Reduced HDL in the blood causes. High density lipoprotein hdl hdl below normal

Lipoproteins (lipoproteins) are complex protein complexes that contain cholesterol, phospholipids, neutral fats and fatty acids. The main role of lipoproteins is to transport lipids to peripheral organs from the liver and vice versa. Lipoproteins are classified according to density, and a deviation in their value in the blood may indicate various pathological processes in the liver, endocrine glands and other organs. The terms “lipoprotein” and “lipoprotein” are practically interchangeable, and the transition from one name to another should not confuse the reader.

A quantitative indicator of compounds such as beta-lipoproteins and HDL has diagnostic value; the amount of lipoproteins indicates the degree of development of abnormalities in various tissues and systems. Lipoproteins consist of cholesterol esters in the core and proteins, free cholesterol, and triglyceride in the surrounding shell.

Types of lipoproteins

Classification and functions of lipoproteins:

high density 8-11 nm (HDL) – delivery of cholesterol (CH) from the periphery to the liver;
low density 18-26 nm (LDL) – delivery of cholesterol, phospholipids (PL) from the liver to the periphery;
intermediate or medium density 25-35 nm (LPSP) – delivery of CL, PL and triacylglycerides from the liver to the periphery;
very low density 30-80 nm (VLDL) – delivery of triacylglycerides and PL from the liver to the periphery;
chylomicrons – 70-1200 nm – transport of cholesterol and fatty acids from the intestine to the liver and peripheral tissues.

Blood plasma lipoproteins are also classified into pre-beta, beta and alpha lipoproteins.

The meaning of lipoproteins

Lipoproteins are found in all organs; they are the main transport option for lipids that deliver cholesterol to all tissues. Lipids cannot perform their function on their own, so they interact with apoproteins, acquiring new properties. This connection is called lipoproteins or lipoproteins. They play a key role in cholesterol metabolism. Chylomicrons transport fats that enter the gastrointestinal tract along with food. Very low-density lipoproteins transport endogenous triglycerides to the site of their disposal, and LDL distributes lipids to tissues.

Other functions of lipoproteins:

increasing the permeability of the cell membrane;
stimulation of immunity;
activation of the blood coagulation system;
delivery of iron to tissues.

Cholesterol or cholesterol is a fatty alcohol that is soluble in lipids, which transport it through the circulatory system. 75% of cholesterol is formed in the body and only 25% comes from food. Cholesterol is a key element of the cell membrane and takes part in the formation of nerve fibers. The substance is important for the normal function of the immune system, activating a protective mechanism against the formation of malignant cells. Cholesterol is also involved in the production of vitamin D, sex and adrenal hormones.

High-density lipoproteins help remove cholesterol from the blood, cleansing blood vessels, and preventing such a common disease as atherosclerosis. Their high concentration helps prevent many pathologies of the cardiovascular system.

Low-density lipoproteins lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which interfere with normal blood circulation, increasing the risk of cardiovascular pathologies. An increased level of low-density lipoproteins is an alarming signal indicating the risk of atherosclerosis and a predisposition to myocardial infarction.

HDL, or high-density lipoprotein

High-density lipoproteins are responsible for maintaining cholesterol at normal levels. They are synthesized in the liver and are responsible for delivering cholesterol to the liver from surrounding tissues for disposal.

An increased level of high-density lipoproteins is observed with pathological changes in the hepatobiliary system: hepatosis, cirrhosis, drug or alcohol intoxication.

Reduced HDL levels are observed when there is an excess accumulation of cholesterol, which occurs against the background of Tangier disease (hereditary HDL deficiency). More often, a reduced HDL level indicates atherosclerosis.

High level	from 60
Average	40-59
Short	up to 40 for men, up to 50 for women

LDL (LDL) low density lipoproteins

Low-density lipoproteins transport cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides to peripheral systems from the liver. This type of compound contains about 50% cholesterol and is its main transportable form.

A decrease in LDL occurs due to pathology of the endocrine glands and kidneys: nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism.

An increase in the concentration of low-density lipoproteins is caused by inflammatory processes, especially with damage to the thyroid gland and hepatobiliary system. High levels are often observed in pregnant women and against the background of infection.

Norm for women by age (mmol/l):

Table of normal levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood for both sexes (mg/dl):

VLDL and chylomicrons

Very low density lipoproteins take part in the delivery of endogenous lipids to various tissues from the liver, where they are formed. These are the largest compounds, second in size only to chylomicrons. They consist of 50-60% triglycerides and a small amount of cholesterol.

An increase in VLDL concentration leads to clouding of the blood. These compounds belong to “bad” cholesterol, which provokes the appearance of atherosclerotic plaques on the vascular wall. The gradual enlargement of these plaques leads to thrombosis with a risk of ischemia. A blood test confirms elevated VLDL levels in patients with diabetes and various kidney pathologies.

