Characteristics of the period of convalescence of viral hepatitis. Periods of infectious diseases
Convalescence (from Late Latin reconvalescentia - recovery)
the period of recovery of a person or animal, characterized by the gradual disappearance of signs of illness and recovery normal life body. The boundaries of this period are arbitrary. Normalization of the function of individual organs begins at the height of the disease - in the so-called. acute period. R. can be quick or long-lasting; elimination of the underlying disease and restoration of the functions of the body as a whole does not always mean a complete return of the structure and functions of all systems and organs to the state that preceded the disease (for example, myocardial dystrophy remains after infections or post-influenza functional disorders nervous system). R. is usually accompanied by improved appetite and weight gain. During this period, restorative treatment and medical rehabilitation are especially important. For some infections (typhoid fever, dysentery), the release of the pathogen may continue during the R. period, which necessitates the implementation of special anti-epidemic measures (discharge to work after a laboratory examination, organization of a department for children who are convalescent from dysentery).
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Synonyms:See what “Reconvalescence” is in other dictionaries:
- (lat.). Recovery. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. RECONVALESCENCE recovery. A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. Popov M., 1907 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Recovery Dictionary of Russian synonyms. convalescence noun, number of synonyms: 1 recovery (3) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms ... Dictionary of synonyms
- (Late Latin reconvalescentia) period of recovery after an illness... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Late Latin reconvalescentia), the period of recovery after an illness. * * * RECONVALESCENCE RECONVALESCENCE (Late Latin reconvalescentia), the period of recovery after an illness... Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (reconvalescentia; re + lat. convalescentia recovery) see Recovery ... Large medical dictionary
I Convalescence (late Latin: reconvalescentia recovery) is the process of restoring normal functioning of the body after an illness, see Infectious diseases. II Convalescence (reconvalescentia; Re + lat. convalescentia recovery) see ... Medical encyclopedia
- (Late Latin reconvaiescentia), the period of recovery after an illness... Natural science. Encyclopedic Dictionary Veterinary encyclopedic dictionary
The clinical picture of paratyphoid A and B resembles typhoid fever, however, their reliable recognition is possible only on the basis of data from bacteriological and serological studies.
Paratyphoid A often develops acutely with the appearance of catarrhal symptoms. The face is hyperemic, injection of scleral vessels. The rash appears earlier on days 6-7, is often profuse, and can be papular or morbilliform. Status typhozus is usually absent.
Paratyphoid B- also characterized by an acute onset, symptoms of gastroenteritis. The rash, as a rule, appears earlier, is abundant, polymorphic, and is localized on the trunk and limbs. Relapses and complications are rare.
Outcome of the disease in addition to recovery and liberation of the body from the causative agent of typhoid fever, the formation of bacterial carriage may occur (acute - up to 6 months, chronic - more than 6 months).
DIAGNOSTICS
1. To detect the pathogen, it is necessary to carry out cultures of blood, feces, urine, bile and, if indicated, bone marrow punctate.
2. Serological tests use the Widal reaction and RNGA, which must be repeated in the dynamics of the disease (increase in antibody titers).
3. To identify specific antigens, RAHA is used - the hemagglutination aggregate reaction.
4.Conduct general blood test(thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, relative lymphocytosis, aneosinophilia, accelerated ESR).
Differential diagnosis carried out with many infectious and non-communicable diseases. More often with yersiniosis, typhus, sepsis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, malaria, etc.
TREATMENT
1. hospitalization to a specialized department, and in the absence of one - to a box in compliance with all anti-epidemic measures
2. strict bed rest until 10 days N temperature. Diet 4 abt(4 a - typhoid table.
2. Etiotropic therapy. cephalosporin antibacterial drugs, F torquinolone series(ciproflaxacin, tarivid, etc.)
3. Pathogenetic therapy:
· Detoxification therapy carried out parenterally in a volume of 1200-2500 ml per day, depending on the severity of the disease. Infusion therapy must include glucose solutions, polarizing mixtures (trisol, quartasol, acesol), crystalloids, colloid solutions (reopolyglucin, hemodez).
· For cardiac dysfunction and the development of myocarditis, therapy includes drugs such as riboxin, cardiac glycosides in clinical doses.
· Symptomatic therapy. sedatives and hypnotics.
· Desensitization therapy(suprastin, diazolin, etc.) Antifungal drugs- reduce the possibility of developing candidiasis.
PREVENTION
Improvement of water supply sources, both centralized water supply systems and wells.
Treatment of wastewater discharged into open water bodies, especially effluents infectious diseases hospitals;
Elimination of sources of water pollution (latrines, garbage pits, landfills); boiling or pasteurization of milk, dairy products, including cottage cheese, ensuring sanitary maintenance of public catering places.
26) Yersiniosis.
Pseudotuberculosis (extraintestinal yersiniosis)– an acute infectious disease from the group of zoonoses with general intoxication, fever, scarlet-like rash, as well as damage various organs and systems.
Etiology. The causative agent is Iersinia pseudotuberculosis - Gr-bacillus, in culture it is located in the form of long chains, does not form spores, has a capsule. Sensitive to dryness and exposure to sunlight. When heated to 60 o it dies after 30 minutes, when boiled - after 10. Conventional disinfection kills within 1 minute. A distinctive ability is the ability to grow at low temperatures. Based on surface AG, 8 serovars are distinguished; 1 and 3 are more common. It actively multiplies in boiled tap and river water, and also multiplies and retains its properties at low temperatures. It has high invasive qualities and is able to penetrate natural barriers. Contains endotoxin, may form exotoxin.
Epidemiology. It is registered almost throughout the country. Zoonotic infection. Source of infection– wild and domestic animals. Main tank- mouse-like rodents. They infect food products stored in refrigerators and vegetable stores with secretions. Soil can also be a reservoir. Transmission path– nutritional; when consuming infectious food or water that has not been subjected to heat treatment. Both children and adults are susceptible to P. Children under 6 months of age practically do not get sick; children aged 7 months to 1 year rarely get sick. The disease is recorded throughout the year, with a maximum of February-March.
