How to get tested for infertility. Female infertility: symptoms

Tests for female infertility

To identify the causes of infertility in women, reproductive specialists prescribe laboratory tests.

Some studies are mandatory for all groups of patients (clinical and biochemical tests of blood and urine, analysis of the blood coagulation system, hormonal studies, analysis for infections).

Additional studies may also be prescribed, which include genetic blood tests, histological studies of the endometrium, tumor markers, and additional hormonal studies.

Patients often ask whether there is any special test for infertility in women? One test does not make a diagnosis of infertility. The examination is always comprehensive.

In addition to tests for the most common causes of infertility, an examination using ultrasound and instrumental methods (echohysteroscopy, hysteroscopy, laparoscopy) is required. The purpose of the examination: to identify the cause of infertility to determine treatment tactics.

! Please note that a correct diagnosis can only be made with high-quality tests. That is why on the territory of our clinic there is a collection point for tests from the DiaLab diagnostic laboratory, which has an international ISO quality standard, which was selected from many other laboratories for the quality of the tests performed.

Hormone tests in women

When determining the causes of infertility in women, reproductive doctors prescribe hormone tests that reflect the reproductive function of the female body.

The list of hormone tests necessary to make a diagnosis is determined by a fertility specialist individually, based on the clinical situation.

1) Sex hormones

When the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland decreases, the entire functioning of the ovaries is disrupted: they do not produce eggs and ovarian hormones - estrogens and progesterone. When FSH levels are low, the menstrual cycle is disrupted.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by the pituitary gland and influences the production of progesterone in the ovaries. A high rate indicates the presence of endometriosis, polycystic disease or ovarian failure.

If there are deviations in prolactin levels, follicle growth and the ovulation process are disrupted.

The male sex hormone, testosterone, is also present in the female body. In excess it leads to disruption of ovulation and can lead to miscarriage.

Normal progesterone levels affect the growth and development of the endometrium in the uterus. This is necessary for successful implantation of the embryo into the uterine cavity and the development of pregnancy. An increase in the level of this hormone can signal ovarian diseases (for example, ovarian cysts); if it decreases, ovulation does not occur in women.

Elevated numbers of 17-OP indicate the presence of adrenogenital syndrome. Against this background, the hormone testosterone increases and ovulation does not occur.

AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone) reflects ovarian reserve ovaries. Low levels indicate ovarian depletion. The lower the AMH, the lower the likelihood of pregnancy.

Estradiol (estrogen) affects the menstrual cycle, egg maturation. It also affects the growth of the endometrium and prepares the uterine mucosa for embryo implantation.

Blood for sex hormones must be donated strictly on an empty stomach and on a certain day of the menstrual cycle.

On days 2-3 of the menstrual cycle - FSH, LH, prolactin, AMH.

On days 8-10 of the menstrual cycle - testosterone, 17-OP.

On days 19-21 of the cycle - estradiol, progesterone.

2) Thyroid hormones

A change in normal thyroid hormone levels in women has a negative effect on ovulation and follicular growth.

On the eve of the test, training and stress should be avoided. It is advisable to take it in the morning, on an empty stomach. An hour before the test, it is advisable to be in a calm state.

3) Hormones of the adrenal cortex

An increase in the level of these hormones leads to disruption of follicular development, delayed ovulation and negatively affects the production of cervical mucus.

On the eve of the test, you need to exclude fatty foods and alcohol from your diet. It is advisable to take it in the morning, on an empty stomach. Do not smoke an hour before the test.

Very often, one of the causes of infertility is sexually transmitted infections. They lead to a chronic inflammatory process, the formation of adhesions, and obstruction of the fallopian tubes.

Untreated or untreated infectious diseases of the reproductive system become chronic, the clinical picture is erased, and the woman may not know that the disease has become latent. However, she may remain a carrier of this infection.

To identify diseases or carriers of infections, examination for sexually transmitted infections is mandatory and is included in the standard examination for infertility or before planning pregnancy.

Tests for infections are carried out using smears from the woman’s genital tract (smears for flora and PCR diagnostics) and venous blood (for the presence of antibodies and antigens in the blood).

At VitroClinic you can get tested for all types of infections, including a study of the complete biocenosis (quantitative and qualitative composition of microflora) of the vagina using the modern Femoflor analysis.