Chylomicrons are formed in intestinal epithelial cells and transport fat from the intestines to the liver. Most of the compounds are triglycerides, which break down in the liver to form fatty acids. One part of them is transferred to muscle and adipose tissue, the other comes into contact with blood albumin. Chylomicrons perform a transport function, carrying food fats, and VLDL transport compounds formed in the liver.

Very low density lipoproteins contain a high concentration of cholesterol. Penetrating into the vessels, they accumulate on the wall, causing various pathologies. When their level increases greatly due to metabolic disorders, atherosclerotic plaques appear.

Factors that increase beta cholesterol

An increase in LDL and VLDL occurs against the background of the following diseases:

endocrine diseases - dysfunction of the thyroid gland, disruption of the synthesis of adrenal hormones;
chronic alcoholism, intoxication of the body with ethanol breakdown products and liver enzyme deficiency;
decompensated diabetes mellitus;
intake of large amounts of saturated fatty acids from food along with animal fats, the predominance of “useless” carbohydrates in the diet;
malignant processes of the prostate and pancreas;
liver dysfunction, cholestasis, congestive processes, biliary cirrhosis and hepatitis;
cholelithiasis, chronic liver diseases, benign and malignant neoplasms;
metabolic syndrome, female obesity, fat deposition in the thighs, abdomen, arms;
impaired renal function, severe renal failure, nephrotic syndrome.

It is important to get tested for LDL and VLDL if a number of the following symptoms appear:

moderate or sudden weight gain, as a typical sign of lipid metabolism disorders;
formation of nodules on the skin, xanthelasmas, which are most often located in the eyelid area, on the cheeks;
discomfort and pain in the chest, which is associated with ischemia, such a symptom indicates atherosclerotic vascular damage and serious circulatory disorders due to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques;
memory impairment, inhibition of reactions, as a sign of damage to the blood vessels of the brain (vascular encephalopathy), there is a risk of ischemic stroke;
frequent numbness of the arms and legs, a sensation of “running goosebumps”, which indicates the deposition of cholesterol on the vascular wall in the area of the lower and upper extremities. It, in turn, contributes to the deterioration of nerve trophism and a decrease in sensitivity such as polyneuropathy, or “socks” and “gloves”.

Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease, because the damage affects the blood supply to all internal organs. Narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels is a pathological phenomenon when the cause is the accumulation of cholesterol.

Dyslipoproteinemia

What is dyslipoproteinemia? This:

disruption of the process of lipoprotein formation;
discrepancy between the formation of lipoproteins and the rate of their utilization. All this leads to changes in the concentration of various types of drugs in the blood.

Primary dyslipoproteinemia is caused by a genetic factor, secondary is the result of negative external and internal factors.

High-density lipoproteins, or HDL - often called good cholesterol - contain more protein molecules than other lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are special substances that transport fats and lipids through the blood that are poorly soluble in water. In particular, lipoproteins transport cholesterol from the liver to its destination and back.

High-density lipoproteins are considered “good cholesterol” because, unlike low-density lipoproteins or LDL, they do not settle on the walls of blood vessels and do not contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, they have the ability to transport cholesterol already deposited on the walls of blood vessels back to the liver, cleansing the blood vessels and preventing the development of atherosclerosis.

The normal level of HDL cholesterol in the blood. Explanation of the result (table)

Why is it necessary to determine the level of high-density lipoprotein concentration? As already mentioned, HDL helps cleanse blood vessels of atherosclerotic plaques and reduce the risk of developing heart and vascular disease. In other words, the higher the content of HDL in a patient’s blood, the better protected he is from the development of dangerous diseases such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, heart attack or stroke. When HDL levels only double, the likelihood of a heart attack decreases by as much as 8 times.

Knowing the concentration of HDL in the patient’s body, it is easy to calculate an indicator called the atherogenic coefficient.

K xc = Total cholesterol – HDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol

This coefficient shows the ratio of the content of bad cholesterol - low-density lipoproteins to the content of good cholesterol. In addition, analysis of HDL can help in diagnosing various diseases that cause changes in their concentration and deviation from the norm, both in one direction and the other.

An HDL test is prescribed in the following cases:

for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis and related diseases of the cardiovascular system,
for various liver diseases,
during preventive examinations of the patient, to assess his health and the likelihood of him developing certain diseases.

Blood is drawn from a vein, strictly on an empty stomach, in the morning. It is recommended not to eat food 12-14 hours before the test.

The level of HDL cholesterol in the blood depends on the age and gender of the person. As a rule, this figure is higher in women.

If HDL is elevated, what does that mean?

An increase in HDL levels is usually considered a good sign and is regarded as an antiatherogenic factor, that is, a factor that prevents the development of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases. However, there are certain pathological conditions that can also lead to increased HDL levels. This:

Primary hyper-alpha-lipoproteinemia is a hereditary disease,
chronic hepatitis,
biliary cirrhosis of the liver.