Pathogenesis. The pathogen enters through the mouth with infectious food or water (infection phase), overcomes the gastric barrier, enters the small intestine, where it penetrates into enterocytes or intercellular spaces of the intestinal wall (enteral phase). From the intestine, mucous membranes penetrate into the regional mesenteric lymph nodes and cause lymphadenitis ( regional infection phase). The massive entry of the pathogen and its toxins from the sites of primary localization into the blood leads to the development of the generalization phase of the infection. It corresponds to the appearance of clinical symptoms. Further progression is associated with fixation of the pathogen by RES cells mainly in the liver and spleen ( parenchymal phase). Next comes persistent fixation and elimination of the pathogen due to activation cellular factors immune defense and production of specific antibodies. Clinical recovery occurs. Also plays a role in pathogenesis allergic component associated with the re-entry of the pathogen into the circulation or previous nonspecific sensitization of the body (indicated by high levels of histamine, serotonin, arthralgia, rash, erythema nodosum).
Immunity. The duration of immunity has not been precisely established, but there is reason to consider it durable. Repeated ones are rare.
Clinic. The incubation period is from 3 to 18 days. Initial symptoms : begins acutely, body temperature up to 38-40. From the first days of illness, complaints of weakness, headache, insomnia, poor appetite, sometimes chills, muscle and joint pain. Some children have mild catarrhal symptoms (nasal congestion and cough) at the onset of the disease. There may be pain when swallowing, a feeling of soreness and soreness in the throat. Patients with pronounced initial symptoms may have dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, mainly in the right iliac region or in the epigastrium. May be loose stool 2-3 times per day according to enteritis type. Upon examination: puffiness and hyperemia of the face, neck, pale nasolabial triangle. Hyperemia of the conjunctiva and injection of scleral vessels, less often - a hypertensive rash on the lips and wings of the nose. Hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the tonsils. The mucous membrane is edematous, and enanthema is sometimes observed. The tongue in the initial period is thickly covered with a grayish-white coating, from the 3rd day it begins to clear and becomes crimson and papillary. On the 3-4th day, symptoms reach their maximum. Begins peak period– deterioration of condition, higher temperature, severe symptoms of intoxication, damage to internal organs and skin changes. Some have a hood symptom - hyperemia of the face and neck with a cyanotic tint, a gloves symptom - a limited pink-bluish coloration of the hands, a socks symptom - a limited pink-bluish coloration of the feet. On the skin of the body - rash; either dotted (reminiscent of scarlet fever) or spotted. Usually localized in the lower abdomen, in the axillary areas and on the lateral surfaces of the body. Color ranges from pale pink to bright red. The skin background may be hyperemic or unchanged. There is white persistent dermographism. Larger rashes are located around large joints, where they form a continuous erythema. With a long course or relapse, elements of erythema nodosum appear on the legs or buttocks. Pastia symptoms (dark red color skin folds), symptoms of a pinch or tourniquet are usually positive. The rash lasts no more than 3-7 days, sometimes several hours. At the height of the disease it is noted arthralgia, there may be swelling and tenderness of the joints. The wrist, interphalangeal, knee and ankle joints are usually affected. Changes in the digestive organs: appetite is significantly reduced, nausea, infrequent vomiting, often abdominal pain and upset stool. The abdomen is moderately distended. Palpation can reveal pain and rumbling in the right iliac region. Intestinal disorders - infrequently, slight increase and dilution of stools with retained fecal character. The liver and spleen are often enlarged. Changes to the SSS: relative bradycardia, muffled tones, sometimes systolic murmur, in severe cases – arrhythmia. Blood pressure is moderate ↓. ECG shows changes in myocardial contractile function, conduction disturbances, extrasystole, ↓ T wave, prolongation of the ventricular complex. Urinary system: possible pain in the lumbar region, ↓ diuresis.
Classification . By type: 1. Typical with a complete or partial combination of clinical symptoms (scarlet fever-like, abdominal, generalized, arthralgic, mixed and septic variants). 2. Typical s isolated syndrome(rarely). 3. Atypical (erased, subclinical, catarrhal). By severity: light, medium-heavy, heavy.
Flow . More often – a smooth course. The total duration of the disease is no more than 1-1.5 months, but there may be exacerbations and relapses (they are easier, but the duration increases to 2-3 months). Chronic – rare. In some cases, after the rash there is lamellar peeling on the hands and feet, and pityriasis-like peeling on the back, chest and neck.
Diagnostics 1. OAM: albuminuria, microhematuria, cylindruria, pyuria. 2. UAC: leukocytosis, neutrophilia with P/N shift, monocytosis, eosinophilia, ESR. 3. Biokhim.AK: direct bilirubin, activity of ALT, AST, F-1-FA and other hepatocellular enzymes. 4. Bakt. study: material for culture - blood, sputum, feces, urine and oropharyngeal swabs. Inoculations on conventional growth media and enrichment media. Cultures of blood and throat swabs should be carried out in the 1st week of the disease, cultures of feces and urine - throughout the entire disease. 5. Serological studies: RA (most often; as an AG - live reference cultures of pseudotubular strains; diagnostic titer 1:80 and higher; blood is taken at the beginning of the disease and at the end of 2-3 weeks), RP, RSK, RPGA, RTPGA, ELISA. For emergency diagnostics - PCR and immunofluorescence method.
Differential diagnostics . With scarlet fever, measles, enterovirus infection, rheumatism, viral hepatitis, sepsis, typhus-like diseases.
Treatment . Bed rest until the temperature normalizes and the symptoms of intoxication disappear. The food is complete, without significant restrictions. Etiotropic treatment: levomecithin for 7-10 days. In the absence of effect or in case of exacerbation after discontinuation of levomecithin, a course of treatment with 3rd generation cephalosporins. For severe forms - 2 a/b, taking into account compatibility. For mild forms, a/b is not required. Detoxification therapy: intravenous rheopolyglucin, albumin, 10% glucose, enterosorbents: enterosgel, enterodesis, etc. in severe cases - GCS at the rate of 1-2 mg of prednisolone per 1 kg of body weight per day in 3 doses for 5-7 days . Desensitizing therapy: antihistamines - suprastin, tavegil, diphenhydramine, etc. Drugs that stimulate immunogenesis: Gepon, polyoxidonium, anaferon for children, etc. Posyndromic therapy.
Prevention . Rodent control. Proper storage of vegetables, fruits and other food products. Strict sanitary control of food preparation technology, as well as the quality of water supply in rural areas. Anti-epidemic measures at the source of infection are the same as for intestinal infections. After hospitalization of the patient, final disinfection is carried out. Specific prevention not developed.
