondrion?

B1 Establish a correspondence between the structural features, function and organelle of the cell

A). There are smooth and rough membranes 1). Golgi complex

B). They form a network of branched channels and cavities 2). EPS

IN). Form flattened cisterns and vacuoles

G). Participates in the synthesis of proteins and fats

D). Form lysosomes

B2 Establish a correspondence between the structural features, function and organelle of the cell

Structural features, functions of Organoid

A). Contains chlorophyll pigment 1). Mitochondria

B). Carries out energy metabolism in the cell 2). Chloroplast

IN). Carries out the process of photosynthesis

G). The inner membrane forms folds - cristae

D). The main function is ATP synthesis

Q3 Select three characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

1). There is a core

2). The cell wall is composed of murein or pectin

3). The hereditary apparatus is located in the cytoplasm of the cell

4) Has a cell center

5). Has chloroplasts with chlorophyll

6). Ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm

C1 Analyze the picture showing various eukaryotic cells. What does the information offered in it tell you?

Test work “Diversity and structure of cells”

Part A tasks

The plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell does not participate in the processes

Name a structural component of a cell that is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Identify the structural component of an animal cell that is visible only with an electron microscope.

Name the chemical compounds that are mosaically located in the outer plasma membrane and ensure that the membrane performs transport, enzymatic and receptor functions.

Name one of the organelles that contains DNA inside, due to which these organelles are able to reproduce.

Name a structural component of a cell that has the following structure: surrounded by two membranes, the inner membrane forms numerous projections into the internal cavity of this structural component, the inner cavity contains DNA in the form of a ring and small ribosomes.

Name the organelle that is involved in protein synthesis, synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids, transports them to different parts of the cell, forms the nuclear envelope and the Golgi complex.

Microorganisms and solid particles of matter are enveloped by the outgrowths of the hole and enter it being surrounded by sections of the outer plasma membrane. Name this type of transport of substances across a membrane.

Which human cells lose their nucleus during development but continue to perform their functions for a long time?

A) nerve cells B) cells of the inner layer of skin

C) red blood cells D) striated muscle fibers

Before ending up in the lysosome, enzymes, after their formation, pass through two structural components of the cell. Name them in the order in which enzymes pass through them after synthesis on ribosomes.

What structural component of the cell do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have?

Name the organelle in which the formation of complex proteins and large polymer molecules occurs, the packaging of substances released from the cell into a membrane vesicle, and the formation of lysosomes.

Name the structural component of the cell in which ribosomal and transfer RNAs involved in protein synthesis are formed

Name the organelle that imparts “roughness” to the granular endoplasmic reticulum.

What function do lysosomes perform in a cell?

break down biopolymers into monomers
oxidize glucose to carbon dioxide and water
carry out the synthesis of organic substances
synthesize polysaccharides from glucose

Lysosome enzymes are synthesized in

Part B tasks

1. Bacterial cells are different from plant cells

lack of a formal core
presence of a plasma membrane
presence of a dense shell
lack of mitochondria
presence of ribosomes
absence of the Golgi complex

2. The cells of which organisms cannot absorb large food particles by phagocytosis?

3.Proteins and lipids are involved in the formation

4.What are the structure and functions of mitochondria?

A) break down biopolymers into monomers

B) characterized by an anaerobic method of obtaining energy

D) have enzymatic complexes located on the cristae

D) oxidize organic substances to form ATP

E) have outer and inner membranes

5.What common properties are characteristic of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

do not divide during the life of the cell
have their own genetic material
are single membrane
contain oxidative phosphorylation enzymes
have a double membrane
participate in ATP synthesis

6. Cytoplasm performs a number of functions in the cell:

is the internal environment of the cell
communicates between the nucleus and organelles
acts as a matrix for the synthesis of carbohydrates
serves as the location of the nucleus and organelles
transmits hereditary information
serves as the location of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells

7. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of a cell organelle and its type.