An increase in HDL levels is caused by a decrease in body weight in overweight people, various stressful conditions, and also alcoholism. That is why the deviation of HDL from the norm, even in a positive direction, requires additional study of the reasons that led to this phenomenon.

If HDL is low, what does that mean?

As you probably already understood, a reduced level of HDL significantly increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart attack and stroke. Not so long ago, it was believed that it was all about excess consumption of “bad” cholesterol in food. But back at the beginning of this century, it was found out that food has nothing to do with it, it’s all about decreased thyroid function or hypothyroidism. It is this that helps reduce the production of HDL and. on the contrary, increasing LDL levels.

Other diseases that can cause the HDL cholesterol level in the blood to deviate downward:

Primary hypo-alpha-lipoproteinemia is a hereditary disease,
decompensated diabetes mellitus,
nephrotic syndrome,
cholestasis,
hypertriglyceridemia,
chronic renal failure,
acute infectious inflammatory processes occurring in the body.

Taking certain medications - diuretics, beta blockers, progestin-based drugs or danazol - can also lead to the same result.

High-density lipoproteins are compounds consisting of lipids (fats) and proteins. They ensure the processing and removal of fats from the body, which is why they are called “good cholesterol”.

Synonyms Russian

HDL, high density lipoprotein, HDL, HDL cholesterol, alpha cholesterol.

SynonymsEnglish

HDL, HDL-C, HDL Cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein, Alpha-Lipoprotein Cholesterol.

Research method

Colorimetric photometric method.

Units of measurement

mmol/l (millimoles per liter).

What biomaterial can be used for research?

Venous blood.

How to properly prepare for research?

Do not eat for 12 hours before the test.
Avoid physical and emotional stress and do not smoke for 30 minutes before the test.

General information about the study

Cholesterol (CH, cholesterol) is a fat-like substance vital to the body. The correct scientific name for this substance is “cholesterol” (the ending -ol indicates that it belongs to alcohols), however, the name “cholesterol” has become widespread in the popular literature, which we will use later in this article. Cholesterol is formed in the liver and also enters the body with food, mainly meat and dairy products. Cholesterol is involved in the formation of cell membranes of all organs and tissues of the body. Hormones are created on the basis of cholesterol, which are involved in the growth, development of the body and the implementation of the reproduction function. Bile acids are formed from it, thanks to which fats are absorbed in the intestines.

Cholesterol is insoluble in water, so to move around the body it is “packed” into a protein shell consisting of special proteins - apolipoproteins. The resulting complex (cholesterol + apolipoprotein) is called lipoprotein. Several types of lipoproteins circulate in the blood, differing in the proportions of their components:

very low density lipoproteins (VLDL),
low density lipoproteins (LDL),
high density lipoproteins (HDL).

High-density lipoproteins consist mainly of protein and contain some cholesterol. Their main function is to transport excess cholesterol back to the liver, where it is excreted as bile acids. Therefore, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) is also called “good cholesterol.” HDL makes up about 30% of the total cholesterol (cholesterol) in the blood.

If a person has a genetic predisposition to high cholesterol or eats too much fatty foods, the level of cholesterol in the blood may rise so that the excess is not completely eliminated by high-density lipoproteins. It begins to be deposited in the walls of blood vessels in the form of plaques, which can restrict the movement of blood through the vessel, as well as make the vessels more rigid (atherosclerosis), which significantly increases the risk of heart disease (coronary artery disease, heart attack) and stroke.

High levels of HDL cholesterol reduce the risk of developing plaques in blood vessels, as they help remove excess cholesterol from the body. A decrease in HDL cholesterol, even with normal levels of total cholesterol and its fractions, leads to the progression of atherosclerosis.

What is the research used for?

To assess the risk of developing atherosclerosis and heart problems.
To monitor the effectiveness of a low-fat diet.

When is the study scheduled?

An HDL test is performed during routine preventive examinations or when total cholesterol is elevated as part of a lipid profile. It is recommended that all adults over 20 years old have a lipid profile at least once every 5 years. It may be prescribed more frequently (several times a year) if the patient is prescribed a diet limited in animal fats and/or is taking cholesterol-lowering medications. In these cases, it is checked whether the patient achieves the target level of HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol and, accordingly, whether his risk of cardiovascular diseases is reduced.
With existing risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases:
- smoking,
- age (men over 45 years old, women over 55 years old),
- increased blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg and above),
- cases of high cholesterol or cardiovascular diseases in other family members (heart attack or stroke in a close male relative under 55 years of age, female relative under 65 years of age),
- existing coronary heart disease, previous myocardial infarction or stroke,
- diabetes mellitus,
- excess body weight,
- alcohol abuse,
- eating large amounts of food containing animal fats,
- low physical activity.
If a child in the family has had cases of high cholesterol or heart disease at a young age, then it is recommended that he take the first cholesterol test between the ages of 2 and 10 years.

