When I passed chemistry with a 5. How to prepare for the Unified State Exam in chemistry

It's not surprising that graduates are asking the same question. Is it difficult to pass the Unified State Exam? The answer largely depends on your level of preparation. Some students prepare for the upcoming test with a tutor, while others prefer to study the material on their own.

to a schoolboy?

As you know, a single exam can be taken as a final and entrance exam at the same time. Asking whether it is difficult to pass the Unified State Exam, applicants are simultaneously interested in how to get the highest score. Despite all the “horror stories” that claim that it is extremely difficult for an ordinary student to pass the exam successfully.

It’s only important to know how to prepare, and then you definitely shouldn’t be afraid.

Preparation for the Unified State Exam

You should never rule out the possibility of getting the highest score. Those students who start preparing in advance have the best chances. For example, systematically studying the school curriculum over several years will avoid the stress associated with the need to master a huge amount of material in a short time.

You can prepare yourself, take a special course, or contact a private teacher. To choose the appropriate option, you need to take into account how well the student knows the subject at the moment and how much time is left before the exam.

It is also important what subject you are taking.

Physics

Interestingly, this item is one of the four most popular. Physics is often chosen by schoolchildren. What is the reason for such popularity? After all, this subject cannot be called simple. The secret is that physics is needed for admission to technical universities. That's why boys take it much more often than girls.

Is it difficult to pass the Unified State Exam in Physics? As mentioned above, this subject is not one of the simple ones. Therefore, preparation should not only be lengthy, but also thorough.

The peculiarity of the Unified State Exam is that the student must not only have excellent knowledge, but also comply with the exam regulations. It is better to familiarize yourself with the rules in advance. For example, not only computer equipment is not allowed into the classroom, but also all sorts of new-fangled gadgets such as smart watches, etc. You are only allowed to take a ruler and a simple calculator.

When writing a test, you cannot exchange information with other students, it is also usually prohibited to leave without permission, etc.

Violation of requirements can lead to conflict.

To successfully pass physics, you need to score 36 points or more.

Social science

It is always difficult for schoolchildren to decide on their future profession. If a student does not imagine himself in either a humanities or a technical specialty, then social studies becomes a universal option. This subject will be useful for future psychologists, sociologists, economists and some other professions.

Is it difficult to pass the Unified State Exam in Social Studies? Some people mistakenly believe that this subject is simple because it does not involve memorizing complex formulas. However, this may be a mistake. Preparation cannot be neglected.

If a student assumes that when taking social studies he can indulge in philosophical reasoning and in this way successfully pass the exam, the result may disappoint him. The Unified State Exam format requires specific and clear answers.

That is why social studies requires knowledge of terminology, the ability to compare and analyze knowledge. This subject includes several humanitarian areas. Each of them opens up an abyss of knowledge with its own set of terms.

When choosing the Unified State Exam in social studies, you need to take the study of the subject seriously. This is the key to a successful result.

Biology

Not only schoolchildren, but also applicants have to take the Unified State Exam. Many people are incredibly afraid of this exam due to conflicting information. Therefore, the question of whether it is difficult to pass the Unified State Exam in biology remains a popular question.

There are probably no simple exams at all. Testing your knowledge is always stressful. According to experts, the greatest difficulty of the Unified State Exam in biology is that the exam covers a colossal layer of information. This science begins to be taught as a separate subject in grades 5-6.

Another difficulty is that biology includes many sections. For example, botany is studied in high school and knowledge may be forgotten by graduation. You will have to spend time re-learning the material.

When preparing for the Unified State Exam, you need to not only study the topics in the textbook. It is important to get used to the format in which the exam is administered. During the testing process, it is important to fill out the form correctly, without making mistakes. It will be a shame to receive a low score not because of a lack of knowledge, but because of errors in filling out.

Chemistry

This subject, unlike biology, begins to be taught in the 8th grade, so the amount of information is less. However, this does not mean that you can neglect preparation.

It is impossible to say for sure whether it is difficult to pass the Unified State Exam in biology and chemistry. Much depends on the current level. The more knowledge the student has acquired, the easier the preparation will be. It's worth starting with a check. It is recommended to pay the most attention to the most complex topics. This is where you need to start preparing for the Unified State Exam in Chemistry. After all, the more time you spend preparing, the better results you can achieve.