ORGANoid CHARACTERISTICS	CELL ORGANOID
1) a system of tubules penetrating the cytoplasm	A) Golgi complex
2) a system of thickened membrane cylinders and bubbles	B) endoplasmic reticulum
3) ensures the accumulation of substances in the cell
4) ribosomes can be located on membranes
5) participates in the formation of lysosomes
6) ensures the movement of organic substances in the cell

Answer

8. Establish a correspondence between the structural feature of the cell and the kingdom for which it is characteristic.

STRUCTURE FEATURES OF CELLS	KINGDOM
1) presence of plastids	A) Mushrooms
2) absence of chloroplasts

The similarity in the structure and metabolic processes of animal, plant, bacterial and fungal cells proves the unity of their origin.

Differences in the structure and metabolic processes of animal, plant, bacterial and fungal cells indicate that these groups of organisms entered different paths of evolution at its earliest stages

The predominance of synthetic processes over energy release processes is one of the most characteristic features of plant metabolism. The primary synthesis of carbohydrates from inorganic substances occurs in plastids. Thus, in animal cells, unlike plant cells, the following plastids are absent: chloroplasts (responsible for the photosynthesis reaction), leucoplasts (responsible for the accumulation of starch) and chromoplasts (give color to the fruits and flowers of plants)

A plant cell has a strong and thick cell wall made of cellulose, but an animal cell does not. In a plant cell, a network of vacuoles is developed, in an animal cell it is poorly developed

An excerpt characterizing comparison of the cell structure of bacteria, plants, animals and fungi

“And this is you too?” I asked carefully.
She nodded her curly red head proudly. It was very funny to watch her, as the girl was truly and seriously proud of what she managed to create. And who wouldn’t be proud?!. She was a perfect baby who, laughing, casually, created new incredible worlds for herself, and immediately replaced the boring ones with others, like gloves... To be honest, there was something to be shocked by. I tried to understand what was going on here?.. Stella was clearly dead, and her essence was communicating with me all this time. But where we were and how she created these “worlds” of hers was still a complete mystery to me.
– Is there something you don’t understand? – the girl was surprised.
– To be honest, yes! – I exclaimed frankly.
– But you can do much more? – the little girl was even more surprised.
“More?..” I asked, dumbfounded.
She nodded, tilting her red head comically to the side.
-Who showed you all this? – I asked carefully, afraid of accidentally offending her.
- Well, of course, grandma. – As if she said something for granted. – At the beginning I was very sad and lonely, and my grandmother felt very sorry for me. So she showed me how it's done.
And then I finally realized that this was truly her world, created only by the power of her thoughts. This girl didn't even realize what a treasure she was! But my grandmother, I think, understood this very well...
As it turned out, Stella died in a car accident several months ago, in which her entire family also died. All that was left was grandma, for whom there was simply no room in the car that time... And who almost went crazy when she learned about her terrible, irreparable misfortune. But, what was most strange, Stella did not end up, as everyone usually did, on the same levels in which her family was. Her body possessed a high essence, which after death went to the highest levels of the Earth. And thus the girl was left completely alone, since her mother, father and older brother were apparently the most ordinary, ordinary people who were not distinguished by any special talents.
– Why don’t you find someone here, where you live now? – I asked again carefully.
– I found... But they are all kind of old and serious... not like you and me. – The girl whispered thoughtfully.
Suddenly she suddenly smiled cheerfully and her sweet little face immediately began to shine like a bright sun.
- Do you want me to show you how to do it?
I just nodded in agreement, very afraid that she would change her mind. But the girl was clearly not going to “change her mind”, on the contrary - she was very happy to have found someone who was almost her same age, and now, if I understood something, she was not going to let me go so easily... This “ perspective" completely suited me, and I prepared to listen carefully about its incredible wonders...
“Everything here is much easier than on Earth,” Stella chirped, very pleased with the attention she received, “you just have to forget about the “level” on which you still live (!) and focus on what you want to see . Try to imagine it very accurately and it will come.
I tried to disconnect from all extraneous thoughts, but it didn’t work. For some reason this has always been difficult for me.
Then, finally, everything disappeared somewhere, and I was left hanging in complete emptiness... A feeling of Complete Peace appeared, so rich in its completeness that it was impossible to experience on Earth... Then the emptiness began to be filled with a fog sparkling with all the colors of the rainbow, which became more and more and became more dense, becoming like a brilliant and very dense ball of stars... Smoothly and slowly, this “ball” began to unravel and grow until it looked like a gigantic sparkling spiral, stunning in its beauty, the end of which was “sprayed” by thousands of stars and went wherever - into an invisible distance... I looked dumbfounded at this fabulous unearthly beauty, trying to understand how and where it came from?.. It couldn’t even occur to me that it was really me who created this in my imagination... And also, I I couldn’t get rid of the very strange feeling that THIS was my real home...
“What is this?” a thin voice asked in a stunned whisper.
Stella stood “frozen” in a stupor, unable to make even the slightest movement, and with eyes as round as large saucers, she observed this incredible beauty that had suddenly fallen from somewhere...
Suddenly the air around us swayed violently, and a luminous creature appeared right in front of us. It looked very similar to my old “crowned” star friend, but it was clearly someone else. Having recovered from the shock and looked at him more closely, I realized that he was not at all like my old friends. It’s just that the first impression “fixed” the same ring on the forehead and similar power, but otherwise there was nothing in common between them. All the “guests” who had come to me before were tall, but this creature was very tall, probably somewhere around a full five meters. His strange sparkling clothes (if they could be called that) fluttered all the time, scattering sparkling crystal tails behind them, although not the slightest breeze was felt around. Long, silver hair shone with a strange lunar halo, creating the impression of “eternal cold” around his head... And his eyes were the kind that it would be better to never look at!.. Before I saw them, even in my wildest imagination it was impossible imagine such eyes!.. They were an incredibly bright pink color and sparkled with a thousand diamond stars, as if lighting up every time he looked at someone. It was completely unusual and breathtakingly beautiful...