Intestinal yersiniosis(enteritis caused by I.enterocolitica) is an acute infectious disease from the group of anthropozoonoses with symptoms of intoxication and primary damage to the gastrointestinal tract, joints, and less often other organs.
Etiology . The causative agent is I. enterocolitica. Gr-stick. Facultative aerobe, no capsule, does not form spores. Undemanding to growing media, grows well at low temperatures. Based on their biochemical properties, they are divided into 5 serovars (3 and 4 are more often found, less often 2). According to O-AG, there are more than 30 serovars. Sensitive to the effects of physical and chemical factors, tolerates well low temperatures, maintaining the ability to reproduce.
Epidemiology . Widespread. Often found in mouse-like rodents, cattle, pigs, dogs, cats, and isolated from dairy products and ice cream. Source of infection– humans and animals, patients or carriers. Transmission path– nutritional, contact, maybe aerogenic. Diseases are recorded all year round, outbreaks occur from October to May with a peak in November and a decline in July-August. Mostly children from 3 to 5 years old are affected.
Pathogenesis. When consuming infectious food, water or by contact. M\o passes through the stomach, is localized in the small intestine (frequent localization is the terminal section small intestine, appendix), where it begins to reproduce. M/O penetrates and destroys epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. The infection spreads to regional lymph nodes. At this stage, the disease often ends. In more severe cases, m\o enters the blood - generalization of the process. M\o is also capable of remaining in the l\u for a long time, causing relapses or transition to a chronic form.
Clinical picture . The incubation period is 5-19 days, on average 7-10. There are gastrointestinal, abdominal forms (pseudoappendicular, hepatitis), septic, articular forms, erythema nodosum.
Gastrointestinal form. Initial symptoms: begins acutely, T up to 38-39. From the first days lethargy, weakness, ↓ appetite, headache, dizziness, nausea, repeated vomiting, abdominal pain. Persistent symptom– diarrhea. Chair from 2-3 to 15 r/day. The stool is liquefied, often mixed with mucus and greens, and sometimes blood. In the coprogram: mucus, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, single erythrocytes, impaired intestinal enzymatic function. In the CBC: moderate leukocytosis with a shift to the left, ESR. Sometimes the disease begins with catarrhal symptoms in the form of a slight cough, runny nose, and nasal congestion; possible chills, muscle pain, arthralgia. In severe cases, there may be a picture of intestinal toxicosis and exicosis, meningeal symptoms. High period(1-5 days from the beginning): the abdomen is moderately swollen. On palpation - pain and rumbling along the intestine, mainly in the area of the cecum and ileum. Sometimes the liver and spleen. Some patients have a polymorphic rash on the skin (punctate, maculopapular, hemorrhagic) with a primary localization around the joints, on the hands, feet (symptoms of gloves and socks). In some cases - inflammation in the joints, the phenomenon of myocarditis. The duration of the disease is 3-15 days.
Pseudoappendicular form. Preim occurs in children over 5 years of age. It starts off sharp. Temperature up to 38-40. Complaints of headache, nausea, vomiting 1-2 times a day, anorexia. The constant and leading symptom is abdominal pain - cramping, localized around the navel or in the right iliac region. On palpation - rumbling along the small intestine, diffuse or local pain in the right iliac region, sometimes - symptoms of peritoneal irritation. There may be short-term diarrhea or constipation, intermittent pain in the joints, and mild catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. In the CBC: leukocytosis (8-25x10 9 /l) with a shift of the formula to the left, ESR) 10-40 mm/h). During surgery for an acute abdomen, catarrhal or gangrenous appendicitis, often - mesadenitis, swelling and inflammation of the final ileum.
Yersinia hepatitis. It begins acutely with pronounced signs of intoxication, body temperature, which does not decrease in icteric period, ESR. Sometimes - short-term diarrhea, abdominal pain. Some have early dates exanthema appears. On days 3-5 - dark urine, discolored feces and jaundice. The liver is hard and painful. The edge of the spleen is palpated. The activity of hepatocellular enzymes is low or ↓!!!
Nodular (nodose) form. Preferably for children over 10 years old. It begins acutely with symptoms of intoxication and body temperature. On the legs there are rashes in the form of painful pink nodules with a cyanotic tint, which disappear after 2-3 weeks. Gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, and sometimes changes in the upper respiratory tract are typical.
Articular shape proceeds as non-purulent polyarthritis and arthralgia. It is rare, mainly in children over 10 years old. 5-20 days before the onset of arthritis, children experience intestinal disorders, which are accompanied by fever. The knees and elbow joints, less often – small joints of the hands and feet. The joints are painful, swollen, the skin over them is hyperemic.
Septic (generalized) form. Rarely seen. Acute septicemia. From the first days the temperature reaches 40 and above and is hectic in nature. Drowsiness, adynamia, anorexia, chills, headache, pain in muscles and joints, weakness, pain when swallowing, nausea, vomiting, loose stools are noted. On days 2-3, some patients develop a rash similar to that of rubella and scarlet fever. Most often located around the joints, where it is maculopapular in nature. Quickly the liver, spleen, sometimes jaundice appears. Violations of the cardiovascular system and respiratory system are noted. In the CBC: ↓ hemoglobin, neutrophilic leukocytosis (16-25x10 9 /l), ESR 60-80 mm/h. In OAM: albuminuria, cylindruria, pyuria.
Kish.yersiniosis in children early age . At the age of up to 3 years, the gastrointestinal form, such as gastroenteritis or gastroenterocolitis, usually occurs. Observe higher prolonged fever, more pronounced intoxication (adynamia, periodic restlessness, convulsions, loss of consciousness, hemodynamic disorders), longer vomiting and stool disorders.
Diagnostics. Based on clinical and laboratory data. 1. PCR2. Bakt.method. most often released in the first 2-3 weeks, sometimes within 4 months. 3. For articular and cutaneous form – RA with live or killed culture and RNGA. Diagnostic titers RA – 1:40-1:160, RNGA – 1:100-1:200.
Diff. Diagnostics. With scarlet fever, measles, enterovirus infection, rheumatism, sepsis, typhoid-like diseases.