Having received 100 points on the final exam, yesterday's student will join the ranks of those who are regularly asked the question of whether it is difficult to pass the Unified State Exam.

There is hardly a final exam more difficult than the OGE or the Unified State Exam in chemistry. This subject must be taken by future biologists, chemists, doctors, engineers and builders. Today we will talk about what you need to know in order to get high scores, and what benefits are best to use.

Books and manuals for preparation

Unified State Examination and Unified State Examination experts recommend relying on specialized-level textbooks when preparing. The material in a standard basic textbook is not enough to successfully pass the exam. Practice shows that schoolchildren who have taken a specialized chemistry course feel quite confident during the exam. Several such textbooks have been written, but in terms of content and presentation they are approximately the same.

We recommend getting a collection of standard exam tasks - the official publication of FIPI (with a hologram) and a couple of books by other authors. They analyze tasks in detail, show ways to solve them, and provide algorithms and answers for self-control. The more options you solve, the greater your chances of passing the exam.

Repetition is the mother of learning

This is an important component of quality training. Chemistry is a complex science about matter; without knowing the basic topics of the initial course, you will not understand more complex ones. Of course, there may not be enough time to repeat the entire program, so it is better to pay more attention to precisely those issues that cause the most difficulty.

According to teachers at the Merlin Center, schoolchildren more often make mistakes in assignments related to the following topics:

• mechanisms of molecular bond formation;
• hydrogen bond;
• patterns of chemical reactions;
• physicochemical properties of solutions, electrolytic dissociation, reactions in electrolyte solutions;
• the effect of solution dilution on the degree of dissociation (Ostwald's dilution law);
• hydrolysis of salts;
• atmospheric compounds;
• main classes of compounds;
• industrial production and scope.

The same standard exam tasks and tests will help you identify gaps. Doesn't work? Ask your chemistry teacher for help or sign up for prep courses.

Conduct experiments

Chemistry is a science based on real experiments with substances. Experiments will help you better understand a particular topic. To do this, it is not necessary to buy a set of reagents and laboratory supplies. There are many interesting, well-produced videos on the Internet about chemical reactions. Don't be lazy to find them and look.

Be careful during the exam!

Most mistakes are made by children precisely because of inattention. Train yourself not to miss a single word when reading the task, pay attention to the wording and how many answers there should be.

• Read the question to the end, think about its meaning. There is often a little clue hidden in the wording.
• Start with easy questions where you have no doubt about the correctness of the answers, then move on to more complex tasks where you need to think.
• If a question is too difficult, skip it, don't waste time, you can come back to it later.
• The tasks are not related to each other, so focus only on the one you are doing at the moment.
• If you have difficulty, first try to eliminate obviously incorrect answers. It’s easier to choose an option from the remaining two or three than to get confused among five or six answers.
• Be sure to leave time to check your work so that you can quickly review assignments and correct any mistakes. An unfinished word or number may cost you a point.

Chemistry is a difficult subject, and it is best to prepare for the exam under the guidance of an experienced teacher; it is not recommended to count on the fact that you will cope with such an important task. Only a teacher can point out “inconspicuous” mistakes and help you fill in the gaps and explain complex material in simple, accessible language.

How to pass the Unified State Exam in chemistry?

Chemistry is not a simple, but interesting subject in the school curriculum. It is not one of the mandatory exams; only those who wish to continue their studies at a higher educational institution in the following specialties: medicine, chemical or food industries and other industries take it. Graduates who have decided on their future profession must promptly begin preparing for such a complex subject as chemistry.

It is necessary to start preparation as early as possible. If you have the opportunity, you can sign up for courses or take additional lessons from a teacher, because preparing for this subject on your own is very difficult. But if you cannot study for a fee, you will have to seriously prepare yourself for self-training. It will be better if you, already in the 10th grade, will begin to systematize the information necessary for the Unified State Exam.

Theoretical knowledge is extremely important for writing the Unified State Exam in chemistry, but this may not be enough for an excellent result. It is imperative to pay attention to the analysis of all test tasks in the exam. Moreover, they need to be considered from several positions and look for alternative solutions, justifying your opinion. Thanks to this, you will be able to quickly navigate when writing the official Unified State Examination, and even encounter similar tasks.

