Garlic – beneficial properties and contraindications according to medical professionals. What are the benefits and harms of garlic?

Thanks to archaeological excavations, we learned that garlic was actively consumed by workers who built the Cheops pyramid in order to avoid illness during epidemics. Garlic is mentioned in Indian mythology and in biblical legends, in Greek papyri. Avicenna also said that “garlic cures all diseases,” he and many other healers considered it a medicine against old age. The recipe for eating garlic with milk, known to many today, belongs to Avicenna. He developed a whole system of garlic treatment.

In eastern countries, garlic was called dragon teeth and they came up with a beautiful fairy tale about it.

All the strength of the dragon living on earth lay in his teeth. But one day one brave man was able to defeat this dragon, and the people decided to give his teeth to the gods. They scattered the teeth all over the earth so that not a trace of them remained. But where the dragon's teeth fell, a magical plant appeared - garlic, possessing all the power of a dragon. And now all people were able to gain the extraordinary power of dragon teeth.

Everyone knows from films and books that garlic repels all evil spirits, it’s not for nothing that garlic “garlands” always hung in the houses of our great-grandfathers. At the same time, people actively used it for food, treated themselves and animals, protected their gardens from pests, and their homes from bedbugs and cockroaches. It is difficult to find another plant that has such wide applications.

What are the benefits of garlic for men? The beneficial properties of garlic for men have also been known since ancient times. Roman soldiers ate garlic because they believed it strengthened male strength and raised morale. Gladiators ate a whole head of garlic before a fight in the hope that it would help them win. When plague, dysentery and cholera raged, the only salvation for people was also garlic. In China, garlic was recognized as a medicine after one doctor cured the emperor of a serious illness. And today in the Celestial Empire they treat the digestive, respiratory, and circulatory organs with garlic potions, and get rid of skin diseases, rheumatism and vitamin deficiencies.

Russian doctors used garlic to treat tuberculosis, kidney stones, gout, dropsy, cough and scurvy. Ancient sources dating back to 350 AD were found in India and Mesopotamia, which offer recipes for treating hemorrhoids and rheumatism, leprosy and epilepsy, and tuberculosis with garlic. Moreover, these manuscripts say that the recipes were copied from much more ancient sources.

Even people with “blue” blood did not shy away from using garlic in food and for treatment. For example, King Henry IV of France (late 16th century) was baptized in water with the addition of garlic to protect the royal person from possible illness.

Composition and properties of garlic

The healing qualities of garlic are determined by the variety of beneficial substances it contains (vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids). Some of them successfully neutralize infections, others lower blood sugar levels, others exhibit a pronounced antitumor effect, others normalize the amount of cholesterol, and others prevent blood clots. And there are also sixth and seventh ones, which also heal and somehow help a person.

Different parts of the plant have different composition and properties, but all are beneficial. So, we rarely eat garlic leaves, but they are no less useful than green onions. They contain a lot of vitamins B1, B3, PP, carotene (vitamin A), ascorbic acid (150 mg per 100 g, which is more than in an onion). Garlic cloves, in addition, contain polysaccharides, proteins and fats. About 27% of the mass is made up of polysaccharides and carbohydrates. The composition of polysaccharides can vary depending on the time of year: inulin and sucrose predominate in autumn garlic, and glucose and fructose in spring garlic. Our body easily absorbs these substances and they have high nutritional value.

Composition of garlic in%:

  • protein – 6.7-13.3,
  • fat – 0.03-0.08,
  • fiber – 0.8,
  • sugar – 3.2,
  • starch – 2,
  • organic acids – 0.1.

Garlic also contains nicotinic acid, riboflavin and a valuable substance such as thiamine, which is not found in other vegetables. Garlic is not only a source of thiamine, but also helps our cells absorb it from the foods that contain it.

The plant contains many trace elements, without which our body is not able to function normally, because they take part in redox reactions. If the process of these reactions is disrupted, we begin to get sick. Many scientists believe that it is the imbalance of various chemical elements in the body that becomes the root cause of diseases. Interestingly, the leaves contain more microelements than the cloves (8.8% versus 3.7%).

  • Germanium. It only contains garlic in a decent amount. This element strengthens the vascular walls, makes them more elastic, protecting against varicose veins.
  • Selenium. This is an antioxidant protection of the body from the “depredations” of free radicals. The element disinfects toxins in the liver and participates in the regeneration of skin, nails and hair cells.

  • Iodine. Its importance for our body cannot be overestimated. This includes participation in thermoregulation, metabolism, maintaining water-electrolyte, protein and fat balance. That is why garlic is recommended for iodine deficiency conditions and thyroid diseases.
  • Sulfur. Garlic contains more than 100 components containing sulfur in various compounds. They are important because of their antibacterial effect. The presence of sulfides in the body helps it resist the action of pathogenic fungi and yeasts, dysentery and typhoid bacilli, and staphylococci. Considering the huge amount of carcinogens in modern food products, garlic can generally be considered irreplaceable. It contains salyl cysteine ​​and diallyl sulfide, which can kill cancer cells.

  • Phytoncides. This is an excellent antibiotic that destroys many viruses dangerous to humans. Compare: carbolic acid kills the tuberculosis bacillus in 24 hours, sulfuric acid in half an hour, and garlic phytoncides in 5 minutes.
  • Allicin and adonisite. These substances thin the blood, preventing the formation of blood clots.
  • Essential oils. The main one is diallyl disulfide, which makes up almost 2% of the mass.

The healing properties of garlic

Thanks to its unique composition, garlic has many medicinal properties.

It dissolves blood clots and prevents new ones from forming. Garlic-based medicines have long been used to treat hypertension. What else is remarkable about garlic?

  • Hypolipemic property. Garlic reduces the amount of fat in our blood and also reduces the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides. At the same time, garlic cloves increase the content of high-density lipoproteins in the blood, which means they help get rid of atheroxclerosis or reduce its manifestations. High levels of fat in the blood are associated with many dangerous diseases - cancer, diabetes, coronary heart disease, thromboembolism. And simple garlic helps prevent their occurrence!
  • Detoxifier. Garlic helps to disinfect poisons, especially in case of poisoning with heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic).
  • Antitumor property. This has been confirmed by many clinical trials - selenium and sulfur help fight carcinogens.
  • Antacid property. This is the ability to bind free radicals, which is possessed by germanium, glutathione, selenium and zinc, found in garlic.
  • Immunomodulatory property. Garlic is able to restore our immunity at the molecular level.