VitroClinic specialists adhere to the tactic of prescribing the optimal number of additional tests to clarify the diagnosis. Therefore, tests such as HLA typing and postcoital testing that have lost their relevance are not prescribed.

Biochemical blood tests

These blood tests reflect the functioning of a person’s internal organs, and the slightest deviations can reveal the presence of pathology and provide timely treatment. The mandatory study includes: total protein, albumin, glucose, creatinine, cholesterol, ALT, AST, potassium, sodium, total bilirubin, urea.

Collapse

Diagnosing infertility is a rather difficult process, especially since 15% of cases are currently still diagnosed as infertility of unknown origin (or idiopathic). Therefore, both instrumental and laboratory diagnostic methods play an important role, since sometimes pathology can develop due to disturbances in hormonal levels, etc. Tests for infertility in women are numerous and are carried out in a medical institution, but do not require hospitalization.

Necessary research

Tests for infertility in women cannot play a major diagnostic role during the study due to the fact that sometimes the pathology is caused by physical changes in the structure of internal organs. But even without them, it is impossible to make a correct diagnosis and begin treatment. Therefore, blood tests are an important part of the diagnosis of this pathology.

What tests are taken? Particular attention is paid to the study of the content of several types of hormones, since this is what infertility sometimes depends on. The list below shows the most important types of connections from this point of view.

FSH

Follicle-stimulating hormone is needed to stimulate follicles and the functions of the corpus luteum. This potentially affects the production of estrogen compounds, egg formation and other indicators. This compound itself is produced by the pituitary gland and if it is deficient, enough eggs are not produced and normal conditions for conception are not formed.

A study on its content is carried out on a certain day of the menstrual cycle. A venous blood test is performed. The cost of such an analysis varies from 600 to 1000 rubles, depending on the place where it is performed.

Prolactin

Another hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It is necessary to regulate the production of progesterone and FSH, that is, it affects the onset of pregnancy only indirectly. It also affects lactation and ovulation processes. With its deficiency, as with its excess, the possibility of conception is significantly reduced. For example, there may be no ovulation due to a lack of prolactin, which will make pregnancy impossible.

Also, the study is carried out strictly on the established day of the cycle, using venous blood. Its cost is about 300-500 rubles, but there may also be a price for materials and the process of drawing blood.

LH

Luteinizing hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It has a direct effect on the functions of the corpus luteum, as well as on the production of estrogen by the ovaries. Its most complete level and influence can only be assessed in relation to FSH, which is why these tests are usually taken simultaneously. The cost of testing LH levels ranges from 400 to 600 rubles.

Estradiol

It directly affects the process of formation and functioning of the corpus luteum, as well as the processes of egg maturation, ovulation and the menstrual cycle. Produced by the corpus luteum itself and follicles in the ovaries. At the same time, FSH, LH and prolactin have a great effect on it. Their level can only be studied together.

The cost of the study is from 300 to 600 rubles. It is taken in the same test as LH, FSH, prolactin, etc.

Progesterone

This component in the patient’s blood is produced by the placenta and corpus luteum. In the absence of pregnancy, it is he who prepares the mucous membrane for the attachment of the embryo. If there is a pregnancy, he helps to preserve it. With its deficiency, miscarriages and lack of pregnancy are possible.

Blood is donated on the 20th day of the menstrual cycle. The cost of the study is 500-800 rubles.

Testosterone

Typically, a test is performed for normal and free testosterone. These tests for infertility make it possible to determine the level of male sex hormone, which is normally found in small quantities in the body of patients. With a significant increase in its content, egg maturation and ovulation can be suppressed. Also, it is its excess that leads to miscarriages at very early stages.

The cost of the study is 300-400 rubles for each indicator (normal and free). A sample is taken at the period of the cycle determined by the doctor. Both indicators need to be studied at once, since they are interconnected and act mutually.

DEA sulfate

Produced by the adrenal glands in both men and women. Therefore, you can take it any day, to both partners. Necessary for starting the fertilization process itself. Prices for such research start from 450 rubles.

T3 free and T4

These hormones are produced by the thyroid gland and have a direct effect on the course of maturation and development of follicles, and in addition, on the very development and formation of the egg, its maturation, and ovulation. These substances act exclusively in combination, so their levels must be determined together. It is pointless to donate blood for only one of them.