What do the results mean?

Reference values: 1.03 - 1.55 mmol/l.

The concept of “normal” is not entirely applicable to the level of HDL cholesterol. For different people with different numbers of risk factors, the HDL level will be different. To determine the risk of developing cardiovascular disease more accurately for a specific person, it is necessary to evaluate all predisposing factors.
In general, we can say that a reduced level of HDL predisposes to the development of atherosclerosis, and a sufficient or high level prevents this process.

In adults, HDL cholesterol, depending on the level, can be assessed as follows:

less than 1.0 mmol/l in men and 1.3 mmol/l in women - a high risk of developing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, regardless of other risk factors,
1.0-1.3 mmol/l in men and 1.3-1.5 mmol/l in women – average risk of developing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases,
1.55 mmol/l and above – low risk of developing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases; at the same time, the vessels are protected from the negative effects of excess cholesterol.

Reasons for low HDL levels:

heredity (Tangier disease),
cholestasis – stagnation of bile, which can be caused by liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis) or gallstones,
severe liver disease,
untreated diabetes mellitus,
chronic inflammation of the kidneys leading to nephrotic syndrome,
chronic renal failure.

Lipoproteins (also known as lipoproteins) are a combination of fats (lipids) and proteins.

There is the following classification of these connections:

Low density lipoproteins, which are synthesized in the liver. They contain triglycerides and cholesterol and carry them into cells as they move through the circulatory system;
Medium density lipotides, which appear when triglycerides are transferred to tissues;
High-density lipotides, contain cholesterol, which was not consumed by cells. Such compounds are sent back to the liver, where they are processed into bile acids.

To put it simply, high-density lipoproteins are the so-called “good” cholesterol, which, after meeting the body’s needs, is processed in the liver.

A decrease in the concentration of HDL in the blood indicates an increased risk of developing a disease such as atherosclerosis.

How is HDL determined?

Timely diagnosis allows you to prevent such serious consequences as:

stroke;
vascular nephrosclerosis;
myocardial infarction;
coronary heart disease.

Normal indicators

To assess the risk of developing coronary heart disease, as well as to determine treatment methods, it is necessary to assess the level of high-grade lipoproteins and the total level of cholesterol concentration in the blood.

Reasons for deviation from the norm

Cholesterol in the blood can increase for a variety of reasons, but this process is not accompanied by very noticeable symptoms. In the vast majority of cases, high concentrations can be found out only after testing.

Typically, this study is prescribed when the heart begins to hurt; often the reason for the examination is a heart attack or stroke.

It should be noted that the level of cholesterol in the blood should be checked regularly in order to prevent harmful consequences for your health.

This is especially worth doing for people who:

The level of cholesterol in the blood is determined by a biochemical blood test.

In order to get a reliable result, you must not eat for twelve hours before donating blood.

For a preventive examination, such an analysis can be done at home. Especially for this you need to purchase disposable testers at the pharmacy.

What to do if HDL is elevated?

If laboratory tests reveal that the concentration of HDL in the blood test is too high, which may become a health hazard, then the following actions are necessary:

Eliminate completely or at least minimize the consumption of fatty foods and dishes. If the amount of fat entering the body is reduced to thirty percent, then the share of saturated fatty acids should account for seven percent. This circumstance will allow you to quickly reach the HDL standard. It is not necessary to completely eliminate fats from your diet, especially unsaturated fatty acids necessary for brain function, as this can lead to negative consequences.
Oils and foods containing saturated fats should be partially replaced with polyunsaturated ones. Such fatty acids are found, for example, in soybean oil, as well as in olive, sunflower, safflower and corn oil.
Eating foods that contain high amounts of saturated fat should be reduced to a minimum. Such foods, and therefore meals prepared from them, increase LDL levels more than any other food component.
Large amounts of saturated fatty acids are found in foods such as palm and coconut oil, animal fats and foods containing them, as well as trans fats (also known as hydrogenated fats).
You should not eat foods that contain trans fats.. Such compounds are even more dangerous for the cardiovascular system than saturated fats. Often the presence of trans fats is indicated on the packaging, but it must be borne in mind that sometimes unscrupulous manufacturers do not do this.

If all this is not done, a further increase in blood cholesterol levels can lead to negative consequences.

Such as:

deterioration of blood circulation, which in turn can lead to insufficient tissue nutrition and deterioration of well-being;
the formation of blood clots that can block blood flow.

In addition, if HDL levels are elevated, you should completely eliminate or minimize your intake of the following cholesterol-containing foods:

eggs;
shellfish;
high fat milk;
crustaceans;
offal, especially liver.

REVIEW FROM OUR READER!