The Unified State Exam is based on test technologies. This new form of examination requires good knowledge of the subjects, preliminary psychological preparation of all participants in the educational process (teachers, parents, students.

Tips for teachers:

Teachers, remembering that “you can’t teach swimming while standing on the shore,” should more actively introduce testing technologies into the teaching system. In recent years, the Russian Testing Center has published collections of thematic tests. These tests are designed for students in grades 5-11 in almost all subjects taken for the Unified State Exam. With their help, you can assess the level of student mastery of the material and develop their skills in working with test tasks.

Such training in completing test tasks will allow students to actually increase their score during the Unified State Examination. Knowing the standard designs of test tasks, the student will spend virtually no time understanding the instructions. During such training, appropriate psychotechnical skills of self-regulation and self-control are formed.

At the same time, it is advisable to carry out the main part of the work not before the exam itself, but in advance, working out individual details when taking tests on the topics covered, i.e. in cases that are not as emotionally intense as passing the Unified State Exam.

The psychotechnical skills acquired by students during the learning process only increase the effectiveness of preparation for passing the Unified State Exam, but also allow them to behave more successfully during the exam, contribute to the development of mental work skills, the ability to mobilize themselves in a decisive situation, and master their own emotions.

Tips for parents:

It is no secret that success in passing the exam largely depends on the mood and attitude of the parents. To help your children prepare as best as possible for exams, try these tips:

Don't worry about the number of points your child will get on the exam. Instill in him the idea that the number of points is not a perfect measurement of his abilities.

Do not increase your child’s anxiety on the eve of exams; this will negatively affect the test result. Due to age characteristics, a child may not be able to cope with his emotions and “break down.”

Provide a convenient place at home for studying, make sure that no one in the family interferes.

Help the children distribute their preparation topics by day.

Familiarize your child with the methods of preparing for exams. Prepare different versions of test tasks in the subject and train your child, because testing is different from the written and oral exams he is used to.

While practicing test tasks, teach your child to navigate time and be able to distribute it. If your child does not wear a watch, be sure to give him a watch for the exam.

Encourage children and increase their self-confidence.

Monitor your child’s preparation for exams and avoid overload.

Pay attention to your child's nutrition. Products such as fish, cottage cheese, nuts, dried apricots, etc. stimulate brain function.

On the eve of the exam, provide your child with adequate rest; he should rest and get a good night's sleep.

Don't criticize your child after the exam.

Remember: the main thing is to reduce the child’s stress and anxiety and provide suitable conditions for classes.

Tips for graduates:

Preparation for the exam

Prepare a place for studying: remove unnecessary things from the table, conveniently arrange the necessary textbooks, manuals, notebooks, paper, pencils. Introduce yellow and purple colors into the interior of the room (they increase intellectual activity). For this, a picture or print in these colors is enough.

Make a lesson plan. First, determine whether you are a “night owl” or a “lark”, and depending on this, make the most of your morning or evening hours.

When making a plan for each day of preparation, it is necessary to clearly define what exactly will be studied today. Not in general: “I’ll study a little,” but what specific sections and topics.

Start with the most difficult section, with the material you know the worst. But if it’s difficult for you to “swing,” you can start with the material that is most interesting and enjoyable.

Alternate between classes and rest: 40 minutes of classes, 10 minutes of break. During a break, you can wash the dishes, water the flowers, do exercises, and take a shower. Take as many published tests on the subject as possible. These training sessions will familiarize you with the construction of test items.

Practice with a stopwatch in your hands, time the tests (on average, one task in Part A should take no more than 2 minutes).

As you prepare for exams, mentally paint yourself a picture of triumph. Never think that you will not cope with the task.

Leave one day before the exam to review the most difficult questions.

On the eve of the exam

Many people believe that in order to fully prepare for the exam, only one, the last night before it, is enough. This is wrong. You are tired, and there is no need to overwork yourself. On the contrary, take a walk in the evening and take a shower before going to bed. Get as much sleep as possible so you can wake up feeling like you're in a fighting spirit.

You must arrive at the exam site without being late, preferably 20 minutes before the start of the test.

If it's cold outside, don't forget to dress warmly, because you'll be sitting for 3-4 hours.