The study is carried out on blood from a vein. It is advisable to take it during the menstrual cycle prescribed by the doctor. The average cost of each of these analyzes is 500-600 rubles. Additionally, you need to pay for the sampling procedure (only once, since a sample is taken, the volume of which is sufficient to study the level of both blood components).

TSH

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and has a direct effect on the growth and development of follicles, egg maturation and ovulation. It is equally bad to have a level that is too high or too low. Usually, it is given immediately in combination with T3 and T4, since these components have similar functions, but are produced by the thyroid gland. The cost of testing the TSH level is about 300-600 rubles.

Antibodies to TSH

Usually they talk about changes in thyroid function. This indicator is not the main one, but it is important to pass it, since it can not only diagnose, but also predict possible malfunctions. It is carried out using venous blood on a random day of the cycle. The cost of the study is about 500 rubles.

Submission procedure

It is advisable to take tests for infertility in the morning, ideally at 10.00-10.30 am. Blood is taken from a vein, the process is carried out in the treatment room. It is important to follow several rules:

Take it strictly on the day of the menstrual cycle recommended by your doctor;
Take strictly on an empty stomach;
It is advisable not to smoke for as long as possible before the study;
If possible, stop taking certain medications (in consultation with your doctor);
Complete refusal to take hormonal medications at least a week before the study (in consultation with the doctor).

In some cases, there may be other recommendations, which the doctor will notify.

Decoding

Only a doctor can correctly interpret a hormone test for infertility.

This is due to the fact that it is not the actual level of a particular hormone that plays a big role, but its relationship with other indicators. This is due to the fact that such components interact together and have a common effect on the likelihood of pregnancy. Therefore, it is not worth deciphering the research results yourself, even if there is data on normal indicators for the components.

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The diagnosis of infertility is made after 12 months of unsuccessful attempts to become pregnant while maintaining an active sex life and lack of contraception. According to statistics, 20% of couples face this problem. But this diagnosis is not a death sentence. In most cases, the situation is fixable. It is necessary to identify the cause of infertility as soon as possible and prescribe treatment, which will result in a long-awaited pregnancy and the birth of a child.

Infertility (lat. sterilitas) is the inability of women and men to fertilize.

Infertility can be:

absolute – the presence of a pathology that excludes the possibility of conception (in women – absence of the uterus, ovaries; in men – absence of sperm, testicles);
relative - the presence of a cause that can be eliminated.

Also distinguished:

primary infertility – failure to conceive in a sexually active couple;
secondary infertility – failure to conceive after pregnancy.

The main causes of infertility include:

hormonal imbalance;
infectious diseases;
abnormal structure of the genital organs;
genital injuries;
immunological problems;
psychological problems.

Methods for diagnosing infertility

Infertility is most often blamed on the woman. But this is a deep misconception. According to studies, 40% of cases of infertility are diagnosed in women, 40% in men. The remaining 20% includes combined and unknown causes. Therefore, it is important to diagnose infertility in both women and men. Moreover, it is worth starting the examination with the man, because there are fewer factors influencing male infertility and this diagnosis is simpler.

Diagnosis of infertility in men

Examination of a man for infertility takes place in several stages. First, the main studies are ordered. If after them the doctor still has some questions, then additional ones are prescribed.

The main methods for diagnosing male infertility include the following steps.

Consultation with an andrologist or reproductive specialist.

Survey. Past illnesses, pregnancies of other partners, characteristics of sexual life and the degree of influence of negative factors (harmful industries, smoking, alcohol) are clarified.

Inspection. The degree of expression of secondary sexual characteristics is determined, the scrotum is palpated.

Laboratory diagnosis of infertility.

Spermogram is a study of ejaculate. Preparation for the analysis is very important and begins a week before the test. Following a diet, avoiding alcohol consumption, visiting the sauna and bathhouse, stress, and no sexual intercourse for two days. If a man has a cold, the test should be postponed until complete recovery. The research procedure takes place in three stages: masturbation (in a specially designated room in a medical institution or at home), sample collection, and analysis. The ejaculate must reach the laboratory within an hour and must be at room temperature during transportation. Based on the results of the spermogram, the volume of ejaculate, the number of sperm, their motility, morphology and several other indicators are assessed. If deviations from the norm are detected, the analysis is repeated 2 more times to exclude errors or the influence of other factors.

Analysis of hormone levels. These are mainly follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin. If these hormones are abnormal, we can talk about endocrine disorders.