  • General health. Garlic can be called a food additive created by nature itself, it contains so many different beneficial substances.

Garlic Home Remedies

Fresh garlic retains more beneficial properties, especially as an antibiotic. As the cloves are stored, even in the refrigerator, the usefulness of garlic decreases. The decoctions retain all properties except antibiotic ones; they can be used for insomnia, thrombophlebitis, and atherosclerosis. When using garlic as an antibiotic, keep in mind that finely chopped garlic is twice as effective as a whole clove.

Doctors say that folk (or medicinal) remedies prepared with garlic are also much more effective for certain diseases than simply eating garlic. The most convenient are alcohol tinctures that can be stored in the refrigerator for a long time. Medicines prepared in water or oil are usually stored for no more than a few days.

  • Garlic decoction

It retains all minerals and trace elements, but volatile substances are destroyed. Drink a decoction for infections and inflammations. Prepare only before use. The product is considered quite strong and should be consumed no more than half a glass, taking a break of 4-5 hours between doses.

Preparation. Add a teaspoon of chopped garlic to two glasses of boiling water in an enamel pan, cook for 5 minutes, leave for half an hour. The decoction is suitable for use within 2 days.

  • Infusion

Since the infusion is not boiled, its antibiotic properties are preserved. Therefore, infusions can be used in almost all cases.

Preparation. Pour 2 cups of boiling water over the crushed head of garlic, wrap it warmly and leave until it cools completely. Store in the refrigerator for no more than 2 days. Purified water for infusion is needed; tap water is not advisable.

  • Garlic tincture

This is a universal remedy loved by many healers. Garlic needs to be fresh, white and large, so depending on the time of year, winter or winter garlic is used. You need to choose vodka without any additional impurities; it is optimal to take medical alcohol. You need to infuse the garlic in a dark container or a glass container wrapped in paper, which must be tightly closed. It is better to warm up the container before preparing the tincture.

Garlic tincture has the amazing property of increasing its healing properties over time. It is best if it has stood for 2-3 years, special enzymes have had time to form in it, which have an antitumor effect and thin the blood no worse than aspirin.

Preparation. The head of garlic is crushed and poured with 0.5 liters of vodka or alcohol (diluted to 40 degrees). Cover tightly with a lid and leave in a dark place for 7-10 days. Every day the tincture should be shaken in the morning and evening. Take 10-15 drops, dissolving them in water, morning and evening.

  • Tea for inhalation

2 cloves of garlic are poured into a saucepan with a glass of boiling water and kept on low heat for 20 minutes. Then add one teaspoon of lemon juice. You need to breathe this mixture, covered with a towel, until it cools completely in case of any respiratory diseases or flu.

You can only prepare it by hand; a juicer will not work. The juice can be stored and used for external use (applied to wounds and abscesses), and also added to inhalations if there is no time to prepare a special remedy.

Good for treating cough, laryngitis and other diseases of the throat and nose in children. Take 1 teaspoon every hour. If the medicine is prepared for an adult, then the dose is increased to 1 tablespoon.

Preparation. Pour half a glass of chopped garlic into an enamel pan with fresh honey. Heat over low heat until the garlic is well mixed into the honey. You need to make sure that the honey syrup does not burn - stir it with a wooden spatula. While the syrup has not cooled, it is filtered and stored in the refrigerator for quite a long time.

  • Garlic extract with apple cider vinegar

The extract has a high concentration of the substance, and its healing effect is much more noticeable. It turns out to be effective where other means fail. But it is very difficult to cook. We offer a recipe for preparing garlic extract, which can be prepared at home, although it will take a lot of time.

Preparation. Take three large heads of garlic, chop them, pour in 1 liter of apple cider vinegar and store covered for about 3 months. The resulting infusion is filtered and evaporated until it is reduced tenfold in volume. The result should be 100 g of extract. Take 1 tablespoon once a day.

Garlic can be harmful. This statement is true mainly for fresh garlic.

Many people are interested in whether garlic can be used during pregnancy? It is not recommended for expectant mothers, as well as people whose gastric acidity is much higher than normal. For stomach ulcers, raw garlic is strictly contraindicated. Also wondering, does garlic increase or decrease blood pressure? Hypertensive patients are not recommended to eat raw garlic in large quantities at once, but in the long term it lowers, or rather normalizes, blood pressure. There are people who have individual intolerance. For all these categories, it is better to use decoctions and infusions - the benefits of garlic for the human body in this case are also great, but there is no harm.

It is difficult to imagine at least some traditional Russian dishes without garlic. And yet, for the residents of Central Asia, this vigorous product is even closer and dearer. It was in these places that its history began, which dates back more than 6,000 years. What are the beneficial properties of garlic? This was the question the ancient Egyptians asked. This became known at the end of the 19th century, when papyri were released, supposedly dating back to 1550 BC. Already in those distant times, people knew 22 garlic-based recipes for treating various ailments. The ancient Greeks called it the “bad-smelling rose.”

The important qualities of garlic make themselves felt only in its raw form. During heat treatment, most of the beneficial properties are lost.

  • Just one tiny clove of garlic contains many valuable compounds: provitamin A (for good vision and glowing skin), vitamins C, B1, PP (saves from depression and insomnia), mineral salts, selenium, organic acids, insulin, sitosterol, ergosterol, allicin , natural essential oils, phytoncides and alkaline compounds.
  • Selenium is a valuable antioxidant with strong anti-cancer and anti-aging properties. On the basis of sitosterol and ergosterol, our body builds cell membranes and synthesizes steroids (anti-stress and anti-inflammatory hormones).
  • The cardiac glycoside allicin normalizes the pulse during tachycardia, nourishes the heart muscle, enhances myocardial contractions, stimulates brain function, relieves stress and protects against cancer. Acts like strong antibiotics. American scientists discovered allicin in garlic in 1944. Since then, the popularity of garlic as a natural medicine has only grown.
  • Natural essential oils and alkaline compounds, which make garlic so vigorous, neutralize the acid accumulated in the cells and fight “acidification” in the tissues.

Benefits of cloves

Microbial Storm

Allicin is a plant antibiotic that enters the body along with chopped garlic. It has bactericidal, antiviral and antifungal effects. Increases the activity of the immune system and resistance to infections.