In order to understand whether cholesterol is low or high, you need to do a blood test. This must be done after undergoing preliminary preparation, which will allow you to obtain a reliable result.

Preparation includes the following:

it is necessary to refuse food at least eight hours before blood sampling;
It is not recommended for patients to eat foods that are too high in calories two to three days before the procedure;
do not smoke thirty minutes before the test;
you don’t need to strain yourself too much before reading a lipid profile, and this applies not only to physical, but also to emotional stress (don’t worry ahead of time)

A lipid profile may be used in the following situations:

there is a need to determine the risk of developing atherosclerosis, especially if there are prerequisites for its development or a hereditary predisposition to it;
diagnosing cardiac dysfunction;
assessment of the effectiveness of a diet, which involves consuming foods and dishes containing a minimum amount of fat.

In addition, it is worth highlighting cases when a specialist prescribes a test for his patient to determine cholesterol concentration:

Lipidogram is a diagnostic method, which is recommended for determining the health status of adults. This is how you can quickly and accurately detect HDL cholesterol. It should be done at least once every five years (and even more often for people with a predisposition).
This test is often prescribed during routine examinations carried out for preventive purposes, as well as when determining elevated total cholesterol levels.
In addition, this diagnostic method is recommended for those people who have been on a diet for a long time that involves low consumption of fat in all its types. It may also be prescribed to those who have taken medications that lower cholesterol.
Assigned to those people who have a significantly increased likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases due to exposure to certain factors:
- Age-related changes, and this is typical for individuals of both sexes;
- High blood pressure;
- Progression of cardiac ischemia;
- Excessive weight or any degree of obesity;
- Eating foods that contain large amounts of animal fat.

Lipoproteins (lipoproteins, LP) are complex transport forms of complexes consisting of proteins and lipids (fats and fat-like substances).

These complexes are an important component of any body cells and perform the function of transporting elements throughout the body.

They deliver lipids to all tissues and organs of the human body.

An analysis of lipoprotein levels is an important component if you suspect diseases associated with disorders of cholesterol in the blood. Deviations in blood lipid levels may indicate pathological conditions of the body of varying severity.

This group is a class of complex molecules containing indicators of LDL (low-density lipoprotein), HDL (high-density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), phospholipids, neutral fats and fatty acids.

What is it and what functions do drugs perform in the body?

Every cell in the human body contains lipoprotein cells. Lipids play a significant role in many processes in the human body.

Lipoproteins are the main form of movement of lipids throughout the body. Since lipids do not dissolve, they cannot fulfill their purpose on their own.

In the blood, lipids bind to a protein called apoprotein, which leads to the solubility of the former and the formation of a new substance called lipoprotein.

Lipoprotein plays a major role in the body's transport system and lipid metabolism.

Transporting fats that enter the human body with consumed foods is the main function of chylomicrons. VLDL are transporters of triglycerides to the site of disposal, and with the help of LDL, cholesterol is delivered to the cells of the body.

Reduces the risk of disease progression, with normal levels of HDL.

Another important function of LP is to increase the permeability of cell membranes. This will allow you to maintain your metabolism within normal limits.

The protein part of lipoproteins is represented by globulins, which activate the body’s immune system, and also cause the blood to clot and transport iron to the tissues.

How are drugs classified?

The classification of this type of cell occurs depending on its density. It is the most common.

There are four types of drugs:

LDL(low density lipoproteins). They are formed in the blood from VLDL through the intermediate-density LP stage;
HDL(high-density lipoproteins) are the smallest particles that are synthesized in the liver and contain up to eighty percent protein;
VLDL(very low density lipoproteins) are synthesized in the liver from carbohydrates;
are the lightest and largest particles that are synthesized in intestinal cells and contain up to ninety percent lipids.

The chemical composition of all lipoproteins is equal, but the proportional content relative to each other is different.

There is also a classification of lipoproteins, according to which they are divided into:

Available– dissolves in water. These include plasma and serum lipoproteins;
Unfree– do not dissolve in water. These include LPs of cell membranes and nerve fibers.

Types of drugs

Today in medicine there are four types of lipoprotein, each of which is determined by the indicators of a biochemical blood test. Let's consider each of them separately.

This indicator is not recorded in a healthy state of the body and is noted only in cases of lipid metabolism disorders. The synthesis of these lipids occurs in the small intestine, where they are produced by the mucous membrane, or rather its epithelial cells.

They are responsible for transporting exogenous fat from the small intestine to tissues and the liver.

The predominant part of transported fats are triglycerides, the rest are cholesterol and phospholipids.

Under the influence of enzymes in the liver, triglycerides are broken down and fatty acids are formed, one part of which is combined with albumin, and the other moves to adipose and muscle tissue.

HDL

Transporting cholesterol from tissues to the liver is the main task of high-density lipoproteins. Their components are phospholipids, which help maintain cholesterol concentrations within normal limits and prevent it from leaving the blood.