Ultrasound examination (ultrasound).

Ultrasound and Dopplerometry of the scrotal organs. It is used to assess the structure and pathology of the testicles and their appendages.

TRUS (transrectal ultrasound) is performed to assess the condition of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles.

Additional diagnostics of infertility in men includes the following studies:

genetic tests are prescribed for disorders of sperm maturation and production or their absence;
analysis for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is carried out in case of inflammation combined with an abnormal spermogram;
prostate secretion excludes or confirms inflammation of the prostate;
determination of tumor markers is prescribed in case of suspected malignancy;
an immunological study (MAR test) should reveal the presence or absence of antisperm antibodies;
testicular biopsy is indicated in the absence of sperm or a serious decrease in their number;
a study of post-orgasmic urine is carried out in the absence of ejaculation or its small volume to exclude or confirm the reflux of sperm into the bladder.

Each of the additional methods for diagnosing the causes of infertility has serious indications for research and should be carried out by experienced specialists.

Diagnosis of infertility in women

Female infertility requires more serious research than male infertility. After all, the female body must not only form a high-quality egg, but also create special conditions for fertilization, gestation and birth of a child.

As with the examination of male infertility, the diagnosis of female infertility is carried out in stages.

Consultation with a gynecologist or reproductive specialist.

Survey. The list of previous diseases, operations (especially on the pelvic organs), genetic abnormalities in the family, the presence of pregnancies, characteristics of sexual life and the menstrual cycle, and the influence of harmful factors is specified.

Inspection. First, the ratio of height and weight and the development of secondary sexual characteristics are assessed. Then a gynecological examination of the vagina and cervix and a two-handed examination of the uterus and ovaries are performed.

Laboratory diagnostics.

Smear. Analysis of discharge from the cervical canal will indicate the presence of an inflammatory process or STD.

Blood test for hormones (FSH, LH, estrogens, progesterone and androgen), infections and increased clotting.

Ultrasound diagnosis of the condition of the uterus and ovaries. Ultrasound is the most informative and reliable way to determine ovulation. In addition, you can assess the condition of the uterus and ovaries, monitor the growth of the endometrium and determine the causes of menstrual irregularities.
Rectal temperature measurement. This additional research method is carried out over a period of 3 months and assesses the presence (37°C) or absence (<37°С) овуляции. Наблюдение и измерение женщина проводит самостоятельно.
Hysterosalpingography (HSG). This is an x-ray examination aimed at diagnosing tubal infertility and assessing the condition of the uterus. This research method is carried out on days 5-7 of the cycle by injecting a contrast agent into the uterus and assessing its movement through the fallopian tubes. This method is not always informative in assessing the patency of the fallopian tubes, because the patient experiences discomfort, which may affect the result. This method is more suitable for identifying uterine pathologies. And the most reliable way to assess the patency of the fallopian tubes is laparoscopy.
Laparoscopy. This type of examination is performed under general anesthesia using a special apparatus through small holes in the abdominal cavity. The undoubted advantage of this study is not only its high information content, but also the possibility of correcting identified disorders (restoration of fallopian tube function, removal of fibroids and ovarian formations).
Hysteroscopy. This method of endoscopic examination of the uterus not only evaluates its condition, but also allows for treatment of almost any uterine pathology.
Tomography of the skull and sella turcica is prescribed if endocrine infertility is suspected.
Spiral computed tomography of the pelvic organs is prescribed to clarify pathologies of the internal genital organs.

Diagnostics of partner compatibility

There are cases when conception does not occur due to incompatibility of partners. There are several methods for diagnosing such cases of infertility.

Karyotyping is a study of the genetic compatibility of partners. The material for analysis is blood from a vein.
HLA typing – assessment of immunological compatibility. The more antigens that react aggressively to foreign cells, the less chance of pregnancy.
Kurzrock-Miller test. This diagnostic method examines the interaction of male and female germ cells. The specialist places cervical fluid and sperm in one test tube and observes the behavior of the cells.
Shuvarsky's test. This method is similar to the previous one, but the combination of cervical fluid and sperm occurs naturally. A woman takes this test no more than 6 hours after sexual intercourse.

There are many reasons why there are problems with conception. Conducting timely diagnosis and prescribing treatment for infertility in most cases can eliminate them. The main thing is to conduct a comprehensive study of both men and women. As a result, even already desperate couples have a high probability of becoming happy parents of a long-awaited child.