Before the exam starts

At the beginning of testing, you will be given the necessary information (how to fill out the form, what letters to write, how to code the school number, etc.). Be careful! The correctness of your answers depends on how carefully you remember these rules.

During testing

Skim the entire text to see what type of tasks it contains.

Read the question carefully to the end to get the correct meaning.

If you don't know the answer to a question or are unsure, skip it so you can come back to it later. Start easy! Start answering those questions that you have no doubt about, without stopping at those that may cause long thoughts.

Learn to skip difficult or unclear tasks. Remember: there will always be questions in the text that you will definitely be able to answer.

Think only about the current task! When you do a new task, forget everything that happened in the previous one. Remember: the tasks in the texts are not related to each other, so the knowledge that you applied in one solved one, as a rule, does not help, but only hinders you from concentrating and correctly solving a new task.

Many tasks can be solved faster if you do not immediately look for the correct answer, but consistently eliminate those that are clearly not suitable. The elimination method allows you to ultimately focus on just one or two options, rather than five or seven.

Leave time to check your work so you can skim and spot any obvious mistakes.

If you are not sure about the answer, trust your intuition.

Practice shows that a teacher cannot fully prepare 9th grade students for the Unified State Exam and 11th grade students for the Unified State Exam in chemistry in the classroom, especially when studying this subject for 1 or 2 hours a week.

However, a teacher can be of great help to students by adhering to a certain methodology.

1.Repetition. This is one of the most important parts of exam preparation.

There is no need to postpone organizing revision until the end of the school year. The sooner the teacher begins to combine the organization of repetition in the lesson with the study of new material, the better the result will be. It is not necessary to separate repetition in a lesson into a separate block. There may not be enough time for this. Repeat covered topics when questioning students, connect new material with previously studied material, and even when reinforcing a new topic.

Without repetition, you can’t count on good results when passing the Unified State Exam.

The organization of repetition must be included in calendar and thematic planning. It is impossible to repeat all the material covered in a few months. In addition, each child has his own gaps in knowledge. The teacher must identify the main topics in which students are struggling.

You cannot use screening tests from only one author or publication. The graduate must be ready to cope with any task, no matter how the question is formulated.

In addition, you can create an individual revision program for each student. But he must do it himself. Each student has his own weak points, and therefore the emphasis will be placed differently.

The most common mistakes made by students:

1. Mechanisms of connection formation. Difficulties in choosing substances that have a bond formed by a donor-acceptor mechanism: if the answer contains an ammonium salt, there are no errors, but if you should choose ozone, carbon monoxide, a complex compound, there are much fewer correct answers.

2.Hydrogen bond. It is imperative to recall the classes of organic compounds that form this type of bond and remember its effect on physical properties.

Students often mistakenly believe that substances with ionic crystal lattices conduct electric current in the solid state, forgetting about the strength of the ionic bond, and, as a consequence, the impossibility of free movement of ions.

3. Regularities of chemical reactions

When repeating chemical kinetics, attention must be paid to factors affecting the reaction rate. Often, when asked about reaction speed, the authors of manuals

the equation has been given a reversibility sign⇆ , this is enough to push the student to the wrong answer, in which, instead of factors affecting speed, he considers factors affecting balance.

When repeating a chemical equilibrium, the most common error occurs when the effect of pressure on the equilibrium is considered and the amounts of substances are summed up - gases and solids or gases and liquids. To remember that the volumes of liquids and solids can be neglected in this case, you can compare the volume of 1 mole of water vapor (22400 ml) and the volume of 1 mole of liquid water (18 ml).

4. Physico-chemical properties of solutions. Electrolytic dissociation. Reactions in electrolyte solutions

Equations of stepwise dissociation of polybasic acids, polyacid bases, as well as acidic, basic and complex salts. A very common error in recording the dissociation of acid salts is:

NaHS⇆ Na+ + Н+ + S ² ˉ

Pay attention to the factors influencing the degree of dissociation of weak electrolytes. 5. The influence of solution dilution on the degree of dissociation (Ostwald’s dilution law). The wording of the question itself in the tests, “The brightness of the light bulb will increase...” is not clear to all students.

6. Hydrolysis of salts

About the environment in solutions of dihydrogen phosphates and hydrosulfites.