Treatment. With a light form - at home. For gastrointestinal and abdominal problems, an appropriate diet is prescribed. Enterosorbents are prescribed: enterosgel, enterodes, etc. Causal therapy: chloramphenicol and 3rd generation cephalosporins. For moderate and severe forms, additional symptomatic therapy is prescribed: detoxification, rehydration measures, antihistamines, vitamins, diet. In case of septic form, 2 a\b (orally and parenterally) and GCS are prescribed. For arthritis and nodular forms, a\b are ineffective; antirheumatic drugs and corticosteroids are prescribed, etc. For appendicitis, abscesses, osteomyelitis - surgical intervention.
Prevention. The same as with kish.inf. + the same measures as for pseudotuberculosis.
27) Cholera. Etiology. Epidemiology. Pathogenesis. Clinic. Diagnostics and differential diagnosis. Treatment. Prevention.
(type Vibrio cholerae.) - acute intestinal, life-threatening sapronotic infection. Characterized by a fecal-oral mechanism of infection, damage to the small intestine, watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid loss of fluid and electrolytes by the body with the development varying degrees dehydration up to hypovolemic shock and death.
Endemic foci are located in Africa, Latin. America, India and Southeast Asia.
Etiology
There are 3 types of pathogens
Morphology: curved rod with a fairly long flagellum. Gr (-), easily stained with aniline dyes. Can form L-forms.
Agawa, Inaba, Gikoshima.
Vibrios secrete an exotoxin - cholerogens - the most important pathogenetic factor.
When microbial bodies are destroyed, endotoxins are released.
The third component of toxicity is the permeability factor. A group of enzymes that help increase the permeability of the vascular wall of cell membranes and promote the action of choleragen.
Stability in the external environment is high.
In open water pools they last for several months; in wet feces they last up to 250 days.
On direct sunlight can last up to 8 hours.
Epidemiology
There are 3 types of pathogens
V. cholerae asiaticae (causative agent of classical cholera),
V. cholerae eltor (causative agent of cholera El – Tor)
Serovar O139 (Bengal) (the causative agent of cholera in Southeast Asia).
They differ in biochemical properties.
Morphology: curved rod with a rather long flagellum. They do not form spores or capsules. Gr (-), stain well with aniline dyes. Can form L-forms.
Growth characteristics: obligate aerobes, optimal environment - alkaline (pH 7.6 -9.0). On liquid media they grow in the form of a gray or bluish film. They are characterized by very rapid reproduction.
Antigenic structure: they have a flagellar H-antigen (common to all vibrios) and a somatic thermostable O-antigen. The causative agents of cholera belong to serogroup O-1.
Depending on the properties of the O-antigen, 3 serovars are distinguished: Agawa, Inaba, Gikoshima.
Pathogenesis
The mechanism of infection is fecal-oral.
Distribution routes: water, alimentary, contact and household.
Most frequent path infection - water (drinking, washing vegetables, fruits, vegetables, bathing).
Infection of shellfish, fish, shrimp, and frogs should be noted. Vibrio persists in these organisms long time. Eating them without heat treatment increases the risk of developing the disease.
Seasonality - summer-autumn. During this period, more fluids and bathing are consumed. Increased fluid intake also leads to decreased concentration hydrochloric acid in gastric juice.
Clinical picture Incubation period
Lasts from several hours to 5 days, usually 24-48 hours. The severity of the disease varies - from erased, subclinical forms to severe conditions with severe dehydration and death within 24-48 hours.
The typical clinical picture of cholera is characterized by 3 degrees of progression.
Features of cholera in children
· Severe course.
· Early development and severity of dehydration.
· CNS disorders develop more often: lethargy, disturbances. Consciousness stupor and coma.
· Convulsions are more common.
· Increased tendency to hypokalemia.
· Increased body temperature.
Degrees of dehydration in children
I degree -< 2 % первоначальной массы тела;
II degree -3-5% of initial body weight;
III degree - 6-8% of initial body weight;
IV degree - > 8% of initial body weight.
Complications
Hypovolemic shock
Acute renal failure: oliguria, anuria
Dysfunction of the central nervous system: convulsions, coma
Diagnostics
· History: endemic area, known epidemic.
· Clinical picture.
Laboratory diagnostics
Purpose of diagnosis: indication of Vibrio cholerae in feces and/or vomit, water, determination of agglutinins and vibriocidal antibodies in paired blood sera of patients
Diagnostic technique.
· Sowing bacteriological material(stool, vomit, water) on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar (eng. TCBS), as well as 1% alkaline peptone water; subsequent transfer to a second peptone water and sowing onto alkaline agar plates.
· Highlight pure culture, identification.
· Study of the biochemical properties of the isolated culture - the ability to decompose certain carbohydrates, the so-called. “a number of sugars” - sucrose, arabinose, mannitol.
· Agglutination reaction with specific sera.
· Detection of Vibrio cholerae DNA by PCR, which also allows one to identify belonging to pathogenic strains and serogroups O1 and O139.
Differential diagnosis
· Salmonellosis
Sonne's dysentery
Gastroenteritis caused by coli
· Viral diarrhea (rotaviruses)
Poisoning poisonous mushrooms
Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning
Botulism
Before starting competent treatment for cholera, it is necessary
F establish the degree of dehydration and loss of electrolytes;
F select appropriate solutions;
F choose the route of their introduction;
F determine the rhythm of administration and the amount of solutions in stages;
F set the total required amount of liquids;
F check for proper hydration, which is a criterion for the effectiveness of treatment.
Hospitalization is required. Cases require reporting to WHO.
At the first stage - pathogenetic therapy: replenishment of fluid loss - rehydration, performed in two stages:
I. Primary rehydration - depending on the degree of dehydration (in a person 70 kg, degree 4 dehydration (10%) - 7 liters are transfused)
II. Correction of ongoing losses (those that already occur in the clinic).
Primary rehydration is carried out intravenous administration fluids into 2-3 veins. Use Trisol solution
It is necessary to heat these solutions to a temperature of 37 degrees.
Etiotropic treatment: Conducted with antibacterial drugs of the group tetracycline.(accelerates the cleansing of vibrios)
Tetracycline 0.3-0.5 g w/w 6 hours (3-5 days) or
Levomycetin 0.5 h/w 6 h (5 days).
If they are not tolerated - Furazolidone 0.1 x 6 r/day (5 days).