Back in the Middle Ages, people used garlic to save themselves from cholera and plague. He saved thousands of Marseille residents during a terrible plague epidemic. Residents of the French port town consumed garlic in large doses and rubbed their skin with garlic oil.

Nowadays, during epidemics of ARVI or influenza, mass prevention of viral diseases is carried out using garlic.

  • To strengthen the body's defenses. You need to chop 8 garlic cloves and ½ lemon along with the peel. Transfer the mixture into a glass jar and 0.5 liters of cold boiled water. Leave the drug in a dark place for 4 days. Take 1 tablespoon 20 minutes before meals in the autumn-winter period or during an epidemic.
  • Recipe on the eve of illness. Taking aspirin if you feel you are getting sick is far from the only way to catch and neutralize the infection at the start. Pour a glass of boiling water over a teaspoon of mint leaves, keep on low heat for 5 minutes, strain. Add a spoonful of natural honey, juice of ¼ lemon to the infusion, squeeze out a clove of garlic. Drink this warm infusion before bed, and you will be healthy in the morning.
  • From a runny nose. Squeeze a large clove into a tablespoon of vegetable oil or fish oil. Let it brew for 8-10 hours, filter through cheesecloth. Place 6-8 drops of the resulting cold remedy into each nasal passage three times a day until completely cured.
  • Garlic inhalation. If you have a cold, chop a few cloves, rub them additionally with a spoon, and place them at the bottom of a deep cup or glass. Take deep breaths from the cup for a couple of minutes. For each procedure you need a fresh portion of garlic pulp. No less effective are inhalations using crushed.

For the stomach

It has a beneficial effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Strengthens intestinal peristalsis, its motor functions, increases the secretion of glands, inhibits fermentation processes in the body.

Timely cleansing of toxins is an indispensable condition for good health. If you love meat and fish, you cannot do without the help of vigorous cloves. Animal food quickly clogs the body.

The simplest detox program looks like this: for every 50 g of meat and 100 g of fish, eat 1 clove of garlic. It will help remove all the “garbage” from the body.

Friend of the heart

Another important property is the ability to reduce cholesterol levels, namely low-density lipoproteins. The development of atherosclerosis can be stopped and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (angina pectoris, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction) can be reduced.

Biologically active substances in garlic relieve spasms, which is important for hypertension: the walls of blood vessels relax, the pressure in the bloodstream decreases, blood easily flows into organs and tissues, providing them with oxygen.

For diabetes

Recently, Japanese scientists determined that garlic can help patients with type I and type II diabetes. But human trials are still ahead. In the meantime, mice are taking the rap for humanity.

A decrease in glucose levels in the blood of experimental animals was found due to garlic. Its active substances (allaxin and vanadium compounds) are responsible not only for anti-inflammatory properties, but also stimulate the endocrine system, and even bring insulin levels under strict control.

Why is it only today that scientists have paid attention to garlic and its beneficial properties for diabetics? Similar tests were carried out before, but did not give noticeable results. In past experiments, rodents were given a garlic-based drug by injection. But it was the drug in tablets that showed the maximum therapeutic effect.

The prospects for a new diabetes treatment are very good, especially considering how safe the natural medicine will be compared to insulin. Regular insulin injections put a lot of stress on the body and cause severe side effects.

Properties for external use

  1. To improve regeneration, apply a gauze bandage soaked in fresh garlic paste to slow-healing cuts or scratches. Action time: 10 minutes.
  2. For increased hair loss, prepare garlic juice or gruel from 6 large cloves. One hour before water treatments, rub this product into the hair roots.
  3. Traditional medicine recommends getting rid of calluses and warts using garlic. Lubricate problem areas of the skin with juice squeezed out of cloves 4-5 times a day. Before going to bed, apply a paste of garlic and honey in equal proportions to the warts.

Harm from excessive consumption

In large quantities, garlic has a detrimental effect on the gastrointestinal tract, causing ulcerative defects of the mucous membrane, damage to the esophagus and gastritis. There is a possibility of exacerbation of kidney, liver and biliary tract diseases.

How to get rid of garlic smell?

Garlic is an integral part of the diet. To reduce the intensity of the “garlic” smell, just chew a sprig of parsley, or cardamom or cinnamon seeds. But garlic-based dietary supplements are less effective than the natural fresh product. This is what American scientists say.

Garlic is an unusually useful plant. In addition to its specific taste and use in cooking as a spice, it is widely used in pharmacology, cosmetology, dietetics and folk medicine. We will look at the beneficial properties of the product for the human body in more detail in the article.

Chemical composition and nutritional value

Garlic is a common spice on the dinner table. It is used as a seasoning for main dishes and an effective remedy in the fight against colds, infectious and chronic diseases. In ancient times, medicines that could fight the plague were made from the product. Today, garlic is recommended to be eaten during the changing seasons, when the body's protective functions are weakened and vitamins are required to restore the natural balance.

Some people love garlic and add it to dishes or eat it in its pure form, while others are skeptical about the taste and cannot stand the smell. Despite this, during the period of colds, almost all Russians are treated with it.

The benefit of the product for the human body lies in the chemical composition. Thanks to the great content allicin, it is considered one of the most powerful natural antibiotics that can fight viral infections.

Garlic contains more than 200 beneficial substances for the body. Main components:

  • fats;
  • proteins;
  • cellulose;
  • sugar;
  • inulin and allinin;
  • allicin essential oil;
  • ascorbic acid;
  • micro and macro elements;
  • vitamins A, C, E, K, B;
  • phytoncides, etc.

The protein complex of garlic contains more than 17 types amino acids, 8 are indispensable for an adult:

  • valine;
  • isoleucine;
  • leucine;
  • lysine;
  • methionine;
  • threonine;
  • tryptophan;
  • phenylalanine.

Garlic has antioxidant properties and is considered one of the leading vegetables in terms of content. Selenium and Germany. Using the product fresh is a reliable way to prevent gastrointestinal diseases by neutralizing free radicals in the human body.

Garlic gives a specific taste and smell essential oils, contained in the composition. The concentration in the leaves reaches 30 mg%, and in the bulbs - 12 mg%. The plant is rich in micro and macro elements: zinc, silicon, iron, phosphorus, nickel, cobalt, etc. Substances ensure absorption vitamins C and E in the human body, increase immunity and resistance to stress.