On the mutual enhancement of hydrolysis, for example, when mixing solutions of iron (III) chloride and sodium carbonate.

Point out that when mixing iron (III) salts with sulfides, it is not the mutual enhancement of hydrolysis that occurs, but the redox reaction.

It is necessary to repeat the irreversible hydrolysis of binary compounds (carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides, active metals).

7.Amphoteric compounds.

Review topics related to reaction products of amphoteric oxides and hydroxides in solution and fusion.

Draw the student's attention to the oxidation state of the amphoteric metal and the dependence of the reaction product on it.

Repeat the destruction of hydroxo complexes in an acidic environment. Pay attention to their destruction by hydrolysis products of salts of weak bases and strong acids (a solution of aluminum, zinc, and iron salts is added to the complex).

8. Main classes of compounds. Pay special attention to the dependence of the reaction products on the excess or deficiency of reagents: for example, when alkalis react with carbon monoxide (IV), both an average and an acid salt can be formed.

Be sure to pay attention to the issue of thermal stability, especially nitrates.

Remind students of the differences between industrial and laboratory methods of producing substances. Don’t forget to focus on what the optimal conditions for receiving are.

Repeat qualitative reactions for substances and ions.

To successfully prepare students for the Unified State Exam, the teacher is recommended to implement the proposed algorithm:

1. Analysis of information on the content and procedure of the Unified State Exam.

1.1.Identify the number of students planning to take the Unified State Exam in chemistry.

1.2. Get acquainted with the regulatory documents regulating the content and procedure for conducting the Unified State Exam (published on the websites www.ege.edu.ru, www.fipi.ru, www.educom.ru, www.mioo.ru, ege.flpi.org)

1.Z. Agree with the leadership of the educational institution on the organizational form of preparing students for the Unified State Exam (consulting hours, electives, special courses, etc.).

1.4.Analyze the content of the Unified State Exam according to the specification

1.5. Analyze educational and methodological support (textbooks, additional literature, collections of tests, Internet sites) to prepare students for the Unified State Exam.

2. To identify the level of students’ mastery of all course topics during trial testing based on materials from the demo version of the Unified State Exam.

3. Draw up calendar and thematic planning that reflects the topics of classes, their content, a list of basic knowledge and skills, a list of mandatory nomenclature. Calendar and thematic planning is compiled taking into account the number of hours and deadlines allocated for preparation for the Unified State Exam.

4. In the calendar and thematic planning, it is necessary to include deadlines and forms for diagnosing the level of mastery of the repeated material.

5.When planning repetition, it is recommended to take into account the level of individual preparation of students. To do this, individual plans for preparing students for the Unified State Exam should be developed and agreed upon with students and their parents.

The Unified State Exam in Chemistry in 2015 is not included in the number of mandatory state exams. Typically, this exam is taken by graduates who have long decided which university and specialty they will enroll in. As a rule, the Unified State Exam in chemistry is required for admission to specialties related to medicine, the chemical or food industries. The Unified State Exam in chemistry is not inferior in complexity to either mathematics or physics. Therefore, to successfully pass the exam, you need to start preparing as early as possible. And if knowledge in this subject is practically zero, then without outside help and painstaking independent work, the chances of passing the Unified State Exam in chemistry are negligible.

Structure of the Unified State Examination in Chemistry

The Unified State Exam in chemistry consists of 40 tasks, which are divided into three levels of difficulty:

• The first level is basic level tasks. At this level, you need to choose one correct answer from four proposed answers. Each correct answer will be worth one point
• The second level of difficulty consists of intermediate level tasks. At this level, you should write down the answer to each task. Depending on the completeness and correctness of the answer, answers will be scored from 1 to 2 points
• The third level of difficulty consists of fairly complex tasks. Answers at this level should be detailed, with a complete description of the entire process of solving the task. The score at this level of difficulty is from 3 to 4 points, depending on the completeness of solving the task.

How to prepare for the Unified State Exam in Chemistry

First, the graduate must decide for himself whether he is ready to take the Unified State Exam in chemistry. To do this, you need to take trial demonstration tests for the Unified State Exam in chemistry, which can be found. Solving these tests will show your real level of knowledge.