What tests are performed for infertility in women? This question torments many representatives of the fair half of humanity. When a woman cannot become pregnant for a long time, she should consult a doctor for advice. It would be useful to find out in advance what examinations and tests she will need to undergo.

Diagnosis: infertility

Doctors determine the fact of infertility if a woman cannot become pregnant within a year, having regular sex life without contraception. This condition is not hopeless and can be treated, and in medicine it is called subfertility, that is, a limited ability to become pregnant.

One of the factors influencing a woman’s reproductive function is her age. Ovarian follicles degrade over time, their functions are disrupted, which leads to more frequent miscarriages in women after 35 years of age. The number of functioning follicles decreases, which reduces the ability to conceive.

The most common causes of infertility: ovulation disorders, tubo-ovarian disorders, male factor, endocrine disorders, genetic factors. To find out the reasons for the inability to get pregnant, a couple needs to contact a qualified specialist who will conduct a consultation, examination, and prescribe the necessary examinations and tests.

Ovulation disorder

Ovulation is the process of releasing an egg from a ruptured follicle in the ovary for subsequent fertilization in the fallopian tubes and transportation through them to the uterus, attachment to its wall and further development of the embryo. Occurs approximately in the middle of the menstrual cycle. There are several ways to determine the period of ovulation:

Measurement of basal temperature (BT) - the lowest temperature reached by a person during sleep (at least 3 hours). The temperature is measured in the rectum immediately after waking up. The procedure must be carried out every day and a schedule must be drawn up. Knowing that BT is normally below 36.7°C, drops the day before ovulation, and rises by 0.3-0.6°C during ovulation, a woman can find out when she ovulates. But it is necessary to remember that BBT fluctuations are affected by: lack of sleep, alcohol consumption, intestinal disorders, stress, sexual intercourse, and illness.
Diagnosis of ovarian follicles using ultrasound.
Determination of the concentration of luteinizing hormone in the blood or urine.

Tuboovarian disorders

Such violations include:

Features of the anatomical structure of the pelvic organs.
Inflammatory diseases of the genital organs, often caused by various infections, including sexually transmitted infections.
Endometriosis is a disease in which the endometrial cells lining the walls of the uterus grow beyond their limits. Manifested by bleeding, pain, and enlarged uterus.
Adhesions in the fallopian tubes are pathological fusion of tissues covering organs. Causes: complications after inflammatory processes, endometriosis, surgery.
Obstruction of the fallopian tubes.

The influence of the male factor

Often, a couple cannot conceive a child due to any problems with men’s health, so when planning a pregnancy, it is recommended that both partners be examined.

You should undergo the necessary tests for infertility in men, the most important of which is a spermogram, which provides information about the number, volume, motility, and morphology of sperm.

Necessary examinations and tests

A doctor who deals with infertility problems is a reproductologist. In addition to his consultation, you will need to visit a gynecologist and, possibly, an endocrinologist. A woman who cannot conceive for a long time undergoes the necessary examinations:

taking anamnesis;
external examination (weight, height, age appropriate, assessment of genital development);
gynecological examination to assess the condition of the cervix and vagina;
regular measurement of a woman’s basal temperature to monitor ovulation;
hardware studies (ultrasound, endoscopic diagnostics, SCT of the pelvic organs);
MRI of the brain.

The attending physician studies in detail the medical history and living conditions of the patients. During the consultation, the doctor will find out the individual characteristics of women's health and sexual life, including: age of first menstruation, duration, regularity of the menstrual cycle, nature of discharge, presence of intermenstrual discharge, age of onset of sexual activity, its regularity, contraceptive methods used, previous pregnancies, abortions , miscarriages, childbirth.

Laboratory tests

Laboratory tests prescribed for infertility include:

General urine analysis.
General blood test.
Biochemical blood test.
and Rhesus affiliation.
, hepatitis B, C.
. This is an analysis for infertility in women, which is of great importance, since TORCH infections (toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella, herpes types 1, 2), in addition to the fact that they can cause serious abnormalities in the fetus, often cause miscarriages, intrauterine fetal death, long-term infertility.
Smear examination of vaginal discharge.
Test for immune compatibility of partners. There are several methods for carrying it out: MAP test - an immunological test to detect antisperm bodies that prevent conception; PCT is a postcoital test that determines the effect of cervical mucus on sperm motility and is performed several hours after intercourse.
Hormonal studies (detecting the level of certain hormones in the blood).