Nutritional value per 100 g of product:

  • proteins - 6.5 g;
  • fats - 0.5 g;
  • carbohydrates - 30 g;
  • dietary fiber - 1.5 g;
  • liquid - 60 g.

The calorie content of garlic is 149 kcal.

Beneficial features


The beneficial properties of garlic have been known since ancient times. It is used as a seasoning to improve taste and in medicine to treat diseases.

Thanks to the essential oils in the composition, the product relaxes and tones the walls of blood vessels, thins the blood, and helps normalize the activity of the arteries. Garlic can be used to cure hypertension.

In Ancient Egypt, potency was treated with garlic. A few drops of freshly squeezed essential oil with the addition of coriander help fight impotence and infertility.

Daily consumption of garlic juice (20 drops) prevents the formation of blood clots.

Garlic components reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels, normalize blood pressure, inhibit platelet aggregation and prevent dangerous reactions of fat oxidation in the blood.

Since allicin and polysulfides create an unpleasant odor in the human body, many people try not to eat garlic. To neutralize the pungent aroma, you can chew parsley and wash it down with full-fat yogurt or milk.


Garlic is included in many medications that help fight infectious, autoimmune and viral diseases. With its help you can overcome chronic and hereditary diseases.

Garlic is effective in treating:

  • cardiovascular diseases;
  • increased and decreased blood pressure, angina pectoris, ischemia, arrhythmia;
  • colds: acute respiratory infections, ARVI, cough;
  • diabetes of any degree;
  • arthritis;
  • liver diseases;
  • stomatitis.

Garlic prevents the development of infections in the gastrointestinal tract and the formation of helminths. Prevents viruses of any type, relieves inflammation on the skin, protects against cancer, improves memory and accelerates blood. To prevent diseases, you should eat a few cloves on an empty stomach.

Heat treatment changes the properties of garlic, so it is preferable to consume the product raw.

Garlic has powerful antiseptic properties. For healing of wounds, ulcers and lichens It is enough to lubricate the affected area of ​​skin with fresh juice. After a few hours, the itching and swelling will disappear and the condition will improve.

Taking garlic internally (for example, in the form of a tincture) helps protect the human body from pathogenic bacteria and helminths. Vitamin B1, which is part of the vegetable, is essential for human nervous system. 20 drops of tincture 3 times a day will help overcome stress and overexertion.

Benefits of vegetables for men consists of activating blood flow in the hip and femoral muscles, dilating blood vessels, which has a beneficial effect on male potency. Selenium, which is included in the composition, enhances sperm production and improves quality.

Benefits for women The product is to prevent breast cancer and uterine fibroids. Garlic can fight infertility. The healing product will not harm pregnant women, and folic acid promotes the favorable intrauterine development of the baby.

To prevent heart disease


Garlic effectively fights diseases of the cardiovascular system. When crushed, the product is absorbed into the bloodstream in a matter of minutes. Allicin releases free radicals, removes toxins and prevents the development of blood clots. Inulin and allinin tone the walls of blood vessels, thin the blood and speed up circulation.

One of the most effective traditional medicine recipes for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is infusion of honey, garlic and apple cider vinegar.

To prepare a medicinal infusion you will need three heads of garlic. The vegetable should be peeled and crushed. Squeeze out the juice using gauze, add 100 liters of natural apple cider vinegar and 4 tbsp. l. honey Stir thoroughly and pour the resulting liquid into a convenient dark container. Place in the refrigerator and let steep for 3 days. Take 1 tbsp. l. per day on an empty stomach. For digestive problems, the tincture should be diluted in a small amount of warm water.

For cleaning vessels


It is effective for cleansing the blood of deposits, lowering blood pressure, treating the gastrointestinal tract and cerebral vessels. The finished product can be purchased at a pharmacy or prepared independently at home. To do this you will need:

  • dark container;
  • 100 ml 70% ethyl alcohol or vodka;
  • 3 heads of garlic.

Method of preparation: crush the garlic cloves, add alcohol and place in the refrigerator. Infuse in a dark and closed form for 15 days. Take 5 drops of tincture daily before meals. The course of treatment is 2 months.

Prevention of vascular diseases is necessary in adulthood, when the blood thickens and the capillary walls become thinner. In this case it is effective medicine: Pour 500 g of chopped garlic into 1 liter of vodka and leave in the refrigerator for 2 weeks. The mixture should be strained and add lemon juice or milk (2 tbsp.). Drink 1 tbsp daily. l. 30 minutes before meals.

Today on store shelves you can find dried garlic, which is used as a cooking seasoning. This product is not used for the treatment of blood vessels, since the powder improves the taste of dishes, but does not contain useful substances.

For colds


Garlic is especially effective for colds of the upper respiratory tract, fever, cough and nasal congestion. The vegetable relieves symptoms of diseases in 3-4 days.

The most effective way for the human body is to consume 1 head of garlic on an empty stomach. It will strengthen the immune system, restore the body's protective functions and increase resistance to viruses. Consuming with milk will enhance the healing effect and soften the taste.

For sore throat and cough The recipe will help: dilute 3 chopped garlic cloves, 1 tbsp in 250 ml of warm milk. l. honey and a small piece of butter. Warm the mixture, stirring regularly in a water bath for 15 minutes. Drink 3-4 times a day for 3 days.

With fever and runny nose A vitamin cocktail made from garlic and freshly squeezed lemon juice will be effective. Method of preparation: mix 5 lemons with zest, 5 heads of vegetables and 500 ml of honey in a blender until smooth. Drink 1 glass 3 times a day after or during meals.

To prevent diseases during an epidemic, it is recommended to eat at least 2-3 large cloves of garlic per day.

For diabetes

Diabetes is an incurable endocrine disease that requires drug treatment. However, traditional medicine will also be effective here as a secondary therapy.

Effective home remedy for diabetes - alcohol tincture of garlic. It is prepared as follows: squeeze the juice from 3 heads, strain with gauze and pour into a convenient dark container. The mixture is poured with an alcohol solution (100 ml) and infused for 10 days. Take the medicine 10 drops daily, 30 minutes before meals. To suppress the bitter taste, the tincture can be diluted with milk.

To strengthen the immune system


Scientists have proven that daily consumption of 2-3 cloves of garlic on an empty stomach activates the body's protective functions and improves immunity. This is due to the content of a large number of vitamins, micro and macro elements, acids and essential oils in the vegetable.