If the level of knowledge is very low, then preparation for the Unified State Exam in chemistry should start from scratch. To do this, you must enroll in preparatory courses in chemistry. In these courses, qualified specialists will help to significantly increase the level of knowledge, both in the theoretical part of the subject and in solving problems of various levels. If it is not possible to attend such courses, then it is worth finding a tutor who will study individually, which will also have a positive impact on fundamental knowledge in chemistry. At the same time, you must independently carefully study and work through topic by topic, reinforcing your theoretical knowledge by solving practical problems.

Algorithm for self-preparation for the Unified State Exam in Chemistry

To independently prepare for the Unified State Exam in Chemistry, you will definitely need basic school textbooks on chemistry, workbooks, reference materials and manuals for preparing for the Unified State Exam.

A student with a zero level of knowledge should prepare for the exam in stages, according to the following plan:

• Basic concepts of chemistry
• Nomenclature of inorganic and organic substances
• Atomic structure
• Chemical bonds

For each topic, it is necessary to keep notes in which to write down basic concepts, terms and formulas. After each topic, you need to write a test dictation, which will help reveal the real level of theoretical knowledge. Once the theory has been sorted out and studied, it is necessary to begin solving problems that can be taken from training papers for the Unified State Exam in Chemistry 2015 or previous years. When solving problems, special attention should be paid to solving tasks on chains of transformations. Solving these particular problems will help you quickly study a large number of chemical reactions and consolidate your knowledge of chemistry.

Meet the teacher or teacher. To pass the exam successfully, you should get to know the teacher and tell him what is difficult for you.

• Many teachers can be approached outside of class if students need help. In addition, they usually have methodological publications.

1. Gather a group for classes. Don't be ashamed that chemistry is hard for you. This subject is difficult for almost everyone.

   • When working in a group, people who can quickly understand a topic will explain it to others. Divide and conquer.

2. Read the required paragraphs in the textbook. A chemistry textbook isn't the most exciting read, but you should read the material carefully and highlight text that you don't understand. Make a list of questions and concepts that you find difficult to understand.

   • Come back to these parts later with a fresh mind. If you still find it difficult, discuss the topic in a group or ask your teacher for help.

3. Answer the questions after the paragraph. Even if there is a lot of material, you may have remembered more than you think. Try to answer the questions at the end of the chapter.

   • Sometimes textbooks have explanatory material at the end that describes the correct solution. This will help you understand where you made a mistake in your reasoning.

4. Study charts, images, and tables. Textbooks use visual ways to convey information.

   • Look at the pictures and diagrams. This will help you understand some concepts better.

5. Ask your teacher for permission to record the lecture. It is difficult to write down information and still look at the board, especially when it comes to such a difficult subject as chemistry.

   Review past exam questions. Sometimes students are given questions that have appeared in previous years' exams so that they can prepare better.

   • Don't memorize the answers. Chemistry is a subject where, in order to answer a question, it is important to understand what is being said, and not just repeat a memorized text.

6. Take advantage of online learning resources. Visit all the sites that the teacher recommends.

   Learn to identify the changes that occur during a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions begin with basic elements or compounds that react. As a result of the connection, a reaction product or several products are obtained.

   Learn different types of reactions. Chemical reactions can occur under the influence of various factors, and not just when elements combine.

   Use all available resources. You will need to understand the difference between the basic reactions. Use all possible materials to understand this difference. Don't be afraid to ask questions.

   • Understanding what changes during chemical reactions is not so easy. This will be one of the most challenging tasks in chemistry class.

7. Think about the reactions from a logical point of view. Try not to get confused by the terminology and make things even more complicated. All reactions are aimed at transforming something into something else.

   • For example, you already know what happens if you combine two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom - water. Therefore, if you pour water into a pan and put it on fire, something will change. You carried out a chemical reaction. If you put water in the refrigerator, a reaction will occur. You changed something that involved a substance involved in the reaction, which is water.
   • Go through each type of reaction until you understand everything. Focus on the source of energy that provokes the reaction and the major changes that result from the reaction.
   • If you find it difficult to understand this, make a list of unclear nuances and show it to your teacher, fellow students, or anyone who is well versed in chemistry.

Calculations

1. Know the sequence of basic calculations. In chemistry, very precise calculations are sometimes required, but a basic knowledge of mathematics is often sufficient. It is important to understand the sequence in which the calculations are carried out.