Pathogenetic treatment: Principles pathogenetic therapy cholera patients:
1. restoration of bcc;
2. recovery electrolyte balance blood;
Polyionic solutions: Quartasol, disol, acesol, trisol, lactasol
Oral rehydration: "Glucosol" ("Regidron"): NaCl-3.5 g + Na bicarbonate - 2.5 g + KCl - 1.5 g + glucose - 20 g + 1 liter of drinking water.
Potassium orotate, Panangin:
1 t x 3 times a day (in the absence of vomiting).
It is carried out in two stages:
1. Replenishment of lost fluid - rehydration (in a volume corresponding to the initial body weight deficit).
2. Correction of ongoing losses of water and electrolytes.
Can be administered orally or parenterally. The choice of route of administration depends on the severity of the disease, the degree of dehydration, and the presence of vomiting. Intravenous jet administration of solutions is absolutely indicated for patients with degree III and IV dehydration.
For initial intravenous rehydration, Ringer's solution. Hypokalemia + potassium.
Comparative characteristics of the electrolyte composition of cholera stool and Ringer's solution (mml/L)
Prevention
Non-specific: increased sanitary and hygienic requirements; eating acidic foods (lemons, vinegar, etc.)
Specific: Corpuscular cholera vaccine (CVD 103-HgR vaccine - consists of attenuated live oral genetically modified strains of V. Cholerae O1 (CVD 103-HgR). A single dose of the vaccine provides protection against V. Cholerae for high level(95%). Three months after taking the vaccine, protection against V. Cholerae El Tor was 65%.
(stimulates antimicrobial immunity). The vaccine is administered once parenterally to certain populations from the age of 7 years. Revaccinate after 1 year.
CARRIED OUT ACCORDING TO epidemiological indications!
Forecasting
With timely and adequate treatment, the prognosis is favorable. Working capacity is fully restored within approximately 30 days. In the absence of adequate medical care, the likelihood of rapid death is high.
Botulism.
- acute food toxic infection that develops as a result of botulinum toxin entering the human body. Botulism is characterized by damage to the nervous system as a result of botulinum toxin blocking acetylcholine receptors of nerve fibers, manifested in the form of muscle paralysis and paresis.
Characteristics of the pathogen
Botulinum toxin produced by bacteria Clostridium botulinum – gram-positive spore-forming rod, obligate anaerobe. Not favorable conditions the external environment is experienced in the form of spores. Clostridia spores can remain in a dried state for many years and decades, developing into vegetative forms when exposed to optimal conditions for life: temperature 35 C, lack of oxygen. Boiling kills vegetative forms of the pathogen in five minutes; the bacteria can withstand a temperature of 80 C for half an hour. Spores can remain viable in boiling water for more than half an hour and are only inactivated in an autoclave. Botulinum toxin is easily destroyed during boiling, but can be preserved well in brines, canned food and food products, rich in various spices. However, the presence of botulinum toxin does not change the taste of the products. Botulinum toxin is one of the most powerful toxic biological substances.
Reservoir and source of clostridia Botulism is found in soil, as well as wild and some domestic (pigs, horses) animals, birds (mainly waterfowl), and rodents. Animal carriers of clostridia are usually not harmed; the pathogen is excreted in feces, and the bacteria enter the soil, water, and animal feed. Contamination of environmental objects with clostridia is also possible during the decomposition of the corpses of animals and birds sick with botulism.
The disease is transmitted through the fecal-oral mechanism through food. The most common cause of botulism is the consumption of home-canned foods contaminated with spores of the pathogen: vegetables, mushrooms, meat products and salted fish.
Required condition For the proliferation of clostridia in products and the accumulation of botulinum toxin, there is a lack of air access (tightly closed canned food).
In some cases, infection of wounds and ulcers with spores is likely, which contributes to the development of wound botulism. Botulinum toxin can be absorbed into the blood both from the digestive system and from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes.
People are highly susceptible to botulism, even small doses of the toxin contribute to the development of the clinical picture, but most often its concentration is insufficient to form an antitoxic immune reaction.
In cases of botulinum toxin poisoning from canned foods, cases of familial damage are common. Currently, cases of the disease are becoming more frequent due to the spread of home canning. Botulism most often affects people from age group 20-25 years.
Symptoms of botulism
The incubation period of botulism rarely exceeds a day, most often amounting to several hours (4-6). However, sometimes it can take up to a week and 10 days. Therefore, observation of all people who ate the same food with the patient continues for up to 10 days.
In the initial period of the disease, nonspecific prodromal symptoms may be observed. Depending on the predominant syndrome, gastroenterological, ocular variants are distinguished, as well as - clinical form in the form of acute respiratory failure.
The gastroenterological variant is the most common and occurs as a foodborne illness, with epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. The severity of enteral symptoms is moderate, however, there is dry skin that is inappropriate for the general loss of fluid, and patients often complain of difficulty swallowing food (“lump in the throat”).
The initial period of botulism, which occurs in the ocular variant, is characterized by visual disturbances: blurring, flickering “floaters”, loss of clarity and decreased visual acuity. Sometimes acute farsightedness occurs.
The most dangerous option downstream initial period Botulism is acute respiratory failure (suddenly developing and progressive shortness of breath, spreading cyanosis, heart rhythm disturbances). It is developing extremely quickly and threatens fatal after 3-4 hours.
Clinical picture botulism at the height of the disease is quite specific and is characterized by the development of paresis and paralysis of various muscle groups.
Patients have symmetrical ophthalmoplegia (the pupil is stably dilated, there is strabismus, usually converging, vertical nystagmus, drooping eyelid). Dysphagia (swallowing disorder) is associated with progressive paresis of the pharyngeal muscles. If initially patients experience discomfort and difficulty swallowing solid food, then as the disease progresses, swallowing liquids also becomes impossible.
Speech disorders develop through four successive stages. First, the timbre of the voice changes, hoarseness occurs as a result of insufficient moisture of the mucous membrane vocal cords. Subsequently, due to paresis of the tongue muscles, dysarthria (“porridge in the mouth”) appears, the voice becomes nasal (paresis of the muscles of the velum) and disappears completely after the development of paresis of the vocal cords. As a result of a disorder of the innervation of the muscles of the larynx, the cough impulse is lost. Patients can suffocate if mucus and liquid enter the respiratory tract.