Grind 2 heads of vegetables into a pulp, add 2 tbsp. l. honey and 10 drops of lemon juice. Leave the mixture in the refrigerator for 3 hours. Use 1 tsp. a day before meals. The tincture can be added to hot dishes or as a salad dressing.

For arthritis

The enormous benefit of garlic for the human body lies in activating the activity of the cardiovascular system, namely increasing blood flow and strengthening the walls of the heart muscles. The heart is saturated with oxygen and nutrients, which is necessary for arthritis.

To cure arthritis at home, it is recommended to eat 4 - 5 cloves of garlic with honey daily, in proportions of 1 to 1. This helps reduce cholesterol levels, dilate blood vessels and prevent the formation of blood clots. Will be effective decoction of juice and warm milk: 1 tbsp. l. Mix the juice in 100 ml of warm milk and heat in a water bath for 20 minutes. Then add 1 tsp. honey and a pinch of cinnamon. Drink daily in the morning for 1 month.

For the liver


Cleaning the liver at home using garlic juice is one of the most popular folk remedies. The procedures are recommended in the presence of chronic diseases, as well as as prophylaxis after infections and hepatitis.

Best liver cleanser decoction in milk with the addition of garlic and honey:

  • Peel 3 heads of garlic and grind in a blender.
  • Add 50 ml of honey and 500 ml of warm milk.
  • Place the mixture in a dark container in the refrigerator.
  • Drink during the day 30 minutes before meals.

An equally effective remedy for cleaning the liver at home is infusion of lemon and honey. To prepare, you need to grind 5 heads of garlic along with husks and 5 lemons with zest in a blender. Add honey and take 50 ml daily for 1 week.

For helminths


For helminths, children can be given 20 drops of alcohol tincture as a preventive measure.

During the period of exacerbation of the disease, the remedy is prepared: 3 tsp. crushed teeth, pour 100 ml of milk. Place the mixture on the fire and bring to a boil. Drink 1 tbsp daily. l. 30 minutes before meals.

For helminths, garlic will only be effective in its raw form.

Garlic in dentistry

Due to its antiseptic properties, garlic is also used in dentistry to treat stomatitis and gum inflammation.

The vegetable can be consumed internally: 2-3 cloves per day during exacerbations of diseases and as a preventive measure. For external use, juice from a freshly squeezed plant is used, diluted with olive oil or honey. A cotton swab is soaked in the product and applied to the gums for 15 - 20 minutes. After the first use, inflammation will begin to subside, and the condition of the gums will improve significantly.

Garlic is an excellent analgesic. It can eliminate toothache in a matter of hours. To do this, you need to crush 1 clove of garlic and apply the pulp to the tooth for 20-30 minutes.

In cosmetology


Freshly dug garlic juice contains a large amount of flavonoids, mustard oil, minerals, acids and vitamins, due to which this product is widely used not only in folk medicine, but also in cosmetology. Active substances effectively cleanse the skin from inflammation.

Garlic can relieve problems on the skin. For more information about this, watch the video:

For acne You should apply a paste of crushed garlic cloves to your face every day. You can wipe your face with the juice; lotions are made from the alcohol tincture.

Garlic is useful and for hair, especially fatty ones, prone to dandruff. To overcome the disease, you should rub the juice diluted with water in a ratio of 2 to 1 into the skin every day. For those with dry hair, add 1 tsp to the product. oil (olive, burdock or castor).

Contraindications and harm


Despite its beneficial properties, garlic has contraindications:

  • individual intolerance to vegetable components;
  • gastrointestinal diseases, especially gastritis and ulcers;
  • anemia;
  • tendency to be overweight.

Garlic can harm a person if consumed in large portions. 3-4 cloves per day is the norm for a healthy person.

The beneficial properties of garlic help to overcome chronic diseases of the heart, kidneys and liver, and restore the human immune system. Thanks to its antiseptic properties, the plant disinfects and heals wounds, preserves the protective layer of the epidermis, and is able to resist viruses. With daily use, you can significantly improve your health; to neutralize the unpleasant odor, you should drink a glass of full-fat milk.

Garlic is a biennial herbaceous plant of the onion family, which is more than 5000 years old. This aromatic vegetable enjoyed unprecedented popularity both in ancient times and in the modern world. Pythagoras, for example, called garlic the king of spices, and the ancient Romans and Greeks fed soldiers with it before military campaigns. Nowadays, garlic is widely used in cooking, folk medicine and home cosmetology.

What are the benefits of garlic?

The rich medicinal composition of garlic makes it a truly universal product. It is difficult to find an area in which garlic could not prove itself. It has a diuretic, wound-healing, analgesic, anthelmintic and diaphoretic effect.

For immunity and strengthening the body. Garlic is one of the most powerful natural antibiotics, which even the world-famous tetracycline cannot compare with. This spicy vegetable, which has a fairly wide spectrum of action, kills a huge number of bacteria, helps fight spring and autumn vitamin deficiencies and strengthens the immune system. It is also useful for influenza, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, colds, and tuberculosis.

Garlic also promotes increased secretion of bile and eliminates the fermentation process in the intestines, which is why it should be added to all fatty and heavy dishes. Many nutritionists believe that this vegetable helps cleanse the body of harmful toxins and normalize metabolism; it is allowed to be consumed even during the most strict diet.

For those who suffer from chronic constipation, experts recommend eating at least three to four cloves of garlic every day. This will help solve the problem as soon as possible.

For the cardiovascular system. People suffering from hypertension should pay special attention to hot garlic. It not only lowers blood pressure, but also thins the blood, prevents the formation of blood clots, reduces the content of bad cholesterol in the blood, and also has an anti-inflammatory effect. All this has the best effect on the functioning of the cardiovascular system and reduces the risk of developing such serious diseases as multiple sclerosis, stroke and myocardial infarction. To achieve the greatest therapeutic effect, eat two to three heads of garlic per day.

Garlic against malignant tumors. Not long ago, the extract of this healthy spicy vegetable began to be added to many medical anti-cancer drugs. With their help, hundreds of people got rid of malignant tumors of the brain, mammary glands, intestines, prostate and stomach. Do not forget that you should never use such drugs without a doctor’s advice! Uncontrolled and prolonged self-medication can cause irritation of the colon and lead to suppression of intestinal microflora.