HDL synthesis occurs in the liver cavity and their main task is to transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver cavity for disposal.

This type of cholesterol is also called “good”, since it is not capable of accumulating and increasing cholesterol levels above normal.

An increase in the indicators of this type of lipoprotein is recorded with excessive excess weight, death of liver tissue and a liver condition in which more than 5% of the liver mass is fat, mainly triglycerides.

The HDL complex also increases during alcohol intoxication.

Its levels are reduced, mainly in cases of atherosclerotic (cholesterol) deposits on the walls of blood vessels, as well as in rare hereditary diseases when a decreased state of “good” cholesterol appears.

LDL

This type of lipoprotein is also called “bad” cholesterol. Low-density lipoproteins transport endogenous cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids from the liver directly to tissues.

This type of lipoprotein contains up to forty-five percent cholesterol and is responsible for its transport properties. Low cholesterol density is formed in the blood when lipoprotein lipase acts on VLDL.

This indicator is the most significant for diagnosing cholesterol problems.
When total cholesterol levels are normal, and this indicator is elevated, this indicates a disturbance in fat metabolism and the risk of progression of the deposition of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of blood vessels.

It is these lipids that can be deposited on the walls of blood vessels, provoking the development of atherosclerosis.

LDL levels are elevated in women and men, due to a pathological increase in lipids in the blood, low production of thyroid hormones, as well as nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by edema, a small amount of proteins and a high concentration of lipids in the blood.

The decline of low-density lipoproteins occurs during inflammatory processes of the pancreas, during the period of bearing a child, with a pathological condition of the kidneys and/or liver, as well as with acute forms of infectious lesions of the human body.

VLDL

This type of lipoprotein is synthesized by liver tissues. The main task of these lipids is to move endogenous lipids, which are produced in the liver from carbohydrates, throughout the body to the tissues of the body.

They are the largest lipoproteins, second in size only to chylomicrons. The main part of them is triglycerides and most of cholesterol. If the blood composition contains a large amount of VLDL, then the blood becomes more milky and cloudy.

This type of lipid is also “bad” from which cholesterol deposits are formed on the inner walls of blood vessels, narrowing the lumen of the vessel and disrupting blood flow, which leads to the development of serious pathological conditions and even death.

Atherogenic, with the highest amount of cholesterol, are VLDL and LDL.

They are able to penetrate the vessel wall and form accumulations. If the metabolic rate is disrupted, then the LDL and total cholesterol levels increase significantly, which is recorded in a blood test.

The remaining varieties of lipoprotein classes transport cholesterol, which plays a very important role in the functioning of the body, into cells. It is responsible for the functions of forming sex hormones, synthesizing vitamin D (extremely important for the normal absorption of calcium), as well as in the process of formation of bile.

There are two types of cholesterol, the ratio of which is important 50 to 50:

Endogenous cholesterol– produced by the human body. Synthesized in liver tissue, adrenal cells, and intestinal walls;
Exogenous cholesterol– this type of cholesterol enters the human body through the consumption of food.

Cholesterol and LP, role in the body and norms

What causes drug metabolism disorders?

With deviations in the processes of synthesis of lipoproteins and their removal from the blood, dyslipoproteinemia (DLP) progresses.

A deviation in the lipoprotein ratio is not pathological, but indicates the progression of the disease, in which the walls of blood vessels narrow and the blood supply to the internal organs is disrupted.

An increase in cholesterol in the blood indicates the progression of atherosclerosis, which is a deadly disease.

As dyslipoproteinemia progresses as the underlying disease, it is determined by a genetic predisposition.

The progression of DLP can be a secondary disease, that is, it can progress due to the presence of the following factors:

Diabetes;
Weakening of the muscular activity of the body as a result of a sedentary lifestyle;
Insufficient amount of hormones produced by the thyroid gland;
High rate of excess weight;
A large amount of animal fats consumed with food;
Minor consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits, herbs containing vegetable fats;
Elevated blood pressure;
Cigarettes, both active and passive smoking;
The influence of alcoholic beverages consumed;
Aging of the body;
Constant overeating;
Long-term use of certain drugs.

Lipoprotein reference values

Symptoms

The manifestation of clinical signs when the concentration of lipoproteins is disturbed is due to one of the processes into which dislipoproteinemia is divided. Each of them exhibits different symptoms. Every second inhabitant of planet Earth shows signs of dyslipoproteinemia.

Hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP)

With this form of DLP, there is a high concentration of lipoproteins in the blood, the increase of which was facilitated by both disturbances in the production of cholesterol by the body and when it is consumed with food.

Against the background of the underlying disease, hyperlipoproteinemia progresses as a secondary complication.

In certain pathological conditions of immunity, lipoproteins are perceived by the body as foreign cells, and the production of antibodies against them begins.