Hormone tests for infertility are also important, during which the blood levels of the following elements are checked:

Progesterone is a steroid hormone of the corpus luteum of the ovaries and adrenal glands, also produced by the placenta during gestation. Its level increases significantly during pregnancy, which is why it is called the “pregnancy hormone”. Its deficiency negatively affects reproductive function, which is why determining progesterone levels is a very important test for infertility. The analysis is taken approximately on the 22nd - 25th day of the cycle.
Estrogen is the main female hormone. It is produced in the follicles of the ovaries, in small quantities in the male testicles, and in the adrenal cortex. It is necessary to take this test on days 2–5 of the menstrual cycle.
Testosterone is primarily a male hormone; in women it promotes the development of follicles in the ovary.
Prolactin is produced by the pituitary gland and is responsible for milk production. Its increased content (hyperprolactinemia) can negatively affect ovulation, causing infertility.
Androgens are male sex hormones; increasing their levels in the blood can affect reproductive functions.
PS hormone - produced by the pituitary gland. They are taken on days 2-5 of the menstrual cycle.
Cortisol - produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates carbohydrate metabolism, develops a response to stress.

Hardware Research

In case of infertility, examination using the following technologies may be necessary:

Ultrasound of the uterus and appendages.
Hysteroscopy is an examination of the uterine cavity by inserting a hysteroscope (an optical device equipped with a camera) through the vagina.
Laparoscopy is an examination of the abdominal organs by inserting a tube (laparoscope) with a lens system and attached to a video camera through small punctures in the abdominal wall.
SCT (spiral computed tomography) of the pelvic organs. It is prescribed to study the anatomical structure of the pelvic organs and identify possible anomalies that affect the ability to conceive.
MRI of the brain. Prescribed to diagnose brain pathologies that may affect hormone production.

After carrying out all the procedures and making an accurate diagnosis, the doctor prescribes the necessary treatment, which depends on the individual reasons that caused the patient’s infertility.

Many women are afraid of infertility. This is especially true for those whose age has exceeded 35 years. If you have concerns about infertility, you can get tested. Testing for infertility in women is a fairly broad concept. To begin with, it is worth understanding that this is a labor-intensive thing; it is impossible to take tests for infertility in one day. So, what tests should a woman undergo for infertility:

Collection of obstetric, somatic and gynecological analysis. This is information about problems related to the nature of menstruation, the number of pregnancies, births and abortions, if any, and the characteristics of their course.
General gynecological examination. This procedure includes: interview, general examination, breast examination, external examination of the genitals, speculum examination, vaginal and rectal examination.
Ultrasound of the pelvic organs. This procedure should be carried out on days 1-14 of the menstrual cycle (menstruation) with a cycle of 28 days.
Gastroscopy. The examination is carried out on days 7-14 of the cycle. The uterine cavity is examined using an optical device.
Additional consultation with a surgeon, hepatologist, neurologist. Additional consultations should be carried out according to individual indications.
Examination of hormonal levels. The lactogenic hormone of the anterior lobe is determined: hypothesis, progesterone, testosterone, estrodial.
Echohysterosalpingoscopy. This is a check of the condition of the fallopian tubes and uterine mucosa. On the 5th-9th day of the eighth cycle, sterile saline is introduced. solution. This is a diagnosis of the genital organs using X-rays of the genital organs. For better visibility, radiopaque agents are injected.
Examination of the abdominal organs. The study is carried out on days 7-14 of the cycle. The abdominal and pelvic organs are examined. Everything happens using an optical device. The device is inserted into small holes in the anterior abdominal wall. During this procedure, the surface of the uterus, peritoneum, ovaries and fallopian tubes is examined. First of all, the patency in the fallopian tubes is checked, which is very important during childbirth; it is also possible to identify a neoplasm, adhesions, as well as a gynecological disease in which endometrial cells grow beyond this layer - endometriosis,
Immunological tests. In simple words, this is a test of the compatibility of you and your partner.