For the nervous system. Garlic strengthens the nervous system and is used as an aid in the treatment of various nervous disorders.

For the musculoskeletal system. Due to the high content of sulfur-containing substances, garlic ensures the normal functioning of cartilage located in the joints. Many doctors strongly recommend its use to anyone who suffers from arthritis, gout, rheumatism or hepatosis.

Garlic against skin diseases. Garlic compresses and applications are successfully used to treat acne, pimples, sunburn, fungal diseases, eczema, ringworm, warts and allergic rashes. Grated garlic is added to ointments to treat old wounds and ulcers. And the juice of this vegetable is used to lubricate the bites of bees, mosquitoes and wasps.

For the genitourinary system. In folk medicine, garlic is used to enhance urination. It helps remove stones from the bladder and kidneys, enhances secretory function, and activates the activity of the gonads. Garlic contains substances that increase blood circulation and dilate blood vessels, which indicates its beneficial effect on male potency. This plant is also recognized as one of the most powerful aphrodisiacs.

Garlic in cosmetology. Masks with garlic gruel help fight baldness and severe hair loss, strengthen nails and heal cracks on the hands and feet.

It is worth noting that garlic brings the greatest benefit when fresh, boiled or pickled. The latter is an effective preventative against cancer. To get rid of strong odors and freshen your breath, chew a sprig of parsley, a slice of lemon, or cinnamon or cardamom seeds. You can also rinse your mouth with fresh milk.

Garlic contraindications

Garlic, however, like any other product, has a whole list of contraindications. Barriers to its use are:

  • gastritis;
  • stomach ulcer;
  • kidney diseases (nephritis, nephrosis);
  • problems in the liver and duodenum;
  • haemorrhoids;
  • hepatitis;
  • epilepsy;
  • skin infections;
  • asthma;
  • pregnancy and breastfeeding period.

In large quantities, garlic can lead to severe intoxication. The reason for this is toxic substances that easily penetrate the body and cause severe headaches, absent-mindedness and inattention.

If you decide to use garlic for medicinal purposes, be sure to consult your doctor. Otherwise, you can only worsen your condition.

What vitamins are contained in garlic?

Few people know that the leaves and stem of garlic contain much more useful substances than the fruit itself. It is also interesting that the composition of the plant is influenced by the time of year. Thus, in the autumn, the main part of the nutrients consists of sucrose (participates in the formation of glycogen) and insulin (a hormone that resists the development of diabetes), but in the spring they give way to fructose (natural sugar that does not cause hormonal surges) and glucose (the main source of energy ).

In addition, garlic contains many other beneficial substances:

  • ascorbic acid (vitamin C) – strengthens the immune system and ensures mental stability;
  • vitamins B1 (thiamine) - participates in metabolism, regulates the functioning of the nervous and endocrine systems;
  • vitamin B3 (pantothenic acid) – improves intestinal motility, affects the functioning of the nervous system;
  • vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – improves vision, is involved in hematopoiesis, growth and renewal of cells and tissues, has a beneficial effect on the condition of the skin, liver, mucous membranes, as well as on the functioning of the nervous system;
  • vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) – stimulates amino acid metabolism, strengthens hair and accelerates its growth;
  • vitamin B9 (folic acid) – the so-called “pregnancy vitamin”, is necessary for the development of the immune, nervous and circulatory systems;
  • vitamin E (tocopherol) – prevents the formation of blood clots, improves cellular respiration, reduces the risk of scars and cicatrices, helps maintain youthful skin;
  • vitamin D - regulates mineral metabolism, ensures the growth and development of bone tissue, promotes the absorption of calcium by the body;
  • provitamin A (carotene) – protects cells from the effects of free radicals, helps resist cancer and preserve youth;
  • vitamin PP (nicotinic acid) – dilates small blood vessels, improves cellular respiration, participates in the metabolism of cholesterol and proteins, affects the functioning of the intestines, heart and stomach.

Garlic in folk medicine

Traditional medicine is rich in all kinds of recipes based on garlic. You can also check them out.

Garlic tincture

Reduces cholesterol, normalizes blood pressure, and is used to prevent stroke and heart attack.

Ingredients:

  • cherry leaves – 7 pieces;
  • black currant leaves – 7 pieces;
  • horseradish leaves – 2 pieces;
  • dill - a bunch;
  • garlic (peeled) – 1 kg;
  • salt – 80 grams;
  • water (boiled) – 1 liter.

Cooking method:

  1. Place cherry, currant, dill and horseradish leaves in the bottom of a clean three-liter jar.
  2. Sprinkle garlic on top.
  3. Pour warm water over the salt and let it dissolve.
  4. Pour the resulting brine into a jar and cover it with a piece of gauze folded in half.
  5. Place the jar in a warm place (15-20 degrees) for five days.

Take two tablespoons of the prepared tincture daily.

Tincture of honey and garlic

Effective for shortness of breath and angina.

Ingredients:

  • honey – 1 kg;
  • lemons – 10 pieces;
  • garlic – 5 heads.

Cooking method:

  1. Peel the garlic and pass through a garlic press.
  2. Squeeze the juice out of the lemons.
  3. Mix honey, garlic gruel and lemon juice, pour the mixture into a sealed container and place in a cool place for seven days.

Take four teaspoons daily. You need to take a minute break between taking each spoon.

Garlic and red wine tincture

Helps well with diabetes.

Ingredients:

  • garlic – 100 grams;
  • wine (dry red) – 4 glasses.

Cooking method:

  1. Pass the peeled garlic through a garlic press.
  2. Pour the resulting slurry with wine and place the mixture in a sealed container in a bright place for two weeks.
  3. Shake the container with the tincture from time to time.

The prepared tincture is taken before meals, one tablespoon three times a day.

Cough medicine

Ingredients:

  • sugar – 20 grams;
  • water – 50 grams;
  • garlic – 5 cloves.

Cooking method:

  1. Finely chop the peeled garlic cloves.
  2. Add sugar to them.
  3. Fill everything with water and boil for five minutes.
  4. Strain the mixture through a sieve or cheesecloth.

Take the finished medicine one teaspoon at a time throughout the day.

Medicinal garlic oil

Strengthens the immune system, improves blood circulation, cleans blood vessels, kills bacteria and viruses.

Ingredients:

  • garlic – 1 medium sized clove:
  • olive or sunflower oil (unrefined) – 500 grams;
  • lemon – 1 piece.