Botulinum toxin promotes paralysis and paresis of facial muscles, causing facial asymmetry and dysmia. In general it is noted general weakness, unsteady gait. Due to paresis of the intestinal muscles, constipation develops.
Fever is not typical for botulism, but in rare cases low-grade fever is possible. The state of cardiac activity is characterized by increased heart rate and a slight increase in peripheral blood pressure. Sensitivity disorders and loss of consciousness are not typical.
Complications of botulism
The most dangerous complication of botulism is the development of acute respiratory failure, respiratory arrest due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles or asphyxia respiratory tract. Such complications can be fatal.
Due to development stagnation in the lungs, botulism can provoke secondary pneumonia. Currently, there is evidence of the likelihood of complications of infection with myocarditis.
Diagnosis of botulism
Due to the development of neurological
Each acute infectious disease occurs cyclically with alternating periods.
I - incubation, or incubation period.
II - prodromal period (precursor stage).
III - the period of height, or development, of the disease.
IV - period of convalescence (recovery).
Incubation period
The incubation period is the time from the moment the infection enters the body until the first symptoms of the disease appear. The duration of this period varies widely - from several hours (influenza, botulism) to several months (rabies, viral hepatitis B) and even years (slow infections). For many infectious diseases, the incubation period averages 1–3 weeks. The duration of this stage depends on a number of factors. First of all, it depends on the virulence and number of pathogens that have entered the body. The greater the virulence and number of pathogens, the shorter the incubation period.
Also important has the state of the human body, its immunity, protective factors and susceptibility to a given infectious disease. During the incubation period, bacteria multiply intensively in the tropic organ. There are no symptoms of the disease yet, but the pathogen is already circulating in the bloodstream, and characteristic metabolic and immunological disorders are observed.
Prodromal period
Prodromal period - the appearance of the first clinical symptoms and signs infectious disease(fever, general weakness, malaise, headache, chilling, weakness). During this period, children sleep poorly, refuse to eat, are lethargic, and do not want to play or participate in games. All of the above symptoms occur in many diseases. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to make a diagnosis in the prodromal period. Manifestations uncharacteristic of this infection may also occur, for example, unstable stools with viral hepatitis, influenza, and a measles-like rash with chickenpox. Symptoms of the precursor period develop in response to the circulation of toxins in the blood as the body’s first nonspecific reaction to the introduction of a pathogen.
The intensity and duration of the prodromal period depend on the causative agent of the disease, on the severity of clinical symptoms, and on the rate of development of inflammatory processes. Most often, this period lasts for 1–4 days, but can be reduced to several hours or increased to 5–10 days. It may be completely absent in hypertoxic forms infectious diseases.
High period
Characterized by the maximum severity of general (nonspecific) signs and the appearance of symptoms typical for this disease (icteric discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclera, skin rashes, stool instability and tenesmus, etc.), which develop in a certain sequence. The period of development of the disease also has a different duration - from several days (influenza, measles) to several weeks (typhoid fever, brucellosis, viral hepatitis). Sometimes during the peak period three phases can be distinguished:
- growth,
- height and
- fading.
In the rising phase, the restructuring of the immune response to infection continues, which is expressed in the production of specific antibodies to this pathogen. Then they begin to circulate freely in the blood of a sick person - the end of the peak stage and the beginning of the fading of the process.
Convalescence period
The period of convalescence (recovery) is the gradual extinction of all signs of the disease, restoration of the structure and functions of the affected organs and systems.
After past illness there may be residual effects (so-called post-infectious asthenia), expressed in weakness, increased fatigue, sweating, headache, dizziness and other symptoms. During the period of convalescence, children develop a special sensitivity to both reinfection and superinfection, which leads to various complications.
RECONVALESCENT(from Latin convalesco - I come to a healthy state) - recovering, convalescence - recovery. The term R. should be understood as such a period of clinical recovery when obvious signs the diseases have ended, but not yet full recovery the previous state of the body. Recovery is a conditional concept, since with many therapeutic or surgical treatments. b-yah recovery is only relative. Thus, after operations, the dead parts are usually only partially regenerated, scars form, the loss of some paired organ entails vicarage enhanced function another. In the clinic, the term convalescence is used only when the restoration of the body’s previous state is expected, for example. for the postpartum period and ch. arr. for cases of recovery after infectious diseases (for convalescence after childbirth, see Postpartum period). Reconvalescence after infectious diseases has its own characteristics and requires special study, because sometimes for a long time in the absence of visible manifestations of diseases, a number of long-term disorders of various organs (nervous, cardiovascular) actually remain in the body systems, muscles, psyche, etc.) and often the causative agent of the infectious disease itself remains in the body (see. Bacillary carriage). Of particular importance both for the person recovering and for those around him is the period of convalescence after typhus, cholera, dysentery, scarlet fever, diphtheria and cerebrospinal meningitis. The period of convalescence after typhoid fever lasts on average from 4 to 6 weeks. At this time, the patient needs a careful diet and protection from intense physical and mental activity. Wedge, the manifestations of the transferred b-nor are expressed in adynamia, lability of cardiovascular activity, instability of the gastrointestinal tract. tract (frequent constipation), rapid mental fatigue. For at least 2 weeks from the day the rate drops, relapses of typhoid fever are possible and therefore, until the expiration of this period, the typhoid convalescent should be in bed. and comply careful diet"In approximately 5% of cases, the patient is a carrier of the bacilli, excreting the typhoid bacillus in feces or urine. The basis of bacilli excretion is most often pathological changes in the gallbladder and kidneys, usually accompanied by catarrhal phenomena in them and sometimes causing only insignificant symptoms in these organs objective and subjective phenomena. These organs in typhoid R. for a long time In general, they can be unstable and, in case of exacerbation of the process, give cholecystitis, pyelitis and cystitis. R. after dysentery or cholera also requires a special regime and observation. On the one hand, he is also often a bacilli excretor, and on the other hand, after suffering from bacilli for a long time, sometimes measured in months, he himself is susceptible to intestinal disorders requiring a careful diet.-Regarding typhus The period of convalescence can often drag on instead of the usual 2-4 weeks to several (3 to 5) months, since histopathological processes in the body after the disappearance of fever may not only not go away, but even progress during the period of convalescence. At this time, R.’s psyche may change in the form of capricious mood swings, weakening of memory and thinking abilities (see. Infectious psychoses), sometimes there may be pain in the limbs, general weakness, speech disorder and changes in the cardiovascular system. "09 . Carriage of bacilli in diphtheria R. can last for a very long time (see. Bacillus carriage, Diphtheria). For treatment, regimen and prevention, see Diphtheria. Scarlet R. (see Scarlet fever) often needs medical supervision for many months, especially in cases where scarlet fever occurred with complications in the kidneys (glomerulonephritis) or in the heart (myocarditis, endocarditis). Often such R. - after scarlet fever nephritis, having already fully a good urine test, after several months, can reveal leached red blood cells and casts in the urine. Therefore, hygienic and nutritional regimens are mandatory for a long time, sometimes measured in months. In relation to R., especially careful monitoring is required for epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis. they can give very late relapses 3 or even 4 weeks after complete recovery; on the other hand, they, often being carriers of infection, can infect others and cause entire epidemic outbreaks. The period of convalescence also requires special treatment from other infectious diseases. attention from the doctor and adherence to a strict regime on the part of patients (see the corresponding Words).P. Galtsov.It begins after complete restoration of the skin. It is characterized by the gradual restoration of the structure and functions of previously damaged organs. Its duration, starting from the moment of complete healing burn wounds, usually ranges from 3 to 4 months. The criteria for recovery can be considered normalization of body temperature, improvement general condition sick. Blood counts improve, protein metabolism is restored, and body weight increases. During this period, post-burn contractures in the joints and their stiffness are formed. Late complications are possible internal organs(pneumonia, pulmonary edema, liver dysfunction, toxic myocarditis, etc.).