As a result, lipoproteins interact with antibodies, which has a higher cholesterol level than the lipoproteins themselves.

The manifestation of this disorder is characterized by the following symptoms:

Type of hyperlipoproteinemia	Inherent symptoms
1st type	· Dense nodules (xanthomas) are formed, which contain cholesterol and are localized over the tendons;
	· Simultaneous increase in the size of the liver and spleen;
	Inflammation of the pancreas;
	· Poor general condition of the patient;
	· Increased body temperature;
	· Loss of appetite;
	· Pain in the abdomen, which is characterized by attacks (especially after eating);
2nd type	· Formation of dense nodules in the area of the tendons of the feet;
2nd type	· The appearance of flat enlarged xanthomas in the area around the eyes;
3rd type	· Symptoms of abnormal heart function (pallor, increased sweating, cyanosis, pain in the heart area, cold extremities, etc.);
	· Formation of pigmentation on the palms;
	· The appearance of ulcers in the area above the elbows and knees;
	· Symptoms of vascular damage to the lower extremities (cold fingers, blue discoloration, lameness, pain, low endurance when walking).
4th type	· Increased liver size;
	· Progression of cardiac ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the myocardium);
	· Obesity.

Alipoproteinemia

This form of DLP is characterized by its hereditary factor with disruption of certain genes.

The manifestation of this form of lipoprotein metabolism disorder is manifested in the following symptoms:

Increased size of tonsils with an orange coating;
Muscle weakness;
Decreased reflexes;
Weak sensitivity;
Simultaneous increase in the size of the liver and spleen;
Inflammatory disease of the lymph nodes, often purulent.

Hypolipoproteinemia

With this form of DLP, the level of LP in the blood is below normal. Most often, this form does not show any clinical signs.

The following factors can serve as provocateurs:

Genetic predisposition;
Violation of hormone production;
Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages;
Inactive lifestyle;
Pathological conditions of the digestive system.

If you notice the slightest symptoms, you should immediately go to the hospital for a full examination and possible early diagnosis.

How are LP disorders diagnosed?

Biochemical blood test

A superficial diagnostic method, when it is possible to determine the deviation of cholesterol from the norm, is a biochemical blood test (BAC).

This blood test provides extensive information about the state of the human body, each organ separately and the metabolic processes and synthesis of blood elements.

Such laboratory blood testing helps to determine hidden pathological conditions and the progression of diseases in the initial stages.

In addition to its other indicators, the LHC also considers lipoproteins of different densities. The level of total cholesterol in the blood is determined by the indicators of lipoproteins of different densities.

But for diagnosing diseases, it will be more important to consider the indicators fractionally, that is, each separately.

When elevated levels of “bad” cholesterol are registered, additional hardware examinations are prescribed to diagnose the deposition of atherosclerotic plaques.

To obtain the most accurate results, it is necessary to follow measures to prepare for the analysis so that the results do not turn out to be false.

Also, deviations in results also occur in the presence of concomitant diseases of an infectious type (even recently suffered), poisoning, respiratory infections, and during the period of pregnancy by expectant mothers.

For a more accurate study of lipoproteins, there is a separate blood test called a lipid profile.

A lipidogram is a blood test that determines the quantitative indicator of lipids in the human body.

In simple words, LPG is a blood test that helps determine the amount of cholesterol and other substances containing fats. This study helps to most accurately assess the risk of atherosclerosis progression.

Research using lipid profile analysis implies a more detailed and focused study of lipid parameters than in a simple biochemical blood test.

That is why this analysis is much more effective for diseases associated with impaired cholesterol concentrations.

Each of the indicators listed below is included in the lipid profile:

Total cholesterol. This indicator is an important number that is part of the LPG. Determines both types of cholesterol, endogenous and exogenous;
HDL– type of “good” cholesterol;
LDL– a type of “bad” cholesterol. This indicator is the most significant for diagnosing problems with cholesterol.
If the levels of total cholesterol are within normal limits, and this indicator is increased, then this indicates a violation of fat metabolism processes, and the risk of progression of the deposition of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of blood vessels;
VLDL- is included in the analysis indicators in some laboratories when they determine the cholesterol profile. But there are no exact indications for diagnosing diseases based on this indicator;
Triglycerides (TG)– elements found in plasma that are represented by VLDL components, which are converted into LDL.
The main function of triglycerides is energy function. Their quantitative presence in tissues is insignificant; they are mainly located in adipose tissues.
Atherogenic coefficient (AC). This indicator is not determined by direct blood testing; it is calculated based on all of the above values. It is defined to capture the normal relationship between the above values.

The following formula is used for measurement:

The higher the final coefficient, the greater the risk of progression of pathologies of the heart and blood vessels.