Cooking method:

  1. Fill the resulting slurry with oil.
  2. Place the mixture in a cool place for ten days.
  3. Do not forget to shake the container with liquid every evening.

Take the finished medicine every morning, one teaspoon along with three drops of freshly squeezed lemon juice.

Garlic rub for colds

Ingredients:

  • goose fat – 3 tablespoons;
  • garlic – 3-4 cloves;
  • mustard (powder) – 1 tablespoon.

Cooking method:

  1. Melt the goose fat a little in a water bath.
  2. Pass the garlic through a garlic press.
  3. Mix mustard powder, fat and garlic gruel.

Rub this ointment well over your chest and neck, and wrap yourself in a downy scarf or woolen scarf on top. In the morning, take a warm shower, this will help wash away any remaining oil.

Tincture for insomnia

Ingredients:

  • garlic – 350 grams;
  • lemons – 24 pieces.

Cooking method:

  1. Pass the peeled garlic cloves through a garlic press.
  2. Squeeze the juice out of the lemons.
  3. Place the mixture in a jar, tie the neck with gauze and leave to infuse for a day.

Dilute one teaspoon of the medicine in half a glass of water and take it daily before bed.

Healing alcohol tincture

Lowers blood pressure, cleanses the stomach and circulatory system, helps with cerebral vascular spasms.

Ingredients:

  • alcohol or vodka (50-60%) – 500 grams;
  • garlic – 400 grams.

Cooking method:

  1. Chop the peeled garlic as finely as possible.
  2. Place it in a bottle and fill it with alcohol or vodka.
  3. Place the container in a warm place for two weeks.
  4. Shake it every day.

Take five drops per teaspoon of cold water before meals three times a day.

Calorie content of garlic

100 grams of raw product contains 149 kcal.

FAQ

Can nursing mothers eat garlic?

It is highly undesirable to consume this vegetable raw; it reduces lactation and worsens the taste of breast milk. But you can still add a little garlic during cooking.

Is it possible to eat garlic if you have gastritis?

For gastritis, a strict diet is prescribed, into which raw garlic does not fit in any way. This vegetable acts as a kind of irritant and stimulates the secretory activity of the stomach. All this will only worsen the patient's condition.

Is it possible to eat garlic if you have pancreatitis?

Can. Garlic soothes the pancreas and restores its impaired functions, which is what leads to the development of pancreatitis.

Is it possible to eat garlic if you are poisoned?

You can, but you need to do this as soon as you feel the first symptoms of intoxication. In this case, experts advise eating fried garlic or brewing it as tea. A decoction of three cloves of garlic and three slices of ginger root also helps a lot.

Garlic can be used to cure not only food poisoning, but also poisoning from lead, mercury, copper, aluminum and other heavy metals. It is also effective for hangover syndrome and alcohol intoxication.

Every person is familiar with such a product as garlic. Some people love it very much and constantly use it in everyday cooking, while others treat it with caution due to certain characteristics of taste and smell. But no one argues about the benefits of garlic; people often start eating it in large quantities during cold seasons and during epidemics of viral and infectious diseases. What exactly did the product deserve such fame, and what properties does it actually have? Let's find out everything about the benefits of garlic for human health.

Composition of garlic and its beneficial properties

Garlic is a bulbous, biennial plant that has a unique aroma and taste properties, thanks to which almost no world cuisine can do without this spice. This product is a real treasure for the human body, as it contains a huge number of useful components, namely:

  • copper, iron, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, manganese;
  • vitamins A, C, E, K, B-group (thiamine, riboflavin, B6, etc.).

The benefit for immunity, which is so often talked about, lies in a large percentage of vitamin C - its content can range from 10 to 30%. But the product has a specific aroma due to the presence of allicin in its composition, a compound that has a pronounced bactericidal and fungicidal effect.

Based on all of the above, we can talk about the following useful and medicinal properties of the product:

  • antimicrobial effect;
  • strengthening the body's resistance to infections;
  • wound healing property;
  • has an antitoxic effect;
  • helps reduce blood cholesterol levels;
  • reduces blood pressure;
  • prevents the formation of blood clots.

What diseases does garlic treat: list

Considering all aspects of the impact of garlic on the human body, we can talk about specific diseases for the treatment of which this product can be used:

  • disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system (heart neuroses, angina pectoris, slowing down the formation of plaques in the aorta);
  • insomnia;
  • migraine;
  • weakening of memory in old age;
  • the presence of long-term non-healing wounds and ulcers;
  • swelling of the legs;
  • osteochondrosis;
  • diphtheria;
  • tuberculosis;
  • malaria.

It is also believed that consuming garlic can have a beneficial effect on the health of a person with cancer (in particular, cancer of the esophagus and stomach, mouth, tongue or nasopharynx).

What are the benefits of garlic for the male body?

Men often love garlic, and even eat it as a snack in many dishes, which is a huge plus for their health. The thing is that love for such a product has a positive effect on male strength and stimulates an increase in potency. This happens due to the fact that the components of garlic thin the blood and cleanse the blood vessels, which cannot but affect the intensity of blood flow to the male penis. In general, this qualitatively improves the erection, making it more stable and longer lasting. Garlic is often used as part of the treatment of such an unpleasant disease as prostatitis.

The product will also be indispensable for those representatives of the stronger sex who are fond of sports. Eating garlic stimulates the production of the male hormone testosterone, which is responsible for muscle building, which means it will be easier to build muscle mass.

Benefits for women

Garlic is considered a natural aphrodisiac; its use helps normalize hormonal levels and increases libido, including in women. The anti-inflammatory property will come in handy in the presence of diseases of the reproductive system of an inflammatory and bacterial nature. In folk medicine, there are recipes that promise to help cope with the problem of infertility. In addition, it is worth noting the enormous benefits of the product for beauty - many recipes have been created on its basis for improving the condition of facial skin and hair, which are very often used by women.

The phytoncides contained in garlic have an effect on helminths, which in its intensity can be compared to the effect of high temperature. Essential oils of the plant are capable of quickly and efficiently different types. It is not surprising that peoples whose national cuisine is replete with dishes containing garlic have a low percentage of helminthiasis. To achieve a therapeutic effect during infection, you can use the following recipes:

  • honey with garlic. For a half-liter jar of honey you will need 300 grams of chopped garlic. The mixture is boiled in a water bath for half an hour at low boil, stirring occasionally. You need to take a tablespoon 4 times a day before meals;
  • You can also take pure garlic juice. The first five days - 10 drops three times a day, the next five days - the dose is doubled. 10 minutes after drinking the juice, you need to eat a spoonful of honey and after another 10 minutes you can start eating. The course of treatment is 2-3 months.