Treatment.
First aid– pain relief (NSAIDs, analgesics-antipyretics (paracetamol), narcotic analgesics), treatment and dressing of the burn surface. Then the patient is prepared for transportation to the hospital.
The epidermis is gently peeled off, the blisters are drained or removed, then the surface of the wound is covered with a hygroscopic aseptic dressing. In the presence of 2-4th degree burns, the issue of preventing tetanus in case of contamination of the wound should be addressed. Persons who have medical documents confirming tetanus prophylaxis within the last 5 years do not need tetanus prophylaxis.
Qualified medical care
Infusion therapy
Antishock infusion therapy in the presence of electrical burns should include a 40% glucose solution, rheological, solutions for correcting the acid-base state (ABC) and cardiovascular drugs as indicated.
When conducting infusion therapy burn patients should follow the following rules:
The rule of four catheters. Catheter in the central vein (or in 1-2 peripheral veins). Urinary catheter. Gastric (enteral) tube. A catheter in the nasopharynx for oxygen therapy (or an oxygen mask). Constant monitoring of four main hemodynamic indicators (BP, HR, CVP). Hourly diuresis.
There are five main groups of antibacterial drugs used in the local treatment of burns:
Oxidizing agents: 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, potassium permanganate.
Inhibitors of the synthesis and metabolism of nucleic acids: dyes (ethacridine lactate, dioxidine, quinoxidine, etc.), nitrofurans (furacilin, furagin, nitazol).
Drugs that disrupt the structure cytoplasmic membrane: cationic antiseptics (chlorhexidine, decamethoxin, etc.), ionophores (valinomycin, gramicidin, etc.), silver nitrate, polymyxins.
Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis: chloramphenicol, erythromycin.
Drugs that cause metabolic disorders folic acid: sulfonamides.
Determination of the area of burns.
1. Rule of nines. Used for extensive burns.
2. Palm method Glumova. The area of the burn is compared to the area of the palm, equal to 1%.
3. Method Wallace- all parts of an adult’s body are equal in area to 1 or 2 tens (as a percentage of the entire surface of the body)
4. Sp. Vilyavina- shading of the burn surface on special maps-silhouettes of the human body
5. Sp Postnikova- cutting out the contours of the burnt surface from sterile material to full size and applying them to graph paper.
Burns. Treatment methods depending on the location, area and depth of the lesion.
Local treatment of burns
Local treatment of burns can be conservative and surgical.
The choice of treatment method depends on the depth of the lesion. Conservative treatment is the only and final method only for superficial burns that heal within 1-2 to 4-6 weeks. With deep burns, as a rule, prompt restoration of the dead skin is necessary, and local conservative treatment in this case becomes important stage preoperative preparation and postoperative treatment.
Toilet burn surface
Local treatment of burns begins with the primary toilet of the burn wound (sometimes this manipulation is incorrectly called primary surgical treatment).
This procedure is indicated for victims with a limited area of damage without signs of shock. It is carried out sparingly, in compliance with the rules of asepsis, after the administration of narcotic analgesics or under general anesthesia.
Primary toileting involves treating the skin around the burn with an antiseptic solution, removing exfoliated epidermis and foreign bodies. Heavily contaminated areas are cleaned with hydrogen peroxide. Large bubbles are trimmed at the base and emptied. In this case, the exfoliated epidermis is not excised - it adheres to the wound surface, helps reduce pain and becomes a kind of biological dressing that provides favorable conditions for epithelization.
Further treatment is carried out either closed (under a bandage) or open. A combination of these methods is possible.
Conservative treatment
Local conservative treatment is carried out in a closed or open manner. When choosing a treatment method, the area and depth of the lesion, the location of the damaged area, the patient’s age, concomitant diseases, as well as capabilities and technical equipment are taken into account. medical institution. The closed method of treatment is currently considered the main method.
Closed method
Based on the use of dressings with various medicinal substances.
For first degree burns, apply an ointment bandage to the damaged surface. Healing occurs within 4-5 days. Changing the dressing is indicated after 1-2 days.
For second degree burns, after primary dressing of the wounds, apply an ointment bandage using water-soluble ointments that have bactericidal effect(for example, levosulfamethacaine, etc.). The bandage is changed after 2-3 days. If purulent inflammation develops, additional wound care is performed - blisters are removed and wet-dry dressings with antiseptic solutions (nitrofural, chlorhexidine, boric acid) are applied.