Norms

Subgroups	Excess body weight	Obesity of the first degree	Obesity of the second degree
General HS (mmol/l)	<0,56 (9.16%)	<0,52 (8.61%)	<2,0 (25.51%)
HDL (mmol/l)	0	<0,02 (1.91%)	<0,12 (11.0%)
VLDL (mmol/l)	<0,14 (14,26%)	<0,01 (0.69%)	<0,84 (21.27%)
LDL (mmol/l)	<0,42 (10,67%)	<0,54 (13.51%)	**
TG (mmol/l)	<0,31 (14,47%)	<0,02 (11.05%)	<1,9 (22.11%)
KA (Units)	<0,36 (8,66%)	<0,45 (10.67%)	<1,13 (18.79%)

An appointment for lipid spectrum analysis can occur both to determine the risk of progression of diseases associated with cholesterol deposits, and to monitor and adjust therapy for already diagnosed diseases.

Among the pathological conditions for which a lipogram is necessary: insufficient blood supply to the heart (caused by atherosclerotic deposits in the coronary arteries), diabetes mellitus, and a constant increase in blood pressure (caused by narrowing of the pulmonary artery).

Also, a lipid profile is indicated for people who are prescribed a diet with a reduced amount of cholesterol, and who use medications to reduce the quantitative concentration of cholesterol deposits.

Testing is indicated for preventive purposes from the age of 18 - once every five years, and after forty years - once a year.

How to eat properly?

The use of diet plays a very important role in the treatment of dyslipoproteinemia. It is recommended to adhere to the following diet, which reduces the amount of fat consumed in food.

Consumption of animal fats must be replaced with unsaturated fatty acids, which are concentrated in plant foods. It is also recommended to consume more foods rich in vitamin B and iodine.

Your daily diet should contain the following foods:

Bran (reduces cholesterol by 7-14%);
Red vegetables and fruits (reduce cholesterol by up to 18%);
Flax seeds (reduces cholesterol by 8-14%);
Olive and peanut oil (reduces cholesterol by up to 18%);
Garlic (reduces cholesterol by 9-12%);
Almonds (reduces cholesterol by up to 10%);
Watermelon (reduces negative cholesterol);
Green tea (reduces cholesterol by 2-5%);
Berries;
Citrus;
Eggplant;
Broccoli;
Cauliflower;
Sea kale;
Nuts;
Beans.

The use of the above products, in combination with effectively prescribed therapy, will help achieve the desired result.

What drugs are prescribed?

Before prescribing medications, a diet is usually used for 1-2 months, and after that, if the atherogenic coefficient remains at a high level, medications are used. If the patient suffers from cardiac ischemia, then medications are prescribed immediately.

Treatment should be comprehensive and consist of a proper diet and effective therapy.

In many cases, the following drugs are prescribed:

Drugs	Characteristic
Statins	The most effective drugs are considered to be medications in this group. Their effect on cholesterol deposits does not cause side effects and is effective. With the help of statins, the general health of a person is improved, the amount of cholesterol is reduced and an anti-inflammatory effect occurs.
(Lovastatin, Fluvastatin, Mevacor, Zocor, Lipitor)
Fibrates	Reduce triglyceride levels and increase HDL levels.
(Fenofibrate, Ciprofibrate)
Sequestrants	By removing cholesterol from the body and reducing its synthesis.
(Cholestyramine, Colestipol, Cholestipol, Cholestan)
Vitamin complexes	Maintains the general condition of the body.
(Aevit, Vitamin C and B, Biovital, Ascorutin)

If an imbalance of lipoproteins occurs as a result of an initial disease, then the main measures are aimed at eliminating it, after which lipoprotein levels should return to normal.

Classification

To prevent the normal state of lipoproteins and to restore them, preventive measures must be used.

These include:

What is the prognosis for abnormal lipoprotein levels?

Further prognosis in case of disturbances in lipoprotein levels depends on how quantitatively the plasma LP indicators have increased.

If the level is slightly elevated, then in most cases this does not indicate a pathological condition, and can be easily corrected through the use of preventive measures and diet.

In the case of an average increase in lipoprotein levels, drug treatment is used in combination with proper nutrition and lifestyle. Additional studies of the blood vessels are also necessary to determine whether they are narrowing.

If all the doctor’s requirements are met and medications are taken in a timely manner, cholesterol is normalized and returns to normal.

If you do not take prescribed medications, or if they are not effective, as well as if you do not follow a diet and a healthy lifestyle, complications occur. The level of lipid profile indicators becomes the highest, which indicates a serious condition of the body.

Complications from atherosclerotic plaques are serious, and if the vessel is completely blocked by the plaque, hypoxia occurs in the organs to which the vessel led.

Gradual tissue death occurs; in the absence of surgical intervention, serious consequences are possible (heart attack, stroke, gangrene, complete death of organs), which ultimately lead to death.

Do not self-medicate and be healthy!