Can you complete this task? Let's together remember the structural features of these cells, their vital functions, as well as similarities and differences.

Functional unit of plants

A characteristic feature is the presence of green chloroplast plastids. These permanent structures are the basis for photosynthesis. During this process, inorganic substances are converted into carbohydrates and oxygen. Compare plant and bacterial cells - and you will see that the first type is much larger in size. Some of them can be distinguished even with the naked eye. For example, large cells of the pulp of watermelon, lemon or orange.

What do plant and bacterial cells have in common?

Despite the fact that these cells form organisms of different kingdoms, there are a number of significant similarities between them. They have a general structural plan and consist of a surface apparatus, cytoplasm and permanent structures - organelles.

Both plants and bacteria contain genetic material. An essential component of both types is the cell membrane and wall. Some bacteria, like plants, have a cytoskeleton that forms their musculoskeletal system. Another similarity is the presence of movement organelles. Compare plant and bacterial cells: the green alga Chlamydomonas moves using flagella, and spirochetes use fibrils for this.

Differences between plant and bacterial cells

The main difference between these cells is the structure and level of development of the genetic apparatus. Bacteria do not have a formed nucleus. They contain a circular DNA molecule, the site of dislocation of which is called a nucleoid. Such cells are called prokaryotic. In addition to bacteria, these include blue-green algae.

Compare plant and bacterial cells. The former are eukaryotic. In their cytoplasm there is a nucleus, in the matrix of which DNA molecules are stored. Bacteria lack many cellular organelles, which determines their low level of organization. Unlike them, they do not have mitochondria, the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, or all types of plastids, including chromo- and leucoplasts.

The differences also concern the chemical composition. Plants contain the complex carbohydrate cellulose, while bacteria contain pectin or murein.

So, based on a comparison of plant and bacterial cells, we can conclude that, along with similar features, there are a number of significant differences between them. First of all, they relate to the organization of the genetic apparatus and the presence of organelles.

Plant cells are characterized by more progressive structural features and vital processes compared to bacteria, evidence of which is the wide variety of their species and life forms.