To be more sure, additional tests may be performed:

Hormonal tests. Experts advise taking a female hormonal test, because hormones play a very significant role in infertility. The purpose of the tests is to detect insufficiency of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Due to significant changes in the level of sex hormones across the phases of the cycle, studies are carried out on days 7-9 of the first phase and on days 20-24 of the cycle, usually at this time the 4th day of the rise in basal temperature occurs.
Levels of hormones of the adrenal glands and thyroid gland - blood is donated to check hormones, the harmonies of the thyroid gland are different. There is a hormone T4, this is the main hormone, it makes up 90% of all hormones produced by the gland. T3 – triiodothyronine, is the second hormone of the thyroid gland. The activity of this hormone is 10 times higher than the activity of thyroxine, that is, T4. Antibodies may also be detected during testing.
Insulin level. This is a very important indicator, especially when carrying a child. Due to excess glucose in the mother's blood, the child has the same problem, because they have the same blood. The consequence of this may be macrosomia - excessive growth of the fetus and excess body weight. If the mother has narrow fallopian tubes, then a fetus with macrosamia is likely to get stuck in them, which will naturally lead to miscarriage, as well as infertility in the mother.
Ultrasound of the mammary glands. During pregnancy, the mammary glands begin to change. The breasts may become more tender and, in some cases, possibly painful. It also gradually increases in size, may change color to a darker one, and vein mesh may appear. In some cases, changes in the mammary glands are the first sign of pregnancy. It is very important to contact a mammologist on time. If your breasts begin to leak blood, become unevenly enlarged, or begin to hurt, you should consult a doctor immediately.
MRI and computed tomography. During pregnancy, after an ultrasound, safety is followed by an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). During the second and third trimester, the procedure will be relatively harmless. The fact is that when undergoing tomography, the mother’s body is heated, this affects the tissues of the growing body and ultimately this can lead to immediate childbirth. A large amount of time MRI is used all over the world to check the integrity of the health of the mother, as well as congenital defects in the development of the fetus.

Remember that pregnant women should not undergo CT (computed tomography). The cause is the radiation emitted. The permissible norm is 1 μ3V, and when undergoing a CT scan, the norm is exceeded 11 times. This can be dangerous for the fetus. This can subsequently cause defects in the fetus. If you still need to examine the abdominal cavity, then use an MRI or ultrasound. It is possible that a woman underwent a CT scan before finding out that she was pregnant, in which case she should contact a gynecologist who is monitoring the pregnancy.

You should tell us exactly when the examination was carried out and how long it lasted, because this plays an important role. In most such cases, it is advised to have an abortion, but you can wait until the development is assessed: by that time, most of the defects are visible during an ultrasound. But the chance that the child will be healthy, much less be able to live a full life, is extremely small, because natural selection often works. If the fetus is too weak or has serious defects, then at an early stage it is rejected by the body.

Testing for infertility in women is a mandatory procedure that a woman who is infertile must undergo. Hormones in infertility are often a big problem, and without an examination you will not be able to understand exactly what the reason is.

The reason may not be in the woman, so it is in the married couple; both partners must get tested. In men, there may also be some abnormalities that contribute to infertility.

The man is required to undergo tests. A man must undergo his own set of examinations. A man's egg may be too weak or even dead, so if infertility is an issue, a man will need to undergo a series of procedures.

STD diseases. First of all, you need to be tested for sexually transmitted infections. STDs include: syphilis, chlamydia, herpes, and HIV infections. To transmit an infection, it is enough for the microorganism to enter the mucous membrane. The examination is carried out by a gynecologist, venereologist or urologist.
Immunological test. A man, like a woman, must pass a compatibility test. This is a very important part of fertilization. If the partners are incompatible, then they will not be able to conceive.
Sperm examination. Today this is a common procedure. Parameters such as viscosity, color, sperm motility and amount of sexual fluid are taken into account. The examination may reveal insufficient sperm volume - oligospermia, as well as many other defects that can cause infertility.
Hormone research. If the spermogram shows poor results (little sperm, poor quality), then it is worth doing a hormone study. With the help of research, one can judge the processes that occur within the male hormonal system.
Ultrasound. Using ultrasonic waves, you can see the internal structure, as well as its defects. This method refers to the initial diagnostic measure with which male pathology can be found. If necessary, they can do an ultrasound of the vessels of the scrotum, in this case it will be possible to find out the cause of infertility.

For each specific couple, the examination is selected separately, depending on what the doctors responsible for each partner advise. If the family does not yet have a leading doctor, then a fertility specialist would be an excellent option for them.

This doctor will be able to select the necessary procedures, as well as tests to check for infertility.