To prevent heart disease

The substances contained in garlic penetrate the blood vessels and promote more active blood flow, which reduces blood pressure, increases the amount of oxygen supplied to tissues, and generally removes excess stress from the heart muscle. To get a positive effect, it will be enough to simply add this product fresh to your diet every day, but there is one subtlety - you should not eat it immediately after cutting, but after 10 minutes, since this time is necessary for important fermentation processes in the product to take place.

Cleansing blood vessels from cholesterol with garlic and lemon

Cleansing blood vessels is an important procedure that will allow you to get rid of toxins and formed cholesterol plaques, thereby improving blood circulation and the supply of tissues with useful components and oxygen. The most popular way to achieve this goal is considered to be a recipe based on garlic, honey and lemon.

To prepare the cleansing mixture you will need 6 lemons, a liter of honey and 20 medium-sized cloves of garlic. Lemons must be washed, peeled and pitted, and cut into small pieces, and the garlic must be passed through a press or grated. The ingredients are mixed with each other, covered with a thick cloth and left to infuse for a week. Afterwards, the product is filtered, removing all the pieces, and it is ready for use. The resulting infusion is taken one teaspoon 2 times a day before meals for a week.

Benefits of garlic for the liver

It is recommended to cleanse the liver twice a year, since this organ is essentially a filter for harmful substances, preventing them from penetrating into the blood. Garlic contains vitamins and sulfur, which helps synthesize an important hepatoprotective amino acid.

To benefit the liver, you can take the following remedy. Bring a glass of milk to a boil, place three crushed cloves of garlic in it and remove from heat. Next, you need to enrich the composition with a teaspoon of honey. After cooling, the drink can be strained and drunk. The product is consumed on an empty stomach once a day for a week.

What are the benefits for joints?

Garlic, improving blood supply processes and possessing a large range of useful components, is able to have a positive effect on joint elements if they have certain problems. It is believed that garlic oil helps restore joint mobility, easing the patient's condition and relieving pain. To prepare it, you need to peel 350 grams of garlic and mince it through a meat grinder. The resulting mass is poured with a liter of good quality vegetable oil and infused together for two weeks. After filtering, the composition can be used by lubricating the affected areas at night until completely rubbed into the skin and insulating the top with a bandage (and so on for two months).

Use for colds and runny nose

On the one hand, garlic is useful for dropping into the nose for almost any type of runny nose, but it is also dangerous, as it can burn the nasal mucosa. For the best effect of such a procedure, the runny nose must be of a bacterial nature. So, nasal drops are prepared as follows: 4 cloves of garlic are poured into a liter of water and infused for 5-6 hours - the strained composition can be dripped into the nose and not worry, since due to such a concentration it does not pose any harm to the mucous membrane.

If you have a cold, you can make delicious and healthy sandwiches by simply grinding lard and garlic through a meat grinder, and then spreading the resulting mixture onto bread.

Garlic for fast weight loss

The product in question has a good effect on the course of metabolic processes, which accelerates the process of burning subcutaneous fat. It is recommended to eat two cloves of fresh garlic per day, and then the effect will not be long in coming. And to avoid the unpleasant odor, many replace it with garlic oil capsules, which are sold in pharmacies. But it is worth considering that the product also stimulates appetite, and you need to prepare for this.

Treatment of acne on the face with garlic

Disinfecting garlic is perfect for fighting acne on the face. The easiest way is to cut one clove of garlic and gradually apply fresh juice to all inflamed areas. You can also create a good natural mask:

  1. you need to take 3 cloves of garlic, a tablespoon of curdled milk and honey, egg white, a couple of drops of lemon juice and half a teaspoon of aloe juice;
  2. mix the ingredients and apply the mask to the face for a third of an hour;
  3. The procedure must be repeated with a break of two days until the desired result is obtained.

Use for preparing masks against hair loss

Both internal and external use of the product has a beneficial effect on beauty, this also applies to hair. Hair masks help strengthen hair follicles, cleanse the skin, remove excess sebum and stimulate blood circulation, which activates the growth of new hairs, making hair more voluminous and attractive. To combat the problem of severe hair loss, you can use the following garlic mask. To prepare it you will need the following ingredients:

  • egg yolk;
  • 10 ml fresh aloe juice;
  • a teaspoon of lemon juice;
  • 15 ml liquid honey;
  • and the main ingredient is a few cloves of garlic, crushed into a paste.

Apply the resulting mixture to well-combed hair, rubbing it into the skin with light massage movements. If the ends of the hairs are dry, then you should first apply burdock oil to them. A plastic cap is put on the treated hair and insulated on top with a towel or hat. After an hour, the head is washed with water acidified with a small amount of lemon juice. A good effect will be achieved by using the mask twice a week. Dean course is recommended to be carried out for 2-3 months.

Should you eat garlic on an empty stomach?

Obviously, when the product enters an empty stomach, it is quickly absorbed and all the beneficial substances from it gradually pass to the organs and systems. From this point of view, eating garlic on an empty stomach is even beneficial, and many people share this opinion. But here it is worth considering that the product is quite aggressive and can provoke inflammation of the gastric mucosa, so you should not use it this way all the time. But for gastritis with high acidity, this is strictly prohibited.

What harm can garlic cause to the body?

Many people believe that the specific bad breath after eating garlic is the biggest harm from the product, but this is not so. Undoubtedly, reactions occur when a person has contraindications, intolerance to the product, or when consuming it in too much quantity. There are cases when the use of garlic became an impetus for the development of an epileptic attack, but this was observed very rarely. Today there is an opinion that garlic contains toxic substances that can cause inattention, absent-mindedness and severe headaches, but this has not been reliably proven.

Garlic will be a bad helper for people who are on a diet, since the product quite stimulates the appetite. Such an active product is not recommended for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Contraindications

Contraindications for consuming garlic include:

  • individual intolerance to the product;
  • inflammatory processes in the stomach and ulcerative lesions;
  • kidney dysfunction;
  • exacerbation of liver diseases.
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