   • First, calculations are done in parentheses, then calculations in powers, then multiplication or division, and finally addition or subtraction.
   • In the example 3 + 2 x 6 = ___ the correct answer is 15.

2. Don't be afraid to round very long numbers. In chemistry, rounding is common because often the answer to an equation is a number with many digits. If the problem statement provides rounding instructions, take them into account.

   Understand what absolute value is. In chemistry, some numbers have an absolute value rather than a mathematical value. The absolute value is all values ​​up to a number from zero.

   Know all common units of measurement. Here are some examples.

   • The amount of a substance is measured in moles (mol).
   • Temperature is measured in degrees Fahrenheit (°F), Kelvin (°K), or Celsius (°C).
   • Mass is measured in grams (g), kilograms (kg) or milligrams (mg).
   • The volume of liquid is measured in liters (L) or milliliters (ml).

3. Practice converting values ​​from one measurement system to another. In the exam you will have to do such translations. You may need to convert temperatures from one system to another, pounds to kilograms, ounces to liters.

   • You may be asked to answer in units different from those in the problem statement. For example, in the text of the problem the temperature will be indicated in degrees Celsius, but the answer will be needed in degrees Kelvin.
   • Typically, the temperature of chemical reactions is measured in degrees Kelvin. Practice converting degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit or Kelvin.

4. Don't rush. Carefully read the text of the problem and learn to convert units of measurement.

   Know how to calculate your concentration. Practice basic math by calculating percentages, ratios, and proportions.

   Practice with the nutritional information on food packages. To pass Chemistry, you need to be able to calculate ratios, proportions and percentages in different sequences. If this is difficult for you, start practicing using familiar units of measurement (for example, food packaging).

   • Get the nutrition facts package. You'll see calorie calculations per serving, percentage of recommended servings per day, total fat, percentage of calories from fat, total carbohydrates, and a breakdown by type of carbohydrate. Learn to calculate various ratios based on these values.
   • For example, calculate the amount of monounsaturated fat in total fat. Convert to percentage. Calculate how many calories are in a package by knowing the number of servings and the calorie content of each serving. Calculate how much sodium is in half the package.
   • This will help you easily convert chemical values ​​from one system to another, such as moles per liter, grams per mole, and so on.

5. Learn to use Avogadro's number. This number reflects the number of molecules, atoms or particles in one mole. Avogadro's constant is 6.022x1023.

   Think about carrots. If you're having trouble figuring out how to use Avogadro's number, try counting carrots instead of atoms, molecules, or particles. How many carrots are there in a dozen? We know that a dozen is 12, which means there are 12 carrots in one dozen.

   Understand molarity. Think about the number of moles of a substance contained in a liquid. It is very important to understand this example because we are talking about molarity, that is, the proportion of a substance expressed in moles per liter.

   Reduce the equations to an empirical formula. This means that the answer will only be correct if you reduce all the meanings to their simplest form.

   Know what is included in the molecular formula. The molecular formula does not need to be reduced to its simplest, or empirical, form, since it tells what exactly the molecule is made of.

   • The molecular formula is written using the abbreviations of the elements and the number of atoms of each element in the molecule.
   • For example, the molecular formula of water is H2O. This means that each water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The molecular formula of acetaminophen is C8H9NO2. Every chemical compound has a molecular formula.

6. Remember that the mathematics in chemistry is called stoichiometry. You will come across this term. This is a description of how chemistry is expressed in mathematical formulas. In chemical mathematics, or stoichiometry, quantities of elements and chemical compounds are often expressed in moles, moles, moles per liter, or moles per kilogram.

   Ask for additional assignments. If you have trouble with equations and conversions, talk to your teacher. Ask to be given more tasks so that you can work on them yourself until the essence of all phenomena becomes clear to you.

The language of chemistry

Learn to understand Lewis diagrams. Lewis diagrams are sometimes called scatter plots. These are simple diagrams in which dots represent free and bound electrons in the outer shell of an atom

Find out what the octet rule is. Lewis diagrams use the octet rule, which states that an atom becomes stable when it has access to eight electrons in its outer shell. Hydrogen is an exception - it is considered stable if it has two electrons in its outer shell.