For third-degree burns, toileting is carried out healthy skin around the damaged area and apply a bandage. When treating such burns, it is necessary to strive to preserve or form a dry scab - in this case, the wound epithelializes faster and intoxication is less pronounced. If the affected area is represented by a dry, light brown scab, apply a dry bandage. If the scab is soft and white-gray in color, use a wet-dry bandage with an antiseptic to dry the surface of the burn. In the 2-3rd week the scab is rejected. The exposed burn surface is usually represented by either a soft pink epidermis or burnt deep layers of the dermis. In the area of non-epithelialized areas there may be serous-purulent discharge. In this case, wet-dry dressings are used. After eliminating the purulent process, ointment dressings are prescribed to speed up healing. Complete epithelization is finally completed in 3-4 weeks. Scars after healing are usually elastic and mobile. Only with the development of pronounced purulent inflammation the formation of rough scars is possible.
For burns of IIIb and IV degrees, local treatment is aimed at accelerating the rejection of necrotic tissue. Dressings are changed every other day, which allows you to monitor the condition of the wounds. In most cases, given the severe pain syndrome when removing bandages and treating wounds, dressings are performed under anesthesia.
It is advisable to clean the wounds with the application of wet bandages with antiseptics. In particular, mafenide (sulfamilon hydrochloride) is used; it can diffuse through dead tissue and affect the microbial flora in the dermal layer and subcutaneous tissue. Preparations of the nitrofuran series (nitrofural), acids ( boric acid), organic iodine-containing preparations (povidone-iodine + potassium iodide), hydroxymethylquinoxylin dioxide.
At the end of the first week, purulent melting of the burn scab begins. From this point on, with each dressing, the burn wounds are cleaned to speed up their cleansing. A gentle bloodless necrectomy is performed: areas of the softened scab are removed, where it easily moves away from the underlying tissues. To accelerate the rejection of dead tissue, in particular in preparation for surgery, necrolytic therapy is used. It begins on the 6-8th day after the burn, when a clear demarcation occurs (it is possible to use the method on an area of no more than 7-10% of the body surface to avoid severe intoxication). Treatment consists of using pro-
theolytic enzymes and chemical necrolytic substances that help melt the scab and accelerate wound cleansing.
Of the proteolytic enzymes, the most effective drug in a burn wound is Travaza, prepared from Bacillus subtilis oil based. Travaza has low collagenolytic activity and does not have harmful effects to viable tissues. Its activity lasts 8-12 hours.
40% has a pronounced keratolytic effect salicylic ointment(active beginning - salicylic acid). 48 hours after applying the ointment to necrotic tissues, they melt and separate bloodlessly. In addition to salicylic acid, benzoic acid is also used, which has a similar effect, but less toxicity. Both drugs also have a pronounced bacteriostatic effect.
After the scab is rejected, granulation tissue becomes the bottom of the wound. During this period, it is recommended to alternate treatment with antiseptic solutions and antibacterial drugs with water-soluble ointments. UV irradiation and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Gradually, the wound surface is cleared of purulent discharge, swelling and other inflammatory phenomena are reduced, and marginal epithelization is actively occurring. Self-closure of the defect is possible only in small areas of the lesion; in most cases, surgical treatment is necessary - skin grafting.
Advantages of the closed method:
The bandage protects wounds from secondary infection, trauma, hypothermia;
The evaporation of water from the wound is reduced;
Medications are used that suppress bacterial growth and promote epithelization of the wound;
Without a bandage it is impossible to transport the patient. Disadvantages of the closed method:
Phenomena of intoxication during lysis and rejection of necrotic tissue;
Painful dressings;
Labor intensive and high consumption of dressing material. Open way
With an open method of treatment, the main task is fast education dry scab, which serves as a biological dressing (prevents infection and promotes epithelization of the defect). To do this, use the drying effect of air, ultraviolet irradiation, air
You can use some protein coagulating substances. Burn surface treated with antiseptics with coagulating properties (5% solution of potassium permanganate, alcohol solution of brilliant green, etc.) and left open. In this case, it is important that there is dry warm air (26-28? C) around the wounds. The treatment is repeated 2-3 times a day. Thus, a dry scab is formed on the wound surface.
IN recent years The open method is used in a controlled abacterial environment - in rooms with a laminar flow of sterile air heated to 30-34?C. Within 24-48 hours, a dry scab is formed, intoxication is reduced, and epithelization is accelerated.
Another modification of this method is treatment in boxed wards with installed infrared irradiation sources and an air purifier. Infrared rays penetrate deep tissues, warming them up moderately, which accelerates the formation of a dry scab.
Significant progress, especially in open treatment, has been facilitated by the introduction of clinical practice special air-cushion beds. In a patient lying on such a bed, the tissues are not compressed under the weight of the body, there is no additional disruption of microcirculation and mechanical trauma to the burned areas.
Public method used mainly for burns of the face, neck, perineum - in those places where bandages make care difficult. In this case, the burned surface is lubricated with petroleum jelly or ointment with an antiseptic (syntomycin, nitrofural) 3-4 times a day, during the day the nasal passages and ear canals are cleaned 2-3 times. Particular attention is paid to eye care.
Advantages open method:
Allows faster formation of a dry scab, thereby reducing intoxication by tissue decay products;
Conditions are created for constant monitoring of changes in the burn wound and the effect of treatment;
Saving dressing material. Disadvantages of the open method:
Care becomes more difficult;
Special equipment is required: chambers or frames to create warm dry air, bacterial air filters, rooms with a controlled abacterial environment, etc.
Both treatment methods (closed and open) have certain advantages and disadvantages, they should not be opposed to each other. It is necessary in each case to choose the best method or use a combination of them.
Surgical treatment
Surgical treatment is indicated for deep burns (III and IV degrees); it is considered mandatory, since restoration of the skin is the main condition for healing from a burn.
The nature of the operation depends on the time that has passed since the injury, the location of the burn and the general condition of the victim. The outcome and duration of treatment depend on how correctly the indications for surgery are determined and the method of skin restoration chosen.
Three types of surgical treatment are used in the treatment of burn wounds:
Necrotomy.
Early necrectomy with immediate closure of the defect with a graft of the patient’s own skin, temporary application of an alloy or heterograft or synthetic skin (until autodermoplasty).
Delayed skin grafting after conservative treatment and scab rejection.
Necrotomy
The indication for its use is the formation of dense circular burn necrosis, covering, like a shell, the limbs, chest and causing disruption blood circulation or breathing.
Necrotomy is performed without additional pain relief. It consists of cutting the scab to its full depth until drops of blood appear. When done correctly, the edges of the cut diverge. Typically, several parallel incisions are made in the longitudinal direction.
